Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Morphology and performance of ZnO nanoparticulate for photocatalysis","authors":"Thi Thuy Dao,&nbsp;Thi Le Na Vo,&nbsp;Anh Tuan Duong,&nbsp;Dinh Lam Nguyen,&nbsp;Van Su Luong,&nbsp;Huu Tuan Nguyen","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06828-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06828-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanoparticulate ZnO materials were synthesized utilizing the sol-gel technique. The structural configuration of these materials was changed because of varying sodium hydroxide concentrations. The obtained nanoparticulate ZnO materials exhibit a single-phase composition and manifest diverse appearances, including nanoparticles, hexagonal prisms, and nanoflakes. These materials effectively display photocatalytic activity when exposed to UV light. Considering that industrial wastewater can deviate from a neutral pH, comprehending how pH impacts degradation rates is crucial and should be taken into account. To explore the ramifications of pH on nanoparticulate ZnO, the study examines the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye across distinct pH values. Notably, the adherence of dyes to the surface of nanoparticulate ZnO is markedly contingent on both the morphology of the nanoparticulate ZnO and the pH level of the solution. This intricate interplay significantly influences the process of photocatalytic degradation. The most noteworthy photocatalytic performance is attributed to ZnO nanoflakes, which attain a remarkable maximum degradation efficiency of 100% at pH10 within 40 min.</p>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 3","pages":"1391 - 1403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of Al doping and sol-gel synthesis on the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin","authors":"Muhammad Yasar,&nbsp;Aseel A. Kadhem,&nbsp;Kinza Fatima,&nbsp;Muhammad Sajid,&nbsp;Muhammad Nauman Ullah,&nbsp;Ammara Sattar,&nbsp;Muzaffar Abbas,&nbsp;Asad Riaz,&nbsp;Shahid Ashraf","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06832-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06832-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study is the first to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin using Al-doped Mn0.3Ba0.4Cd0.3AlxFe2-xO4 and examine the impact of Al doping on the photocatalytic properties of barium-manganese ferrites, as well as the structural, optical, surface area, and morphological properties of Mn0.3Ba0.4Cd0.3AlxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.0, 0.5) spinel ferrites. and their subsequent photocatalytic performance for ciprofloxacin degradation. The Al-doped ferrite achieved a 93.45% degradation efficiency, outperforming the undoped sample by 56.68%. This enhanced photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the synergistic effects of Al doping, which include a narrowed bandgap, increased surface area, reduced particle size, and modified electronic structure. Scavenger analysis revealed that hydroxyl radicals were the primary reactive species. Al doping decreased the bandgap from 2.2 eV to 1.9 eV and reduced crystallite size. FTIR spectroscopy indicated structural changes, with peak shifts in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. SEM revealed a refined microstructure with smaller, uniform particles, reducing the average grain size from 61.72 nm to 50.33 nm. The BET surface area increased upon Al doping. Kinetic studies have shown that degradation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Photocatalyst Performance Assessment revealed improved quantum yield (<span>({5times 10}^{-9})</span> molecules/photon) and space-time yield (<span>({2.50times 10}^{-10})</span> molecules/photon/mg) for the Al-doped sample. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to the increased surface area, reduced particle size, and modified electronic structure owing to the Al doping. This study highlights the potential of Al-doped Mn_0.3Ba_0.4Cd_0.3Al_xFe_2-xO₄ (x = 0.0, 0.5) ferrites as efficient photocatalysts for ciprofloxacin degradation during water treatment.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 3","pages":"1374 - 1390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green hydrothermal synthesis of Mg-doped transition metal dichalcogenides using Camellia sinensis extract for enhanced energy storage","authors":"Ali Mujtaba,&nbsp;M. I. Khan,&nbsp;M. Arslan Nadeem,&nbsp;Muzammal Aslam,&nbsp;Mongi Amami,&nbsp;Nasir Mehmood","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06818-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06818-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tungsten disulfide (WS₂) is one of the new materials for energy storage applications that are transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). In this work, <i>Camellia sinensis</i> extract was used as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent in the green hydrothermal synthesis of magnesium-doped WS₂ (Mg-WS₂). The hexagonal structure and a modest increase in d-spacing (from 5.967 to 6.027 Å) were shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and improved porosity was demonstrated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy verified the optical spectrum’s blue shift and structural integrity, which suggested better electronic characteristics. The faradic behavior is validated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) shows an elevated specific capacitance of 274.5 F/g at 2 A/g for the Mg-doped sample. Improved ion diffusion and a significant drop in charge transfer resistance (from 8.72 to 5.64 Ω) were shown by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Increased surface flaws, wider interlayer spacing, and improved conductivity brought about by magnesium doping are responsible for these enhancements. This study demonstrates Mg-WS₂ potential as a sustainable, high-performance electrode material for supercapacitor applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div><div><p>Utilizing <i>Camellia sinensis</i> extract in green synthesis offers a sustainable, non-toxic, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical methods.</p></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 2","pages":"457 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced graphene oxide supported SnMn2O4 spinel for advanced supercapacitor applications","authors":"Muhammad Ashan,&nbsp;Gaber A. M. Mersal,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Fallatah,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Ibrahim,&nbsp;Khursheed Ahmad,&nbsp;Zeinhom M. El-Bahy","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06807-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06807-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work presents the production and electrochemical characterization of an innovative composite material consisting of spinel (SnMn₂O₄) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), produced for supercapacitor applications. The nanohybrid was synthesized via a straightforward ultrasonication technique, leading to the uniform distribution of SnMn₂O₄ nanoflakes over rGO sheets. With a notable specific energy (S_E, 65.90 Wh/kg) and specific power (S_P, 250 W/kg), as-prepared SnMn₂O₄/rGO nanohybrid electrode displayed high specific capacitance (C_s, 1898 F/g) in 3.0 M KOH at 1 A/g showing superb cycling durability after 5000 cycles than pristine SnMn₂O₄. The enhanced electrochemical efficiency of nanohybrid is associated with synergistic effects of the SnMn₂O₄ and rGO, which provide a substantial area for contact and effective charge transfer pathways. In addition to demonstrating the promising properties of a new SnMn₂O₄/rGO material intended for utilization as an electrode in supercapacitors, this study also details a new method for creating inexpensive nanohybrids with exceptional performance, which might be useful in a variety of future applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 2","pages":"969 - 984"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of CHA zeolite with low Si-Al ratio from rice husk ash for CO2 capture","authors":"Shihai Sun,&nbsp;Shuai Che,&nbsp;Xiaocheng Yu,&nbsp;Rui Huang,&nbsp;Xianhe Chen,&nbsp;Yingai Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06825-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06825-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to simplify the synthesis route and reduce environmental hazards, this article exploreed an environmentally friendly method to synthesize low silicon to aluminum ratio chabazite using rice husk ash. For the prepared chabazites(CHA), the effects of crystallization time, crystallization temperature, mineralizer/material ratio, and Si/Al element ratio were systematically studied. The structure, morphology, element distribution, and thermal stability of CHA zeolite were characterized using XRD, SEM, Raman spectroscopy, STEM, and thermogravimetric analysis. According to the experimental results, the ideal conditions for synthesizing chabazite are: the mineralizer/material ratio is 2, the Si/Al element ratio is 2, the calcination temperature is 550 °C, the hydrothermal crystallization is 4 days, and the crystallization temperature is 90 °C. The environmentally friendly method reported in this paper can successfully prepare chabazite with low silicon to aluminum ratio and exhibit excellent CO₂ capture performance, reaching 3.02 mmol/g, with excellent CO₂/N₂ separation performance, reaching 20. In addition, chabazite also has excellent regeneration performance, and the adsorption capacity does not decrease significantly after ten cycles of adsorption. This method is beneficial to improve the recycling efficiency of rice husk ash, reduce the cost, and maintain a significant CO₂ adsorption capacity under flue gas conditions.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 2","pages":"937 - 954"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pechini-type sol-gel synthesis of Z-scheme ZnFe2O4/α-Fe2O3 heterojunction nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under natural solar radiation","authors":"S. Gálvez-Barbosa,&nbsp;Luis A. González,&nbsp;Luis A. Bretado","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06827-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06827-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work investigates the relationship between the concentrations of Fe and Zn in the synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄/α-Fe₂O₃ heterojunction nanoparticles (NPs) and the photocatalytic performance of the resulting Z-scheme photocatalysts. ZnFe₂O₄/α-Fe₂O₃ NPs were prepared by the Pechini-type sol-gel method using different Fe:Zn ratios of 51:49, 57:43, 63:37, and 69:31 in wt% and calcined at 500 °C for 2 h. FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, and Raman analyses confirmed the presence of a mixture of ZnFe₂O₄ and α-Fe₂O₃ phases in all the samples. Morphology analysis revealed that the samples with Fe:Zn ratios of 51:49 and 57:43 wt% comprised semispherical and icosahedral-shaped NPs. In contrast, the samples with Fe:Zn ratios of 63:37 and 69:31 wt% contained semispherical and elongated icosahedral NPs and disc-shaped particles. The energy band structure and alignment of ZnFe₂O₄ and α-Fe₂O₃ formed a type II heterojunction in all the samples. The sample with a Fe:Zn ratio of 69:31 wt% demonstrated the best photocatalytic performance, achieving 84.3% degradation of methylene blue (MB) after 120 min of exposure to natural solar irradiation and exhibiting a higher first-order kinetics constant of 1.36 × 10⁻² min⁻¹. The superior photocatalytic performance was attributed to the higher relative phase content of α-Fe₂O₃, which acts as an electron mediator in the proposed Z-scheme heterojunction mechanism. The scavenger experiments indicated that the primary species responsible for decomposing MB were ·O₂⁻ and ·OH. Finally, the samples demonstrated excellent recyclability and stability over four cycles.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 3","pages":"1356 - 1373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical pore structure in polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) aerogel/PI foam composites for synergistically enhanced thermal insulation and low-frequency sound absorption","authors":"Yao Li,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Chen,&nbsp;Yan Gui,&nbsp;Zhicong Gan,&nbsp;Chenhao Wu,&nbsp;Zhifang Fei,&nbsp;Guobing Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06814-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06814-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyimide (PI) foam combines the advantages of both resin and porous material, but its thermal insulation and sound absorption capabilities at low- and medium-frequencies are limited. To address these limitations, composite materials with superior multifunctional performance were developed by in-situ filling a PI foam matrix with high-surface-area, low-thermal-conductivity polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) aerogels. These hierarchical composites exhibit significant potential for thermal insulation and noise reduction. In this study, PMSQ aerogel/PI foam composites with hierarchical pore structure were prepared by using methyl triethoxysilane (MTES) as the silicon source, deionized water as the solvent, and PI foam as the matrix through a two-step acid-base catalyzed process, vacuum impregnation, and CO₂ supercritical drying method. Thanks to the meso-macroporous structure, the composites demonstrated excellent thermal insulation (thermal conductivity as low as 22 mW/(m·K)) and sound absorption performance. Notably, the sound absorption band shifted to the low-frequency direction compared with pure PI foam, achieving a peak absorption coefficient of 0.86 at low- and medium-frequencies for 10 mm-thick samples, coupled with an average sound transmission loss of 12 dB. The sound absorption performance of composites was simulated and verified based on the Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model, and the numerical simulation results showed good agreement with the actual experimental results. This work provides useful guidance for the microstructural design of advanced materials with integrated thermal insulation and noise reduction functions.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 2","pages":"443 - 456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sol–gel synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for the enhancement of transformer oil insulation strength","authors":"R. V. V. S. V. Prasad,&nbsp;K. V. Nageswari,&nbsp;Kopparthi Suresh,&nbsp;Venkatesh Yepuri","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06819-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06819-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing demand for improved dielectric fluids in high-voltage electrical equipment has led to significant interest in nanoparticle-enhanced transformer oils. While various metal oxide nanoparticles such as Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and SiO₂ have been studied, limited research has focused on copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles synthesized via the sol–gel route—an approach that offers superior control over particle size, purity, and morphology. This study aims to fill that gap by investigating the effects of sol–gel-derived CuO nanoparticles on the dielectric and thermal performance of transformer-grade mineral oil. CuO nanoparticles with crystallite sizes ranging from 20 to 50 nm were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), confirming phase-pure monoclinic CuO. Nanofluids were formulated at three different concentrations (0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 wt%) and evaluated for AC breakdown voltage, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and fire safety characteristics. The results revealed a significant improvement in breakdown voltage, with a 29% increase observed at 0.075 wt% loading (from 60 to 77.4 kV), attributed to deep trap formation and interfacial polarization effects. Thermal conductivity improved with increasing CuO content, while viscosity decreased at elevated temperatures, enhancing convective heat transfer. Furthermore, the flash and fire points rose markedly, indicating improved thermal stability and fire safety. These findings demonstrate that sol–gel-derived CuO nanoparticles provide a synergistic enhancement of dielectric and thermal properties, offering a promising pathway toward next-generation, high-performance transformer oils.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 1","pages":"216 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145161170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of response surface methodology for optimization of Ca-Mg Co-doped V2O5 Ion storage films by hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method","authors":"Xiangru Yin,&nbsp;Qiqi Mei,&nbsp;Yinan Zhang,&nbsp;Guixiang Yang,&nbsp;Dequan Zhang,&nbsp;Mingyuan Liu,&nbsp;Runhong Du,&nbsp;Xiaoping Liang","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06820-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06820-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ca-Mg co-doped V₂O₅ films were synthesized via hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method. Single-doped films (10 mol% Ca or Mg) outperformed undoped V₂O₅, with 10Ca-V₂O₅ exhibiting superior ion storage capacity (102.87 mC/cm²) and 10Mg-V₂O₅ showing better optical modulation (ΔT). Co-doping at fixed 10 mol% total concentration created synergistic effects: Ca expanded the lattice for enhanced Li⁺ storage while Mg improved charge transfer kinetics, with their combination yielding optimal porosity for electrolyte penetration. 2Ca-8Mg-V₂O₅ films demonstrated particularly efficient Li⁺ diffusion and fast response (5.3 s coloring/3.7 s bleaching). Response surface methodology optimization revealed heat treatment temperature (346 °C) as the most influential parameter, followed by Ca (2.1 mol%) and Mg (7.8 mol%) contents. The optimized film achieved remarkable performance metrics: 57.4% ΔT, 102.87 mC/cm² capacity, and rapid switching, representing a 35% improvement over single-doped counterparts. These results demonstrate how strategic cation co-doping can simultaneously enhance multiple electrochromic properties through complementary structural and electronic modifications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 1","pages":"199 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145161169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis and characterization of citrus bergamia leaves extracted modified zinc oxide nanoparticles impregnated on cassava peel-based activated carbon","authors":"Dereje Emishaw Manyazewal,&nbsp;Zebene Kiflie,&nbsp;Shimelis Kebede","doi":"10.1007/s10971-025-06792-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-025-06792-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study investigated a novel and environmentally friendly method for producing ZnO nanoparticles as a catalyst using extracted citrus bergamia leaf and zinc acetate precursor. Activated carbons (ACs) were also prepared from cassava peel to use as a support for ZnO nanoparticles. The AC preparation method involved impregnation with ZnCl₂ at varying ratios (0.75:1–2.5:1), followed by carbonization for 1–3 h at temperatures ranging from 450 to 650 °C. The findings revealed that the impregnation ratio and carbonization temperature significantly affected the pore characteristics of the carbon, but the activation time had no discernible effect on the pore structure of the activated carbon. The optimized activated carbon exhibited a surface area of 1250 m²/g, a pore volume of 0.195 cm³/g, an average pore size of 0.128 nm, and an average particle size of approximately 107 nm. These results were achieved at a carbonization temperature of 533 °C, a time of 1.82 h, and an impregnation ratio of 1.6. Additionally, the bandgap of the ZnO nanoparticles was measured to be approximately 3.17 eV. The specific surface area of the ZnO-NPs modified by extraction from a citrus bergamia leaf sample was 371m²/g, and the average crystallite size was found to be 35 nm. These measurements corresponded to a hexagonal particle at a temperature of 450 °C and a time of 2 h. The catalyst demonstrated photocatalytic efficiency for degradation of tetracycline of approximately 99% Based on the results, the developed ZnO-NPs impregnated activated carbon exhibit good potential for practical applications such as photocatalysis.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"115 3","pages":"1180 - 1194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}