{"title":"Bond order and bond energies","authors":"Peter F. Lang","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09486-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09486-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work describes the concept of bond order. It shows that covalent bond energy is correlated to bond order. Simple expressions which included bond order are introduced to calculate bond energies of homo-nuclear and hetero-nuclear bonds. Calculated values of bond energies are compared with literature values and show there is very good agreement between and calculated and experimental values in the vast majority of cases. Bond order reveals the strength of a bond and shows the number of bonds in both homo-nuclear and hetero-nuclear covalent bonds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"26 1","pages":"167 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135957766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reactivity in chemistry: the propensity view","authors":"Mauricio Suárez, Pedro J. Sánchez Gómez","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09477-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09477-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We argue for an account of chemical reactivities as chancy propensities, in accordance with the ‘complex nexus of chance’ defended by one of us in the past. Reactivities are typically quantified as proportions, and an expression such as “A + B → C” does not entail that under the right conditions some given amounts of A and B react to give the mass of C that theoretically corresponds to the stoichiometry of the reaction. Instead, what is produced is a fraction α < 1 of this theoretical amount, and the corresponding percentage is usually known as the <i>yield</i>, which expresses the relative preponderance of its reaction. This is then routinely tested in a laboratory against the observed actual yields for the different reactions. Thus, on our account, reactivities ambiguously refer to three quantities at once. They first refer to the underlying propensities effectively acting in the reaction mechanisms, which in ‘chemical chemistry’ (Schummer in Hyle 4:129–162, 1998) are commonly represented by means of Lewis structures. Besides, reactivities represent the probabilities that these propensities give rise to, for any amount of the reactants to combine as prescribed. This last notion is hence best understood as a single case chance and corresponds to a theoretical <i>stoichiometric yield.</i> Finally, reactivities represent the <i>actual yields</i> observed in experimental runs, which account for and provide the requisite evidence for/against both the mechanisms and single case chances ascribed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"25 3","pages":"369 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-023-09477-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135980761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scientific representation and science identity: the case of chemistry","authors":"Pedro J. Sánchez Gómez","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09481-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09481-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I put forward an inferentialist account of Lewis structures (LSs). In this view, the role of LSs is not to realistically depict molecules, but instead to allow surrogate reasoning and inference in chemistry. I also show that the usage of LSs is a central part of a person’s identity as a chemist, as it is defined within educational identity theory. Taking these conclusions together, I argue that the inferentialist approach to LSs and chemistry identity theory can be studied in parallel, as two complementary sides of the same research programme.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"25 3","pages":"381 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-023-09481-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88917260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A defense of placeholder essentialism","authors":"Safia Bano","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09478-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09478-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Kripke-Putnam argument for natural kind essentialism can be said to depend on placeholder essentialist intuitions. But some argue that such philosophical intuitions are merely preschooler cognitive biases which are not supported by scientific knowledge of natural kinds. Chemical substances, for instance, whether elements or compounds do not have such privileged set of underlying properties (‘same substance’ relation) which are present in all members of the kind and which provide necessary and sufficient condition for kind membership. In this paper, I argue that placeholder essentialism works for at least some of the scientific natural kinds especially for the basic chemical natural kind, i.e., element. I argue that the dual sense of the element (the basic substance and the simple substance) along with microstructuralism helps explain the essence of an element not only at the abstract level but also at the more concrete level. Based on this essentialist account of element, I conclude that placeholder essentialism is not completely without merit, and it fits nicely with at least some of our scientific natural kinds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"25 3","pages":"393 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88772010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chemical reduction and quantum interpretation: A case for thomistic emergence","authors":"Ryan Miller","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09479-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09479-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The debate between ontological reductionists and emergentists in chemistry has revolved around quantum mechanics. What Franklin and Seifert (BJPS 2020) add to the long-running dispute is an attention to the measurement problem. They contend that all three realist interpretations of the quantum formalism capable of resolving the measurement problem also obviate any need for chemical emergence. I push their argument further, arguing that the realist interpretations of quantum mechanics actually subvert the basis for reduction as well, by undercutting the idea that fundamental physical particles are actual parts of molecules. With both reduction and traditional synchronic emergence pictures ruled out, the only option for realists about quantum chemistry is strong Thomistic emergence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"25 3","pages":"405 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-023-09479-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90060732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rr. Lis Permana Sari, Heru Pratomo, Isti Yunita, Sukisman Purtadi, Mahesh Narayan, Kristian Handoyo Sugiyarto
{"title":"Misconception in chemistry textbooks: a case study on the concept of quantum number, electronic configuration and review for teaching material","authors":"Rr. Lis Permana Sari, Heru Pratomo, Isti Yunita, Sukisman Purtadi, Mahesh Narayan, Kristian Handoyo Sugiyarto","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09475-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09475-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article describes a descriptive-qualitative method for analyzing and reviewing several textbooks for high school as samples commonly used by teachers and students in their teaching–learning to reveal possible misconceptions. This study focused on the subjects of quantum numbers and electronic configuration. From the advanced literature review to analyze the samples the occurrence of various misconceptions was noted. All textbooks described correctly the four symbols of quantum numbers, but none correlates correctly the magnetic-angular quantum number to the Cartesian labeled orbitals. All textbooks consider mistakenly the meaning of aufbau as the building-up energy of orbitals by following (<i>n</i> + <i>ℓ, n</i>) rules on describing the electronic configuration for all atoms. Only one textbook states that the electronic configuration of transition metal atoms (3<i>d</i> series) can be described in the following order of shell (<i>n</i>), thus giving rise to two types of electronic configurations, [Ar] 3<i>d</i> 4<i>s</i> (Type I) beside [Ar] 4<i>s</i> 3<i>d</i> (Type II), leading further misconception. All textbooks described favorably an unpaired electron of <i>m</i><sub><i>s</i></sub> = + ½ due to the specific agreement, which is a potential misconception in applying Hund’s rule. In drawing the diagram boxes of orbitals, they are arranged in increasing or decreasing the numeric <i>m</i><sub><i>ℓ</i></sub>, due to the specific agreement, and again leading to a potential misconception on describing the quantum number of electrons issued. Three textbooks introduced the terms of <i>the last and the xth electron</i> associated with the quantum numbers, leading to serious further misconceptions. No books stated that the ordering energy of the (<i>n</i> + <i>ℓ, n</i>) rule is true only for the first twenty atoms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"25 3","pages":"419 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73312337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An unlikely bifurcation: history of sustainable (but not Green) chemistry","authors":"Marcin Krasnodębski","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09474-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09474-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The concept of green chemistry dominated the imagination of environmentally-minded chemists over the last thirty years. The conceptual frameworks laid by the American Environmental Protection Agency scholars in the 1990s constitute today the core of a line of thinking aimed at transforming chemistry into a sustainable science. And yet, in the shadow of green chemistry, a broader, even if less popular, concept of sustainable chemistry started taking shape. Initially, it was either loosely associated with green chemistry or left undefined as a distinct but generaly different approach. In such a vague form, it was endorsed by the organizations such as OECD and the IUPAC in the late 1990s. It was not until the 2010s however, when it solidified as a separate more embracing and more overarching tradition that could compete with green chemistry by offering insights that the latter lacked. Sustainable chemistry seeks to transcend the narrow focus on chemical synthesis and embrace a much more holistic view of chemical activities including social responsibility and sustainable business models. Due to an interesting historical coincidence, it was in Germany where sustainable chemistry took roots and became institutionalized for the first time. It was thanks to German exceptionalism and the unwillingness of German scholars to embrace the “green” terminology originating from the US, the concept of sustainable chemistry could safely mature and develop in the German-speaking world, before reaching a high degree of formalization with dedicated journals, founding articles, and programmatic principles aspiring to transform the entire chemical enterprise in the years to come.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"25 3","pages":"463 - 484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10698-023-09474-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82750045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Response to the critique by Dr. K. Brad Wray, published in foundations of chemistry October 6, 2022","authors":"Gareth R. Eaton","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09473-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09473-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dr. K. Wray (2022) questioned my suggestion that T. W. Richards should be included as one of the scientists who contributed to the discovery of isotopes. This article provides additional support for inclusion of Richards as a contributor to the discovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"25 3","pages":"457 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75208156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Common empirical foundations, different theoretical choices: The Berthollet-Proust controversy and Dalton’s resolution","authors":"Yachun Xu, Yichen Tong, Jiangyang Yuan","doi":"10.1007/s10698-023-09471-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10698-023-09471-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Based upon the demarcation between Elementalism and Atomism Chemistry from the perspective of the long-term history of chemistry, the authors re-examine the Berthollet-Proust controversy on the three types of chemical compounds, pointing out that Berthollet proposed the law of indefinite proportions by deduction, while Proust proposed the law of definite proportions by induction. The controversy is beyond the framework of affinity chemistry and entail a synthesis of meta-chemical thinking and experiments. Proust’s discovery of the law of definite proportions not only function as Bacon’s “instances of lamp” to invoke Dalton and other atomism chemists to envision atomism, but also served as a bridge linking the two meta-chemistries. John Dalton, the third choice, envisioned his atomism by abduction. The case study on “the Berthollet-Proust controversy and Dalton’s resolution” mandates a reinvestigation of the crucial role of the system of experiments and the evolution of chemistry according to the demarcation between the established branches of Elementalism and Atomism Chemistry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":568,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Chemistry","volume":"25 3","pages":"439 - 455"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83315012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}