Application of response surface methodology for optimization of Ca-Mg Co-doped V2O5 Ion storage films by hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method

IF 3.2 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI:10.1007/s10971-025-06820-7

Xiangru Yin, Qiqi Mei, Yinan Zhang, Guixiang Yang, Dequan Zhang, Mingyuan Liu, Runhong Du, Xiaoping Liang

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Abstract

Ca-Mg co-doped V₂O₅ films were synthesized via hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method. Single-doped films (10 mol% Ca or Mg) outperformed undoped V₂O₅, with 10Ca-V₂O₅ exhibiting superior ion storage capacity (102.87 mC/cm²) and 10Mg-V₂O₅ showing better optical modulation (ΔT). Co-doping at fixed 10 mol% total concentration created synergistic effects: Ca expanded the lattice for enhanced Li⁺ storage while Mg improved charge transfer kinetics, with their combination yielding optimal porosity for electrolyte penetration. 2Ca-8Mg-V₂O₅ films demonstrated particularly efficient Li⁺ diffusion and fast response (5.3 s coloring/3.7 s bleaching). Response surface methodology optimization revealed heat treatment temperature (346 °C) as the most influential parameter, followed by Ca (2.1 mol%) and Mg (7.8 mol%) contents. The optimized film achieved remarkable performance metrics: 57.4% ΔT, 102.87 mC/cm² capacity, and rapid switching, representing a 35% improvement over single-doped counterparts. These results demonstrate how strategic cation co-doping can simultaneously enhance multiple electrochromic properties through complementary structural and electronic modifications.

Graphical Abstract

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响应面法在水热辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备Ca-Mg共掺杂V2O5离子存储膜中的应用

采用水热辅助溶胶-凝胶法制备了钙镁共掺杂V2O5薄膜。单掺杂薄膜（10 mol% Ca或Mg）表现优于未掺杂的V2O5，其中10Ca-V2O5表现出更好的离子存储能力（102.87 mC/cm2）， 10Mg-V2O5表现出更好的光调制能力（ΔT）。固定总浓度为10 mol%的共掺杂产生了协同效应：Ca扩展了晶格，增强了Li+的存储，而Mg改善了电荷转移动力学，它们的结合产生了最佳的孔隙度，有利于电解质的渗透。2Ca-8Mg-V2O5薄膜表现出特别高效的Li+扩散和快速响应（5.3 s着色/3.7 s漂白）。响应面优化结果表明，热处理温度（346℃）是影响最大的参数，其次是Ca （2.1 mol%）和Mg （7.8 mol%）含量。优化后的薄膜取得了显著的性能指标：57.4% ΔT， 102.87 mC/cm2容量，快速切换，比单掺杂的薄膜提高了35%。这些结果表明，战略性阳离子共掺杂可以通过互补的结构和电子修饰同时增强多种电致变色性能。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 工程技术-材料科学：硅酸盐

CiteScore

4.70

自引率

4.00%

发文量

280

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： The primary objective of the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (JSST), the official journal of the International Sol-Gel Society, is to provide an international forum for the dissemination of scientific, technological, and general knowledge about materials processed by chemical nanotechnologies known as the "sol-gel" process. The materials of interest include gels, gel-derived glasses, ceramics in form of nano- and micro-powders, bulk, fibres, thin films and coatings as well as more recent materials such as hybrid organic-inorganic materials and composites. Such materials exhibit a wide range of optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical, environmental, and biomedical properties and functionalities. Methods for producing sol-gel-derived materials and the industrial uses of these materials are also of great interest.