Green hydrothermal synthesis of Mg-doped transition metal dichalcogenides using Camellia sinensis extract for enhanced energy storage

IF 3.2 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI:10.1007/s10971-025-06818-1

Ali Mujtaba, M. I. Khan, M. Arslan Nadeem, Muzammal Aslam, Mongi Amami, Nasir Mehmood

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Abstract

Tungsten disulfide (WS₂) is one of the new materials for energy storage applications that are transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). In this work, Camellia sinensis extract was used as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent in the green hydrothermal synthesis of magnesium-doped WS₂ (Mg-WS₂). The hexagonal structure and a modest increase in d-spacing (from 5.967 to 6.027 Å) were shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and improved porosity was demonstrated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy verified the optical spectrum’s blue shift and structural integrity, which suggested better electronic characteristics. The faradic behavior is validated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) shows an elevated specific capacitance of 274.5 F/g at 2 A/g for the Mg-doped sample. Improved ion diffusion and a significant drop in charge transfer resistance (from 8.72 to 5.64 Ω) were shown by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Increased surface flaws, wider interlayer spacing, and improved conductivity brought about by magnesium doping are responsible for these enhancements. This study demonstrates Mg-WS₂ potential as a sustainable, high-performance electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

Graphical Abstract

Utilizing Camellia sinensis extract in green synthesis offers a sustainable, non-toxic, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical methods.

Abstract Image

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利用山茶提取物绿色水热合成掺镁过渡金属二硫化物以增强能量储存

二硫化钨（WS2）是一种新型的过渡金属二硫化物（TMDs）储能材料。本研究以山茶提取物为天然还原稳定剂，在绿色水热合成掺镁WS2 （Mg-WS2）中进行研究。x射线衍射（XRD）结果表明，复合材料具有六边形结构，d-间距从5.967增加到6.027 Å，比表面积分析（BET）结果表明，复合材料的孔隙度有所提高。紫外-可见吸收光谱和傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱验证了光谱的蓝移和结构完整性，表明其具有较好的电子特性。通过循环伏安法（CV）验证了faradic行为，并且恒流充放电（GCD）显示，在2 A/g时，mg掺杂样品的比电容提高了274.5 F/g。电化学阻抗谱（EIS）显示离子扩散得到改善，电荷转移电阻从8.72下降到5.64 Ω。镁的掺入增加了表面缺陷，扩大了层间距，提高了电导率。这项研究证明了Mg-WS2作为一种可持续、高性能的超级电容器电极材料的潜力。在绿色合成中利用山茶提取物提供了一种可持续、无毒、经济、环保的替代传统化学方法。

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来源期刊

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 工程技术-材料科学：硅酸盐

CiteScore

4.70

自引率

4.00%

发文量

280

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： The primary objective of the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (JSST), the official journal of the International Sol-Gel Society, is to provide an international forum for the dissemination of scientific, technological, and general knowledge about materials processed by chemical nanotechnologies known as the "sol-gel" process. The materials of interest include gels, gel-derived glasses, ceramics in form of nano- and micro-powders, bulk, fibres, thin films and coatings as well as more recent materials such as hybrid organic-inorganic materials and composites. Such materials exhibit a wide range of optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical, environmental, and biomedical properties and functionalities. Methods for producing sol-gel-derived materials and the industrial uses of these materials are also of great interest.