Allergologia et immunopathologia最新文献

{"title":"Diagnostic performance of antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens detected by immunoblot in the differentiation of connective tissue diseases.","authors":"José Enrique Oliva Menacho, José Arturo Oliva Candela, Jorge Luis Arroyo Acevedo","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1644","DOIUrl":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Connective tissue diseases are inflammatory, autoimmune diseases that threaten the quality of life.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the differential diagnostic performance of antibodies against extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) detected by immunoblot in patients with connective tissue diseases.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Immunoserology Service of the Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital and the Pharmacology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine at the National University of San Marcos between June 2020 and March 2021. The medical records of 300 patients with connective tissue disease were reviewed, and the immunoblot method was used to detect antibodies against ENA in the patients' serum. Final diagnoses were established according to classification criteria predefined by the EULAR/ACR (European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 300 cases with connective tissue disease, 87 (29%) cases had systemic lupus erythematosus, and 51 cases had anti-dsDNA with sensitivity of 59%, specificity of 87%, PPV of 65%, NPV of 84%, LR+ of 4.62, and LR- of 0.47 in SLE. In 81 (27%) cases of Sjögren's syndrome, 68 had anti-Ro 52 with sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 68%, PPV of 49%, NPV of 91.4%, LR+ of 2.59, and LR- of 0.25. It was demonstrated in 35 (11.7%) cases of CREST: 31 cases had anti-Cenp B with sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 96%, PPV of 77%, NPV of 98% and LR+ of 22.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Selected profiles of antibodies against ENAs detected by immunoblot can support the differential diagnosis of connective tissue diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Has Parietaria allergen immunotherapy become an overlooked indication?","authors":"Deniz Eyice Karabacak","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v54i5.1839","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"108-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated serum endocan levels and impaired respiratory functions in childhood asthma: a comparative study.","authors":"Simge Atar Bese, Gülten Tuncerler, Cihangir Sahin, Nur Torer, Ozge Çevik, Pinar Uysal, Duygu Erge","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1786","DOIUrl":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asthma exacerbations (AE) impose a significant burden on children and the healthcare systems, highlighting the need for objective biomarkers and functional assessment tools.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate serum endocan levels and respiratory function parameters during AE and the post-recovery (PR) period, and to compare the results with healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this prospective longitudinal observational study, children aged 6-18 years were evaluated during AE (n = 66), 1 month after recovery (PR group, n = 54), and as age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC, n = 50). All participants underwent spirometry, impulse oscillometry (IOS), and serum endocan measurement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum endocan levels were significantly higher in the AE group than in the PR and HC groups [267.33 (186.68-370.20) vs. 133.07 (38.26-226.78) and 118.11 (42.93-180.20) pg/mL, respectively; P < 0.001]. Spirometric indices, including zFEV1, zFVC, zFEV1/FVC, and zFEF25-75, were significantly lower in the AE group than in both comparison groups (all P < 0.05). Compared to healthy controls, children in the AE group exhibited higher R5-20, Fres, and AX values and lower zX20 values (all P ≤ 0.002). R5-20 remained significantly higher during AE than in the PR period (P = 0.038), while spirometric indices showed significant improvement after recovery (all P < 0.05). Notably, despite normalization of spirometric parameters and serum endocan levels, the PR group continued to exhibit higher R5-20 and AX values and lower zX20 values than healthy controls (all P < 0.05), suggesting persistent small-airway dysfunctioning. Serum endocan levels showed weak-to-moderate negative correlations with zFEF25-75, zFEV1, and zFEV1/FVC (Spearman's rho = -0.306, -0.291, and -0.223, respectively; all P ≤ 0.013).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that serum endocan is associated with airway dysfunctioning and may reflect disease activity during pediatric AE, while IOS may provide additional information regarding persistent small-airway involvement after recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural history and clinical factors associated with persistence in pediatric lentil allergy: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Konstantinos Miliordos, Maria Triga","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v54i5.1766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lentil is a widely consumed staple in Mediterranean countries and a significant cause of IgE-mediated legume allergy in children. Data on its natural history and the clinical factors associated with persistence remain limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 62 children with confirmed lentil allergy who were followed at a tertiary pediatric allergy unit in Greece. Clinical manifestations, atopic comorbidities, food sensitization, lentil-specific IgE (sIgE), and Prick-to-Prick Test (PPT) wheal diameters were recorded. Tolerance was defined as a negative hospital-based oral food challenge. Primary prognostic analyses were restricted to children with OFC-confirmed outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age at diagnosis was 4 years, and 46/62 children (74.2%) were male. Cutaneous reactions were the most common presentation (40/62, 64.5%), while 22/62 children (35.5%) experienced anaphylaxis. During follow-up, 49/62 children underwent OFC; 17/49 (34.7%) were tolerant, whereas 32/49 (65.3%) had persistent allergy. Among OFC-confirmed patients, tolerant children had lower lentil sIgE levels than children with persistent allergy (median 1.40 vs. 17.95 kU/L, p < 0.001) and smaller PPT wheal diameters (median 5 vs. 7 mm, p < 0.001). Lentil sIgE showed high discriminative ability for persistence (AUC 0.906, 95% CI 0.825-0.988), with a Youden-derived threshold of 9.95 kU/L. PPT showed good discriminative performance (AUC 0.794, 95% CI 0.660-0.929), with a threshold of 5.5 mm. Anaphylaxis and polysensitization were associated with higher odds of persistence but did not reach statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lentil allergy was frequently persistent in this cohort. Among OFC-confirmed children, higher lentil sIgE levels and larger PPT wheal diameters were the most robust markers associated with persistence and may support prognostic counseling, as well as the timing of re-evaluation and supervised reintroduction challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"24-33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical table of immunoglobulin A deficiency.","authors":"Öner Özdemir","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v54i5.1807","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"106-107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Products of compound probiotics combined with zinc and vitamin B ameliorate the risk of food allergy.","authors":"Hanming Lu, Liwen Zhang, Mingxing Ren, Guochang Xue, Yunya Chen, Huanwen Wang, Zhilan Jiang","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i4.1393","DOIUrl":"10.15586/aei.v54i4.1393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Probiotics have emerged as a promising avenue for modulating immune responses implicated in food allergies, with zinc and vitamin B also exhibiting antiallergic properties. However, the clinical efficacy of compound probiotics combined with these nutrients in mitigating food allergy risk remains to be elucidated. In this randomized controlled trial, 796 children aged 0-6 years with food allergies were assigned to either an experimental group receiving compound probiotics, zinc, and vitamin B products alongside hydrolyzed protein formula milk, or a control group receiving only hydrolyzed protein formula milk. Serum IgE levels, specific food allergies, and key immunological factors were assessed at baseline, posttreatment, and post-follow-up time points. The experimental group demonstrated significantly reduced skin-prick test wheal diameters and serum total IgE levels compared with the control group after the 6-month intervention, with sustained efficacy at the 6-month follow-up. Furthermore, the prevalence of specific food allergies, including egg, milk, crab, shrimp, cashew, beef, mango, and shellfish, was significantly lower in the experimental group posttreatment and post-follow-up, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the intervention. Immunological analysis revealed a favorable modulation of Th1/Th2 balance, with increased IFN-γ levels and decreased IL-4 levels in the experimental group. Additionally, serum zinc and vitamin B2 levels were significantly elevated in the experimental group posttreatment and post-follow-up, indicating improved nutritional status. Compound probiotics combined with zinc and vitamin B represent a promising intervention for reducing the risk of food allergies in children, offering a multifaceted approach to immune modulation and nutritional support in this vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inborn errors of immunity and mortality: 10 years of single-center experience.","authors":"Leyla Çevirme, Güzin Özden","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1677","DOIUrl":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the mortality rate and causes of death among patients with rare inborn errors of immunity (IEI), conditions associated with relatively high morbidity and mortality, who were followed at our center, and to identify management strategies tailored to local conditions based on the findings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The medical records of 99 patients followed between January 1, 2015, and October 1, 2025, were retrospectively reviewed. Data on age, sex, symptom onset, and date of diagnosis were recorded, and diagnostic delay was calculated. Systemic symptoms and clinical findings observed at admission and during the disease course were documented. Laboratory parameters, including lymphocyte counts, B-cell and memory B-cell levels, as well as IgG and IgG4 levels, were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 99 patients were included in the study. Of the participants, 53.5% were male (n = 53) and 46.5% were female (n = 46). The mean age was 34.8 ± 14.9 years (range, 17-72 years). The most common infection was pneumonia (n = 38, 38.4%). Evaluation of presenting symptoms at diagnosis showed that respiratory manifestations were the most frequent (n = 56, 56.6%). Twelve patients died, while 87 survived. Among the nonsurvivors, 58.3% (n = 7) died due to infection-related causes and 41.7% (n = 5) due to malignancy. The diagnostic delay was 4 years in survivors and 9 years in nonsurvivors. Although no statistically significant differences were observed between survivors and nonsurvivors in terms of lymphocyte counts, B-cell percentage, IgG, and IgG4 levels, all laboratory parameters were numerically lower in patients who died. Similarly, diagnostic delay was longer in non-survivors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"41-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic allergological evaluation enables NSAID allergy delabeling and identification of safe alternatives in adults.","authors":"Rosa I Guzmán Avilán, Silvia Rosario Avilés Vargas, Sandra N González Díaz, Natalhie Acuña Ortega, Carlos Macouzet Sánchez, Danna S Ríos González","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v54i5.1733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a frequent reason for allergy referral and a major diagnostic challenge. In everyday practice, overdiagnosis contributes to unnecessary drug avoidance, restricting therapeutic access to first-line analgesic and anti-inflammatory treatments and impacting clinical care.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the true prevalence of confirmed NSAID hypersensitivity in adults with suspected reactions through systematic allergological evaluation and assess its clinical impact on therapeutic access through safe delabeling and identification of alternative agents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study including adults ≥18 years with suspected NSAID hypersensitivity evaluated at a tertiary referral center in Mexico between March and November 2025. All patients underwent standardized assessment including detailed clinical history, skin testing (prick and intradermal), and controlled drug provocation tests (DPTs) with acetylsalicylic acid, the implicated NSAID, and celecoxib. Clinical phenotypes were classified according to EAACI/ENDA guidelines. Associations between clinical variables and confirmed hypersensitivity were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-three patients were included; 72.7% were women, and 42.4% were aged 18-30 years. Atopy was present in 63.6%. Urticaria/angioedema predominated (69.7%). Ibuprofen and diclofenac were most frequently implicated (45.5%). Skin testing showed low diagnostic yield (6.1% prick; 21.2% intradermal). DPT was positive in 24.2%, mainly inducing urticaria. Celecoxib was tolerated in all patients with multiple hypersensitivity. Overall, 48.5% had no confirmed hypersensitivity and were successfully delabeled, restoring access to NSAID therapy. Multiple hypersensitivity occurred in 39.4% and selective reactions in 12.1%, with NIUAA as the predominant phenotype (33.4%). Atopy (<i>p</i> = 0.002) and recurrent episodes (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were associated with multiple hypersensitivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nearly half of adults labeled as NSAID-allergic were not truly hypersensitive. These prospective Mexican data demonstrate the clinical impact of systematic evaluation in reducing overdiagnosis and improving therapeutic access.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitization to <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, household environmental exposure and respiratory disease control in a Mediterranean agricultural area.","authors":"Antonio Carbonell Martinez, Cristina Navarro Garrido, Javier Carbonell Zamorano, Javier Alcover Diaz, Ricardo Palacios Pelaez","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1738","DOIUrl":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Environmental fungi play an important role in allergic respiratory diseases. <i>Alternaria alternata</i> sensitization has been associated with more severe respiratory phenotypes and poorer asthma control. Mediterranean agricultural environments may favor environmental exposure because of their climatic conditions and intensive agricultural activity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze the prevalence of sensitization to <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, evaluate its association with asthma control and quality of life, and describe household environmental findings in a Mediterranean agricultural population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with standardized collection of clinical, allergological, and environmental data was conducted in 100 consecutive adult patients (18-65 years) with allergic rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis, with or without associated asthma. Sensitization to <i>Alternaria alternata</i> was defined by a positive skin prick test and/or molecular determination against Alt a 1 (>0.35 kUA/L). Asthma control was assessed using the Asthma Control Test (ACT), quality of life using the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (MiniAQLQ), and rhinitis control using the Spanish Rhinitis Questionnaire (SPRINT). Household environmental evaluation was performed in sensitized patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sensitization to <i>Alternaria alternata</i> was observed in 29% of patients (95% CI: 20.1-38.8). Skin prick testing was positive in 25 patients, whereas molecular sensitization against Alt a 1 was observed in 20 patients. Sensitized patients showed poorer asthma control and greater quality-of-life impairment than non-sensitized patients. No significant differences in the polysensitization burden were observed. Among sensitized patients, household microbiological assessment demonstrated <i>Alternaria alternata</i> detection in 46.4% of indoor samples and 28.6% of outdoor samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sensitization to <i>Alternaria alternata</i> was frequent in this Mediterranean agricultural population and was associated with poorer asthma control and greater quality-of-life impairment. Environmental findings support further investigation of fungal exposure in Mediterranean agricultural settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"75-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complementary feeding routines and parental allergy follow-up behavior in early childhood.","authors":"Özge Kangallı Boyacıoğlu, Özge Atay, Serdar Al, Gizem Atakul, Nevin Uzuner, Özkan Karaman, Suna Asilsoy","doi":"10.15586/aei.v54i5.1712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v54i5.1712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early complementary feeding practices and timely allergen introduction are important components of current infant feeding recommendations. However, evidence remains limited regarding how complementary feeding routines and socioeconomic factors influence parental allergy-related healthcare-seeking behavior during early childhood.Objective: To examine the association between complementary feeding routines, early allergen introduction, socioeconomic characteristics, and parental allergy-related healthcare-seeking behavior in young children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, parents of young children completed a structured questionnaire assessing complementary feeding routines, the timing and type of allergen introduction, allergy-related symptoms, and socioeconomic characteristics. All data were based on parental self-report and were not independently verified through clinical assessment or medical records. The primary outcome, allergy-related healthcare-seeking behavior, was operationally defined as any parent-reported healthcare contact, including at least one visit to a pediatrician or pediatric allergy clinic, due to suspected allergy-related symptoms or parental concern. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with allergy-related healthcare-seeking behavior.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Early introduction of specific allergens, particularly egg white, was significantly associated with increased parental allergy-related healthcare-seeking behavior. The presence of allergy-related symptoms was also a strong determinant of healthcare utilization. In addition, socioeconomic factors, including household income and parental employment status, were associated with differences in healthcare-seeking patterns, likely reflecting variation in access to healthcare services and health awareness. The multivariable model demonstrated moderate sensitivity, indicating that while key factors associated with allergy-related healthcare-seeking behavior were identified, some cases could not be fully captured.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Complementary feeding practices, early introduction of allergenic foods, and socioeconomic factors were associated with parental allergy-related healthcare-seeking behavior in early childhood. These findings highlight the need for targeted parental education, optimization of infant feeding recommendations with consideration of allergy risk, and improved clinical guidance for families reporting allergy-related symptoms. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm these associations and to support the development of effective preventive strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"54 5","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}