Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Electrochemically assisted sol-gel deposition of bioactive gels for biomedical applications","authors":"Tomohiko Yoshioka,&nbsp;Naoki Miyamoto,&nbsp;Satoshi Hayakawa","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06530-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06530-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>So far, the sol-gel process has been available to prepare precursor gels of bioactive glasses with various compositions. In this report, we described a novel coating method of bioactive gels on a titanium substrate where the sol-gel transition is controlled by applying external electric fields. The application of a constant current of 10 mA/cm² in an acidic sol containing pre-hydrolyzed tetraethoxysilane, calcium nitrate, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate led to the deposition of gels on the titanium cathodes due to the generation of OH^– by water electrolysis as a catalyst of the sol-gel transition. The obtained gels, which were characterized to be amorphous and consisted of Si, Ca, and P, covered the titanium substrates as a coating. The bioactivity of the gels deposited was confirmed by soaking in a simulated body fluid (SBF) up to 7 days, suggesting that the electrochemically assisted sol-gel process is promising for providing bioactive coatings on metallic implants.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"419 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10971-024-06530-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new way to tune photocatalytic activity, surface morphology, and structural/optical parameters of ZrO2 thin films using different Zr sources along with annealing temperature and film thickness","authors":"Gulsen Sahin,&nbsp;Abdullah Goktas,&nbsp;Esra Aslan","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06534-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06534-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water recycling is a convenient way to get around the water shortage and wastewater analysis. The water can be reused for domestic purposes by eliminating organic pollutants through a photocatalytic process. For this aim, the sol-gel dip coating process synthesized ZrO2 nanostructured thin films with tunable structural, morphological, and optical properties and photocatalytic activities. Zr sources (acetate, nitrate, and chloride), annealing temperature (T_A), and thickness (d)-dependent structural, morphological, optical, and photocatalytic performances of the ZrO₂ films were scrutinized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), mapping technique, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The XRD, SEM, EDS, and mapping analyses confirmed the formation of nanostructured ZrO₂ thin film. The results revealed that ZrO₂ film had a tetragonal phase with various crystallite sizes and different surface morphologies as the Zr sources, T_A, and d varied. There were significant variations in the optical absorbance, band gap, refractive index, and absorption coefficient based on Zr sources, TA, and d. Among all ZrO₂ films, the film sample synthesized by the Zr-acetate source annealed at T_A of 500 °C and with d of 940 nm was found to be the most effective film in terms of optical and crystalline quality as well as photocatalytic performance (94% efficiency in 150 min) for the degradation of methylene blue dye. The enhanced light utilization capability suppressed charge recombination, surface morphology, grain size, defect concentration, and optical band gap values of the nanostructured zirconia thin films are the key factors corresponding to enhanced photocatalytic performance.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"425 - 443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Al on photoluminescence properties of Nd3+ in silicate glass prepared by in-situ sol-gel method","authors":"K. M. S. Dawngliana,&nbsp;Lalruat Puia,&nbsp;A. L. Fanai,&nbsp;Ralte Lalrempuia,&nbsp;S. Rai","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06539-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06539-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article discusses our investigations into the structural and spectroscopic properties of Nd³⁺ co-doped alumino-silicate glass prepared by an in-situ sol-gel method. Structural characterization was carried out using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The XRD analysis reveals that the material is still amorphous even after being heated to 900 °C. FTIR analysis was used to identify the functional groups of the produced sol-gel silicate glass. The optical absorption spectra from the ground state ⁴I_9/2 show seven peaks in the UV-VIS and NIR regions. The optical absorption spectrum of Nd³⁺ co-doped alumino-silicate glass-ceramic was used to determine the Judd-Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters (Ω₂, Ω₄ and Ω₆). The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum was recorded with a 2W diode laser source of 808 nm excitations. From the larger stimulated emission cross-section (3.80 x 10⁻²⁰ cm²) of the ⁴F_3/2 → ⁴I_11/2 transition, it is concluded that the SiNdAl glasses could be highly useful for the development of solid state laser materials. From the observed refractive indices at three different wavelengths, non-linear parameters for the glass, such as the Abbe number (υ_Ab) and non-linear refractive index (n₂), are derived.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"444 - 455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystallization mechanism of barium titanate in amorphous titania gel pellets by acid–base chemical densification near room temperature","authors":"Rei Nakayama,&nbsp;Yuki Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Hirofumi Sumi","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06535-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06535-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, novel ceramic processes which can fabricate it at lower temperatures compared with conventional sintering process are required. Bulk barium titanate (BaTiO₃) is directly synthesized from hydrous titania gel (TiO₂·nH₂O) pellets near room temperature via the acid–base chemical densification (ABCD) process, which affords perovskite oxides via neutralization reactions. TiO₂·nH₂O used as precursor material has amorphous structure and includes a trace amount of water in its structure. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the mechanism of BaTiO₃ crystallization in TiO₂·nH₂O pellet is dependent on the reaction conditions in the barium hydroxide solution, including the heat-treating temperature and time. The bulk BaTiO₃ are obtained from TiO₂·nH₂O pellets by treating below 100 °C for a long time more than 25 h; however, heat-treating at higher temperatures caused TiO₂·nH₂O pellets to disintegrate. It is consolidated that dominant reaction, whether the diffusion reaction or a dissolution–precipitation reaction, in this process depends on the reaction temperature and time. Then, at higher temperatures than 120 °C, a part of TiO₂·nH₂O pellets dissolve to barium hydroxide solution as a dissolution–precipitation reaction. In contrast, at below 120 °C, BaTiO₃ bulk is obtained by diffusion reaction of Ba ion into TiO₂·nH₂O pellet.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"375 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly stable wavelength converting composite based on sol–gel derived siloxane-encapsulated luminescent nanocrystals","authors":"Yongmin Shin,&nbsp;Somin Park,&nbsp;Byung Jo Um,&nbsp;Seungwan Kim,&nbsp;Junho Jang,&nbsp;Byeong-Soo Bae","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06536-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06536-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Luminescent nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as the high-performance wavelength converting materials in next-generation displays and energy conversion devices due to their unique optophysical properties, such as large Stokes or anti-Stokes shifts, narrow emission bandwidth, and tunable bandgap depending on size or composition. However, poor long-term stability in high temperature and humidity remains a critical issue for device applications. This instability is primarily due to irreversible changes in surface ligands or chemical structures/compositions when exposed to various severe environments. Various strategies have been reported to address these issues, such as the formation of inorganic shell layers and the fabrication of polymer-based nanocomposites. Although these strategies have improved stability, they exhibit degraded properties during long-term aging. Recently, sol–gel derived siloxane hybrid materials have been introduced to achieve stability for various NCs under actual operating conditions of displays and optoelectronic devices. This review will address recent progress in developing siloxane-encapsulated NCs with high stability in high temperature/humidity and under continuous light exposure. It will also introduce results on enhancing the environmental stability of various NCs, including lanthanide-doped transition metal-based NCs, semiconducting NCs, and metal halide perovskite NCs, as well as demonstrations of reliable devices.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"359 - 374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10971-024-06536-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Template free synthesis of CuO nanoflakes and walnut shape CuO/CeO2 heterostructures: characterization and their role as an antibacterial materials and biofilm inhibitors","authors":"Kanwal Javed,&nbsp;Yufang Ren,&nbsp;Sobia Kousar,&nbsp;Yifan Liu,&nbsp;Zhenhao Cao,&nbsp;Bushra Begum,&nbsp;Xue Li","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06533-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06533-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To prevent the worldwide diseases caused by the micro-organisms, the great effort has been performed to synthesize unique CuO nanoflakes (NF) and walnut shape (W-S) CuO/CeO₂ heterostructures with O vacancies by a simple precipitation technique without using any template. The morphology, structure, valance states, chemical composition and surface charge of the synthesized samples were inspected by i.e. scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and zeta potential (ζ). The expected crystallite’s size was studied by XRD data i.e. for CuO NF ~5.9 nm with 0.1–0.2% error and SD is ±0.2–0.5, while for the W-S CuO/CeO₂ heterostructures it is about ~6.4 nm with 0.05–0.1% error and SD is ±0.1–0.2 respectively. Both samples were tested as an antiseptic agent against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, and it was confirmed that they had greater antibacterial effects as compared to the control group (water) which showed no response (0%). It was predicted that the CuO/CeO₂ heterostructure showed excellent antibacterial activity (100%) verses pure CuO NF (80–90%) at the same 0.2 mg/L concentration for <i>E. coli</i> with SD (±0–1). While against <i>S. Aureus</i> strain the CuO/CeO₂ heterostructure showed (80–90%) antibacterial action at the lowest concentration (0.2 mg/L) but 100% as the concentration increases i.e. 0.5 mg/L due to difference in bacterial strain with the SD (±0–2). After remarkable antibacterial activity, the biofilm inhibition of CuO/CeO₂ heterostructure against <i>S. aureus</i> was also studied by crystal violet staining, and examined that the inhibition effect of the biofilm increases with the increase concentration of heterostructures. At 0.31 mg/mL, the biofilm reduced visibly and the whole structure has destroyed, indicating that it is a remarkable biofilm inhibitor.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"384 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable synthesis of MFI zeolite and derived metal-acid bifunctional catalysts for hydroisomerization of n-heptane","authors":"Mengxuan Zhu,&nbsp;Wenqi Xu,&nbsp;Longyang Wang,&nbsp;Rui Wang,&nbsp;Heng Jiang,&nbsp;Changzi Jin","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06542-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06542-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Developing sustainable synthesis method of versatile zeolites to overcome the shortcoming of traditional process is of significant for development of green chemistry and environmentally friendly techniques. In this work, MFI zeolite (ZSM-5) was synthesized through organotemplate-, solvent- and seed-free sustainable process comprising physical grinding and quasi-solid state crystallization and utilizing commercial silica gel or Stöber colloidal SiO₂ as silica source. The key influencing factors to this sustainable synthesis process, such as starting material composition, crystallization temperature and time, had been unambiguously investigated by combining a series of characterization techniques. It is revealed that the starting material with SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and Na₂O/SiO₂ at 30–40 and 0.072, respectively, is suitable to obtain zeolite product with high crystallinity. The presence of right amount of water (or alcohol) is also crucial. In addition, this green synthesis method can be extended into the fabrication of encapsulated metal-zeolite bifunctional catalyst, which is effective in hydroisomerization of <i>n</i>-heptane. These results are instructive for development of sustainable synthesis of aluminosilicate zeolites and derived heterogeneous catalysts.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"348 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural, nano texture, and optical study of Vanadium-doped zinc oxide thin films for blue LEDs","authors":"Apoorva Katoch,&nbsp;Navneet Kaur,&nbsp;Davinder Kumar,&nbsp;Balraj Singh,&nbsp;Vandana Shinde,&nbsp;Raminder Kaur","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06517-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06517-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The judicious use of transition metals, notably vanadium (V), is critical to improving zinc oxide (ZnO) photoelectric performance. This research reveals the transforming effect of different V doping levels on zinc oxide (V:ZnO) thin films precisely manufactured using a sol-gel dip-coating process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the evolving characteristics of the films, revealing a shift towards increased structural coherence and preferred orientation as V doping concentrations increase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its nano texture fractal studies reveal a gradual refinement in the texture and arrangement of V:ZnO films with increased doping levels. The effective V doping inside the ZnO thin films is confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Furthermore, the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption coefficient increases when the Urbach energy (E_U) increases and the energy gap (E_g) decreases. Notably, V:ZnO displays exceptional emissions in the intrinsic excitation region at 300 <i>nm</i>and within the defect emission range of 380–650 <i>nm</i> at 3% dopingmaking it a promising candidate for blue LED applications. However, care is advised since extensive doping may impair the photoluminescence properties of ZnO. Urbach tails in weak absorption region decreased with increasing % of V in ZnO. Urbach energies (E_u) were in the 0.32–0.52 meV range for as-deposited and annealed films. This was used to account for the disorder of the films—an inverse relation was observed between Urbach energy and optical band energy as a result of doping. Research findings presented in this work give significant information on the complexities of V doping in ZnO, paving the way for advanced optoelectronic applications, particularly in blue LEDs.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"332 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of high performance SnFe2O4@PANI electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evaluation Reaction (OER) by hydrothermal method","authors":"Mukhtiar Hussain,&nbsp;Abdelaziz Gassoumi,&nbsp;Ilya A. Weinstein,&nbsp;A. Kahshan,&nbsp;Khursheed Ahmad,&nbsp;A. M. A. Henaish","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06495-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10971-024-06495-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Developing cutting-edge catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of water splitting. Spinel-type materials have gained recognition for their exceptional catalytic performance in OER activity. The excessive OER overpotential is the significant obstacle that hinders the use of spinel-type materials. In this work, polyaniline (PANI) was incorporated to significantly enhance the performance of spinel SnFe₂O₄ material by straightforward hydrothermal method. SnFe₂O₄@PANI catalyst demonstrated an impressive overpotential of 198 mV at 10 mA cm^–2 and a 33 mV dec^–1 Tafel slope with higher OER activity. The electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of SnFe₂O₄@PANI catalyst was determined to be 2348.53 cm², with higher cyclic stability of 25 h after 5000th cycles with minimal impedance characteristics (R_ct = 0.18 Ω). In addition, the findings showed that the inclusion of PANI led to expansion of the surface area to improve the conductivity, resulting in notable enhancement of the catalysts’ OER activity. This modification has resulted in an improved OER catalyst, making it highly sought after for various applications in the water-splitting field.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"112 2","pages":"322 - 331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the wettability of the surface of soda-lime glass and of sol-gel-derived lithium silicate thin films during storage at room temperature","authors":"Hiromitsu Kozuka, Yuta Miyao, Tomoaki Kato, Manato Miki","doi":"10.1007/s10971-024-06523-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06523-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maintaining the water wettability for extended period is generally tough to achieve on solid surface. We stored a soda-lime glass plate in a container equipped with an air purifier with a fan filter, where the water contact angle increased from 3° to 33° in 2 days. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) spectra obtained on the glass surface showed that hydrocarbons increased in amount during storage, indicating their adsorption as one of the causes of the increased contact angle during storing. Next we prepared lithium silicate thin films with nominal Li/Si mole ratios of 0.12–0.86 on Si(100) wafers by sol-gel method from lithium nitrate-tetraethyl orthosilicate solutions. The films were stored in the container with the air purifier, and the water contact angle was measured as a function of storage time. The films of Li/Si ≥ 0.24 kept contact angles lower than 15° over 10 days although hydrocarbons increased in amount on the surface during storage, which was examined by XPS analysis on the film of Li/Si = 0.24. The film surface turned cloudy during storage, which we attributed to lithium carbonate precipitates by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. We thought that hydrocarbons adsorbed on lithium carbonate precipitates may be washed out when a water droplet is placed on the film surface in contact angle measurements, and that such hydrocarbon removal may lead to the long-term duration of the low contact angle. Elemental depth profile analysis by XPS showed that Li⁺ ions leach out from the film during soaking in water, resulting in the formation of a silica film. We expected the resulting silica film to be porous and hence to exhibit persistent low water contact angle due to capillary effect. However, the film showed higher initial contact angles, which further increased during storing. The silica film was unexpectedly relatively dense, which was revealed by refractive index measurements, not having porous nature with persistent hydrophilicity.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}