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Stern–Gerlach, EPRB and Bell Inequalities: An Analysis Using the Quantum Hamilton Equations of Stochastic Mechanics 斯特恩-格拉赫、EPRB 和贝尔不等式：利用随机力学的量子汉密尔顿方程进行分析
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-024-00752-y
Michael Beyer, Wolfgang Paul
{"title":"Stern–Gerlach, EPRB and Bell Inequalities: An Analysis Using the Quantum Hamilton Equations of Stochastic Mechanics","authors":"Michael Beyer, Wolfgang Paul","doi":"10.1007/s10701-024-00752-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-024-00752-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The discussion of the recently derived quantum Hamilton equations for a spinning particle is extended to spin measurement in a Stern–Gerlach experiment. We show that this theory predicts a continuously changing orientation of the particles magnetic moment over the course of its motion across the Stern–Gerlach apparatus. The final measurement results agree with experiment and with predictions of the Pauli equation. Furthermore, the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm thought experiment is investigated, and the violation of Bells’s inequalities is reproduced within this stochastic mechanics approach. The origin of the violation of Bell’s inequalities is traced to the the non-local nature of the velocity fields for an entangled state in the stochastic formalism, which is a result of a non-separable probability distribution of the considered particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140155877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Why the Global Phase is Not Real 为什么全球阶段不是真实的
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-024-00754-w
{"title":"Why the Global Phase is Not Real","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10701-024-00754-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-024-00754-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>In this paper, I present a new analysis of the meaning of the phase in quantum mechanics. First, I give a simple but rigorous proof that the global phase is not real in <span> <span>(psi)</span> </span>-ontic quantum theories. Next, I argue that a similar strategy cannot be used to prove the reality of the global phase due to the existence of the tails of the wave function. Finally, I argue that the relative phase is not a nonlocal property of two regions together, and adding a relative phase to one local branch of a superposition only changes the local properties at the boundary of the region of the branch.</p>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140046470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reconstruction of f(R) Gravity from Cosmological Unified Dark Fluid Model 从宇宙学统一暗流模型重构 f(R) 引力
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-023-00751-5
{"title":"Reconstruction of f(R) Gravity from Cosmological Unified Dark Fluid Model","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10701-023-00751-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-023-00751-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>In this work, we reconstruct the cosmological unified dark fluid model proposed previously by Elkhateeb (Astrophys Space Sci 363(1):7, 2018) in the framework of <em>f</em>(<em>R</em>) gravity. Utilizing the equivalence between the scalar-tensor theory and the <em>f</em>(<em>R</em>) gravity theory, the scalar field for the dark fluid is obtained, whence the <em>f</em>(<em>R</em>) function is extracted and its viability is discussed. The <em>f</em>(<em>R</em>) functions and the scalar field potentials have then been extracted in the early and late times of asymptotically de Sitter spacetime. The ability of our function to describe early time inflation is also tested. The early time scalar field potential is used to derive the slow roll inflation parameters. Our results of the tensor-to-scalar ratio <em>r</em> and the scalar spectral index <span> <span>(n_s)</span> </span> are in good agreement with results from Planck-2018 TT+TE+EE+lowE data for the model parameter <span> <span>(n &gt; 2)</span> </span>.</p>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139917982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Schrödinger Cats and Quantum Complementarity 薛定谔猫与量子互补性
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-023-00750-6
Lorenzo Maccone
{"title":"Schrödinger Cats and Quantum Complementarity","authors":"Lorenzo Maccone","doi":"10.1007/s10701-023-00750-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-023-00750-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Complementarity tells us we cannot know precisely the values of all the properties of a quantum object at the same time: the precise determination of one property implies that the value of some other (complementary) property is undefined. E.g. the precise knowledge of the position of a particle implies that its momentum is undefined. Here we show that a Schrödinger cat has a well defined value of a property that is complementary to its “being dead or alive” property. Then, thanks to complementarity, it has an undefined value of the property “being dead or alive”. In other words, the cat paradox is explained through quantum complementarity: of its many complementary properties, any quantum system, such as a cat, can have a well defined value only of one at a time. Schrödinger’s cat has a definite value of a property which is complementary to “being dead or alive”, so it is neither dead nor alive. Figuratively one can say it is both dead <i>and</i> alive. While this interpretation only uses textbook concepts (the Copenhagen interpretation), apparently it has never explicitly appeared in the literature. We detail how to build an Arduino based simulation of Schrödinger’s experiment based on these concepts for science outreach events.</p>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139583537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fundamental Units in Gravitational, Electromagnetic and Weak (Fermi) Interactions 引力、电磁和弱（费米）相互作用的基本单位
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-023-00741-7
M. Novello, V. Antunes
{"title":"Fundamental Units in Gravitational, Electromagnetic and Weak (Fermi) Interactions","authors":"M. Novello, V. Antunes","doi":"10.1007/s10701-023-00741-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-023-00741-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In analogy with Planck’s construction of fundamental quantities in gravitation, we construct fundamental quantities associated with (1) theories of electrodynamics in which the electromagnetic field has a maximum value (e.g. Born-Infeld theory), and (2) the Fermi interaction. This gives us a maximum intensity of the electromagnetic field, and also reveals a close relationship between the fundamental lengths associated with the gravitational and weak interactions, supporting the connection between these two interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139555391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Non-Relativistic Regime and Topology: Topological Term in the Einstein Equation 非相对论时态与拓扑学：爱因斯坦方程中的拓扑术语
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-023-00749-z
{"title":"Non-Relativistic Regime and Topology: Topological Term in the Einstein Equation","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10701-023-00749-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-023-00749-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>We study the non-relativistic (NR) limit of relativistic spacetimes in relation with the topology of the Universe. We first show that the NR limit of the Einstein equation is only possible in Euclidean topologies, i.e., for which the covering space is <span> <span>(mathbb {E}^3)</span> </span>. We interpret this result as an inconsistency of general relativity in non-Euclidean topologies and propose a modification of that theory which allows for the limit to be performed in any topology. For this, a second reference non-dynamical connection is introduced in addition to the physical spacetime connection. The choice of reference connection is related to the covering space of the spacetime topology. Instead of featuring only the physical spacetime Ricci tensor, the modified Einstein equation features the difference between the physical and the reference Ricci tensors. This theory should be considered instead of general relativity if one wants to study a universe with a non-Euclidean topology and admitting a non-relativistic limit.</p>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139498411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the Reality of the Quantum State Once Again: A No-Go Theorem for (psi)-Ontic Models 再论量子态的现实性：量子模型的 "不走 "定理
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-023-00748-0
Gabriele Carcassi, Andrea Oldofredi, Christine A. Aidala
{"title":"On the Reality of the Quantum State Once Again: A No-Go Theorem for (psi)-Ontic Models","authors":"Gabriele Carcassi,&nbsp;Andrea Oldofredi,&nbsp;Christine A. Aidala","doi":"10.1007/s10701-023-00748-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10701-023-00748-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper we show that <span>(psi)</span>-ontic models, as defined by Harrigan and Spekkens (HS), cannot reproduce quantum theory. Instead of focusing on probability, we use information theoretic considerations to show that all pure states of <span>(psi)</span>-ontic models must be orthogonal to each other, in clear violation of quantum mechanics. Given that (i) Pusey, Barrett and Rudolph (PBR) previously showed that <span>(psi)</span>-epistemic models, as defined by HS, also contradict quantum mechanics, and (ii) the HS categorization is exhausted by these two types of models, we conclude that the HS categorization itself is problematic as it leaves no space for models that can reproduce quantum theory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139430943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What Does ‘(Non)-absoluteness of Observed Events’ Mean? 观察事件的（非）模糊性 "意味着什么？
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-023-00747-1
Emily Adlam
{"title":"What Does ‘(Non)-absoluteness of Observed Events’ Mean?","authors":"Emily Adlam","doi":"10.1007/s10701-023-00747-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10701-023-00747-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently there have emerged an assortment of theorems relating to the ‘absoluteness of emerged events,’ and these results have sometimes been used to argue that quantum mechanics may involve some kind of metaphysically radical non-absoluteness, such as relationalism or perspectivalism. However, in our view a close examination of these theorems fails to convincingly support such possibilities. In this paper we argue that the Wigner’s friend paradox, the theorem of Bong et al and the theorem of Lawrence et al are all best understood as demonstrating that if quantum mechanics is universal, and if certain auxiliary assumptions hold, then the world inevitably includes various forms of ‘disaccord,’ but this need not be interpreted in a metaphysically radical way; meanwhile, the theorem of Ormrod and Barrett is best understood either as an argument for an interpretation allowing multiple outcomes per observer, such as the Everett approach, or as a proof that quantum mechanics cannot be universal in the sense relevant for this theorem. We also argue that these theorems taken together suggest interesting possibilities for a different kind of relational approach in which <i>interaction</i> states are relativized whilst observed events are absolute, and we show that although something like ‘retrocausality’ might be needed to make such an approach work, this would be a very special kind of retrocausality which would evade a number of common objections against retrocausality. We conclude that the non-absoluteness theorems may have a significant role to play in helping converge towards an acceptable solution to the measurement problem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10701-023-00747-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139406719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Learning from Paradoxes 从矛盾中学习
IF 1.5 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-023-00733-7
Alessandro Bettini
{"title":"Learning from Paradoxes","authors":"Alessandro Bettini","doi":"10.1007/s10701-023-00733-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10701-023-00733-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>George Francis FitzGerald is well known to have proposed in 1889, three years before Lorentz, the (physical) contraction of bodies moving in the hypothetical ether, as an “explanation” the null result of the Michelson and Morley experiment. Less known is his proposal of an ether-drift experiment based on an electrostatic system. A simple charged condenser suspended by a wire would be subject to a torque due to the earth’s motion. The experiment was done by his pupil Trouton, with Noble, with null result. It was an important independent confirmation of the relativity principle, but it was substantially forgotten. It came back, under the form of a paradox, in the second half of the past century, usefully triggering an in-depth discussion on the electromagnetic energy and momentum flow in stationary systems, in which intuitively one thinks momentum should be zero, but it is not. The solution of the Trouton–Noble paradox, and similar ones, has led to a better understanding of the interplay between electromagnetic field and matter and to develop relevant examples for the university courses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10701-023-00733-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139083065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Decoherent Arrow of Time and the Entanglement Past Hypothesis. 时间的非相干箭与纠缠过去假说。
IF 1.2 3区 物理与天体物理
Foundations of Physics Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10701-024-00785-3
Jim Al-Khalili, Eddy Keming Chen
{"title":"The Decoherent Arrow of Time and the Entanglement Past Hypothesis.","authors":"Jim Al-Khalili, Eddy Keming Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10701-024-00785-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10701-024-00785-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>If an asymmetry in time does not arise from the fundamental dynamical laws of physics, it may be found in special boundary conditions. The argument normally goes that since thermodynamic entropy in the past is lower than in the future according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, then tracing this back to the time around the Big Bang means the universe must have started off in a state of very low thermodynamic entropy: the <i>Thermodynamic Past Hypothesis</i>. In this paper, we consider another boundary condition that plays a similar role, but for the decoherent arrow of time, i.e. the subsystems of the universe are more mixed in the future than in the past. According to what we call the <i>Entanglement Past Hypothesis</i>, the initial quantum state of the universe had very low entanglement entropy. We clarify the content of the Entanglement Past Hypothesis, compare it with the Thermodynamic Past Hypothesis, and identify some challenges and open questions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":569,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11227449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141557768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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