Foundations of Chemistry最新文献_第6页

Clashing perspectives: Kantian epistemology and quantum chemistry theory 冲突的观点：康德认识论与量子化学理论

IF 1.8 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09508-y

Ricardo Vivas-Reyes

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引用次数: 0

An interactive approach to the notion of chemical substance and the case of water 化学物质概念的互动方法和水的案例

IF 1.4 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09504-2

Marabel Riesmeier

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Deciphering the physical meaning of Gibbs’s maximum work equation 解读吉布斯最大功方程的物理意义

IF 1.8 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09503-3

Robert T. Hanlon

{"title":"Deciphering the physical meaning of Gibbs’s maximum work equation","authors":"Robert T. Hanlon","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09503-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09503-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>J. Willard Gibbs derived the following equation to quantify the maximum work possible for a chemical reaction</p><p><span>({text{Maximum work }} = , - Delta {text{G}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} = , - left( {Delta {text{H}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} {-}{text{ T}}Delta {text{S}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} } right) {text{ constant T}},{text{P}})</span></p><p>∆H<sub>rxn</sub> is the enthalpy change of reaction as measured in a reaction calorimeter and ∆G<sub>rxn</sub> the change in Gibbs energy as measured, if feasible, in an electrochemical cell by the voltage across the two half-cells. To Gibbs, reaction spontaneity corresponds to negative values of ∆G<sub>rxn</sub>. But what is T∆S<sub>rxn</sub>, absolute temperature times the change in entropy? Gibbs stated that this term quantifies the heating/cooling required to maintain constant temperature in an electrochemical cell. Seeking a deeper explanation than this, one involving the behaviors of atoms and molecules that cause these thermodynamic phenomena, I employed an “atoms first” approach to decipher the physical underpinning of T∆S<sub>rxn</sub> and, in so doing, developed the hypothesis that this term quantifies the change in “structural energy” of the system during a chemical reaction. This hypothesis now challenges me to similarly explain the physical underpinning of the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation</p><p><span>({text{d}}left( {Delta {text{G}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} } right)/{text{dT}} = - Delta {text{S}}_{{{text{rxn}}}} left( {text{constant P}} right))</span></p><p>While this equation illustrates a relationship between ∆G<sub>rxn</sub> and ∆S<sub>rxn</sub>, I don’t understand how this is so, especially since orbital electron energies that I hypothesize are responsible for ∆G<sub>rxn</sub> are not directly involved in the entropy determination of atoms and molecules that are responsible for ∆S<sub>rxn</sub>. I write this paper to both share my progress and also to seek help from any who can clarify this for me.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 1","pages":"179 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-024-09503-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140834829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Connecting De Donder’s equation with the differential changes of thermodynamic potentials: understanding thermodynamic potentials 将德东德方程与热力学势的微分变化联系起来：理解热力学势

IF 1.8 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09507-z

Mihalj Poša

{"title":"Connecting De Donder’s equation with the differential changes of thermodynamic potentials: understanding thermodynamic potentials","authors":"Mihalj Poša","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09507-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09507-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The new mathematical connection of De Donder’s differential entropy production with the differential changes of thermodynamic potentials (Helmholtz free energy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy) was obtained through the linear sequence of equations (direct, straightforward path), in which we use rigorous thermodynamic definitions of the partial molar thermodynamic properties. This new connection uses a global approach to the problem of reversibility and irreversibility, which is vital to global learners’ view and standardizes the linking procedure for thermodynamic potentials (Helmholtz free energy, enthalpy, and and Gibbs free energy)—preferably to the sensing learners. It is shown that De Donder’s differential entropy production in an isolated composite system is equal to the differential change in total entropy and that De Donder’s equation agrees with Clausius’ inequality. The useful work of the irreversible process is discussed, which with the decrease of irreversibility tends towards the hypothetical maximum useful work of the reversible process.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 2","pages":"275 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140636709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Editorial 76 编辑 76

IF 1.8 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09505-1

Eric R. Scerri

引用次数: 0

Hydrogen over helium: A philosophical position 氢比氦更重要哲学立场

IF 1.8 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-023-09496-5

René Vernon

引用次数: 0

Ethics of the future of chemical sciences 未来化学科学的伦理

IF 1.4 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09500-6

José Antonio Chamizo, Gustavo Ortiz-Millán

{"title":"Ethics of the future of chemical sciences","authors":"José Antonio Chamizo, Gustavo Ortiz-Millán","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09500-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09500-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry’s report Future of the Chemical Sciences presents four different scenarios for the future of chemistry: chemistry saves the world; push-button chemistry; a world without chemists; and free market chemistry. In this paper we ethically assess them. If chemistry is to solve many of the greatest challenges facing the contemporary world, prioritization of research topics will need to be done explicitly on the basis of moral values, such as solidarity and equity, but also environmental justice, which will have to be central in determining a research agenda for chemistry. The decentralization of chemistry will also present ethical challenges to the research standards established by the scientific community. Ethical education in chemistry may help counteract these risks. We also argue that if chemistry and its subdisciplines are to fulfil their goal of generating knowledge and helping us solve the great challenges of the contemporary world, then it is ethically imperative that scientists from different disciplines be more open to interdisciplinary work. Finally, if the future of chemistry is in free market forms, then it is necessary that we pay more attention to the possible risks that this model has. We call attention to two: first, it is likely that problems that affect the lowest income countries or the most disadvantaged sectors of society, who do not have the means to pay for some of the goods and services, will not be addressed; second, the free market tends to foster unsustainable forms of development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"27 1","pages":"71 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-024-09500-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140586068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interaction, interpretation and representation: the construction and dissemination of chemical knowledge from a Peircean semiotics perspective 互动、解释和表征：从皮尔海符号学角度看化学知识的构建和传播

IF 1.8 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09506-0

Karina Aparecida de Freitas Dias de Souza, Paulo Alves Porto

引用次数: 0

Test case for perspectivism: incompatible models in quantum chemistry 视角主义测试案例：量子化学中的不兼容模型

IF 1.4 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09502-4

Hernan Lucas Accorinti, Juan Camilo Martínez González

引用次数: 0

Introducing UV–visible spectroscopy at high school level following the historical evolution of spectroscopic instruments: a proposal for chemistry teachers 根据光谱仪器的历史演变在高中阶段引入紫外可见光谱学：给化学教师的建议

IF 1.8 3区化学

Foundations of Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09501-5

Maria Antonietta Carpentieri, Valentina Domenici

{"title":"Introducing UV–visible spectroscopy at high school level following the historical evolution of spectroscopic instruments: a proposal for chemistry teachers","authors":"Maria Antonietta Carpentieri, Valentina Domenici","doi":"10.1007/s10698-024-09501-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-024-09501-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spectroscopy is a scientific topic at the interface between Chemistry and Physics, which is taught at high school level in relation with its fundamental applications in Analytical Chemistry. In the first part of the paper, the topic of spectroscopy is analyzed having in mind the well-known Johnstone’s triangle of chemistry education, putting in evidence the way spectroscopy is usually taught at the three levels of chemical knowledge: macroscopic/phenomenological, sub-microscopic/molecular and symbolic ones. Among these three levels, following Johnstone’s recommendations the macroscopic one is the most useful for high school students who learn spectroscopy for the first time. Starting from these premises, in the second part of the paper, we propose a didactic sequence which is inspired by the historical evolution of spectroscopic instruments from the first spectroscopes invented by Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen in 1860 to the UV–vis spectrophotometers which became common since the 1960s. The idea behind our research is to analyze the conceptual advancements through the history of spectroscopy and to identify the key episodes/experiments and spectroscopic instruments. For each of them, a didactic activity, typically an experiment, is then proposed underlining the relevant aspects from the chemistry education point of view. The present paper is the occasion to reflect on the potentialities of an historical approach combined with a laboratorial one, and to discuss the role of historical instruments and related technological improvements to teach spectroscopy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 1","pages":"115 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-024-09501-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0