Human Factors最新文献

{"title":"Multitasking Induced Contextual Blindness.","authors":"Joel M Cooper, David L Strayer","doi":"10.1177/00187208241274040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241274040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the impact of secondary task performance on contextual blindness arising from the suppression and masking of temporal and spatial sequence learning.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Dual-task scenarios can lead to a diminished ability to use environmental cues to guide attention, a phenomenon that is related to multitasking-induced inattentional blindness. This research aims to extend the theoretical understanding of how secondary tasks can impair attention and memory processes in sequence learning and access.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1, we used a serial reaction time task to investigate the impact of a secondary tone counting task on temporal sequence learning. In Experiment 2, we used a contextual cueing task to examine the effects of dual-task performance on spatial cueing. In Experiment 3, we integrated and extended these concepts to a simulated driving task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across the experiments, the performance of a secondary task consistently suppressed (all experiments) and masked task learning (experiments 1 and 3). In the serial response and spatial search tasks, dual-task conditions reduced the accrual of sequence knowledge and impaired knowledge expression. In the driving simulation, similar patterns of learning suppression from multitasking were also observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that secondary tasks can significantly suppress and mask sequence learning in complex tasks, leading to a form of <i>contextual blindness</i> characterized by impairments in the ability to use environmental cues to guide attention and anticipate future events.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings have implications for both skill acquisition and skilled performance in complex domains such as driving, aviation, manufacturing, and human-computer interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity to Vibrotactile Stimulation in the Hand and Wrist: Effects of Motion, Temporal Patterns, and Biological Sex.","authors":"Mahdis Tajdari, Jason Forsyth, Sol Lim","doi":"10.1177/00187208241275734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241275734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated the impact of low-tempo, repetitive hand movements on vibrotactile sensitivity by employing various temporal and spatial patterns in the hand and wrist area.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The investigation of a human's ability to perceive vibrotactile stimuli during dynamic hand movements remains understudied, despite the prevalence of slow to mild hand motions in applications such as hand navigation or gesture control using haptic gloves in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We investigated vibrotactile sensitivity, analyzing the impact of various factors, including <i>Motion</i> (static and low-tempo repetitive hand movements), <i>Temporal Patterns</i> (Single or Double vibrations with varying onset times), <i>Tactor Placements</i> (hand and wrist), <i>Spatial Patterns,</i> and <i>Biological Sex</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study revealed that <i>Motion</i> significantly influences vibrotactile sensitivity in the hand and wrist areas, leading to reduced accuracy rates during dynamic conditions. Additionally, as the stimulus onset approached in Double vibrations, accuracy rates markedly decreased. Notably, Hand <i>Placement</i> resulted in significantly higher accuracy rates compared to the Wrist <i>Placement</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings underscore the impact of motion in reducing vibrotactile sensitivity on the back of the hand and around the wrist.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>This research has wide-ranging practical applications, particularly in the field of VR/AR experiences, rehabilitation programs, and accessibility solutions through the use of haptic gloves. Insights from our study can be harnessed to enhance the efficacy of haptic gloves in conveying vibrotactile cues within these contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaze Sharing, a Double-Edged Sword: Examining the Effect of Real-Time Gaze Sharing Visualizations on Team Performance and Situation Awareness.","authors":"Jad A Atweh, Sara L Riggs","doi":"10.1177/00187208241272060","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241272060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this study was to assess how different real-time gaze sharing visualization techniques affect eye tracking metrics, workload, team situation awareness (TSA), and team performance.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Gaze sharing is a real-time visualization technique that allows teams to know where their team members are looking on a shared display. Gaze sharing visualization techniques are a promising means to improve collaborative performance on simple tasks; however, there needs to be validation of gaze sharing with more complex and dynamic tasks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated the effect of gaze sharing on eye tracking metrics, workload, team SA, and team performance in a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) command-and-control task. Thirty-five teams of two performed UAV tasks under three conditions: one with no gaze sharing and two with gaze sharing. Gaze sharing was presented using a fixation dot (i.e., a translucent colored dot) and a fixation trail (i.e., a trail of the most recent fixations).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the fixation trail significantly reduced saccadic activity, lowered workload, supported team SA at all levels, and improved performance compared to no gaze sharing; however, the fixation dot had the opposite effect on performance and SA. In fact, having no gaze sharing outperformed the fixation dot. Participants also preferred the fixation trail for its visibility and ability to track and monitor the history of their partner's gaze.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results showed that gaze sharing has the potential to support collaboration, but its effectiveness depends highly on the design and context of use.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The findings suggest that gaze sharing visualization techniques, like the fixation trail, have the potential to improve teamwork in complex UAV tasks and could have broader applicability in a variety of collaborative settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142001477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Judgments of Difficulty (JODs) While Observing an Automated System Support the Media Equation and Unique Agent Hypotheses.","authors":"Jade Driggs, Lisa Vangsness","doi":"10.1177/00187208241273379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241273379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated how people used cues to make Judgments of Difficulty (JODs) while observing automation perform a task and when performing this task themselves.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Task difficulty is a factor affecting trust in automation; however, no research has explored how individuals make JODs when watching automation or whether these judgments are similar to or different from those made while watching humans. Lastly, it is unclear how cue use when observing automation differs as a function of experience.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study involved a visual search task. Some participants performed the task first, then watched automation complete it. Others watched and then performed, and a third group alternated between performing and watching. After each trial, participants made a JOD by indicating if the task was easier or harder than before. Task difficulty randomly changed every five trials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A Bayesian regression suggested that cue use is similar to and different from cue use while observing humans. For central cues, support for the UAH was bounded by experience: those who performed the task first underweighted central cues when making JODs, relative to their counterparts in a previous study involving humans. For peripheral cues, support for the MEH was unequivocal and participants weighted cues similarly across observation sources.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>People weighted cues similar to and different from when they watched automation perform a task relative to when they watched humans, supporting the Media Equation and Unique Agent Hypotheses.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>This study adds to a growing understanding of judgments in human-human and human-automation interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142001478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human-Robot Collaboration With a Corrective Shared Controlled Robot in a Sanding Task.","authors":"Anna Konstant, Nitzan Orr, Michael Hagenow, Isabelle Gundrum, Yu Hen Hu, Bilge Mutlu, Michael Zinn, Michael Gleicher, Robert G Radwin","doi":"10.1177/00187208241272066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241272066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Physical and cognitive workloads and performance were studied for a corrective shared control (CSC) human-robot collaborative (HRC) sanding task.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Manual sanding is physically demanding. Collaborative robots (cobots) can potentially reduce physical stress, but fully autonomous implementation has been particularly challenging due to skill, task variability, and robot limitations. CSC is an HRC method where the robot operates semi-autonomously while the human provides real-time corrections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty laboratory participants removed paint using an orbital sander, both manually and with a CSC robot. A fully automated robot was also tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CSC robot improved subjective discomfort compared to manual sanding in the upper arm by 29.5%, lower arm by 32%, hand by 36.5%, front of the shoulder by 24%, and back of the shoulder by 17.5%. Muscle fatigue measured using EMG, was observed in the medial deltoid and flexor carpi radialis for the manual condition. The composite cognitive workload on the NASA-TLX increased by 14.3% for manual sanding due to high physical demand and effort, while mental demand was 14% greater for the CSC robot. Digital imaging showed that the CSC robot outperformed the automated condition by 7.16% for uniformity, 4.96% for quantity, and 6.06% in total.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this example, we found that human skills and techniques were integral to sanding and can be successfully incorporated into HRC systems. Humans performed the task using the CSC robot with less fatigue and discomfort.</p><p><strong>Applications: </strong>The results can influence implementation of future HRC systems in manufacturing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"This Is Your Brain on Autopilot 2.0: The Influence of Practice on Driver Workload and Engagement During On-Road, Partially Automated Driving.","authors":"Amy S McDonnell, Kaedyn W Crabtree, Joel M Cooper, David L Strayer","doi":"10.1177/00187208231201054","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231201054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This on-road study employed behavioral and neurophysiological measurement techniques to assess the influence of six weeks of practice driving a Level 2 partially automated vehicle on driver workload and engagement.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Level 2 partial automation requires a driver to maintain supervisory control of the vehicle to detect \"edge cases\" that the automation is not equipped to handle. There is mixed evidence regarding whether drivers can do so effectively. There is also an open question regarding how practice and familiarity with automation influence driver cognitive states over time.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Behavioral and neurophysiological measures of driver workload and visual engagement were recorded from 30 participants at two testing sessions-with a six-week familiarization period in-between. At both testing sessions, participants drove a vehicle with partial automation engaged (Level 2) and not engaged (Level 0) on two interstate highways while reaction times to the detection response task (DRT) and neurophysiological (EEG) metrics of frontal theta and parietal alpha were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DRT results demonstrated that partially automated driving placed more cognitive load on drivers than manual driving and six weeks of practice decreased driver workload-though only when the driving environment was relatively simple. EEG metrics of frontal theta and parietal alpha showed null effects of partial automation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Driver workload was influenced by level of automation, specific highway characteristics, and by practice over time, but only on a behavioral level and not on a neural level.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings expand our understanding of the influence of practice on driver cognitive states under Level 2 partial automation.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11141086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41162897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Experimental Investigation of Hazard Statement Compliance in Procedures Using Eye Tracking Technology: Should Task be Included in the C-HIP Model?","authors":"Joseph W Hendricks, S Camille Peres","doi":"10.1177/00187208231212259","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231212259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Using eye tracking technology, this study sought to determine if differences in hazard statement (HS) compliance based on design elements are attributable to attention maintenance (AM).</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent empirical work has demonstrated counter-intuitive findings for HS designs embedded in procedures. Specifically, prevalent HS designs in procedures were associated with lower compliance.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The current study utilized eye tracking technology to determine whether participants are attending to HSs differently based on the inclusion or absence of visually distinct HS design elements typically used for consumer products. We used two different designs that previously yielded the largest gap in HS compliance. In a fully-crossed design, 33 participants completed four rounds of tasks using four procedures with embedded HSs. To assess AM, eye tracking was used to measure gaze and fixation duration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated there are differences in AM between the two designs. The HSs that included elements traditionally considered effective in the consumer products literature elicited lower fixation duration times, and were associated with lower compliance. However, AM did not mediate the design effect on compliance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study results suggest the design of HSs are impacting individuals as early as the AM stage of the C-HIP model. The absence of HS design-AM-compliance mediation suggests other C-HIP elements more directly explain the HS design-compliance effects.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These results provide more evidence that the communication of Health, Environment, and Safety information in <i>procedures</i> may need to be different from those on consumer products, suggesting design efficacy may be task dependent.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136400551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The (Im)perfect Automation Schema: Who Is Trusted More, Automated or Human Decision Support?","authors":"Tobias Rieger, Luisa Kugler, Dietrich Manzey, Eileen Roesler","doi":"10.1177/00187208231197347","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231197347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study's purpose was to better understand the dynamics of trust attitude and behavior in human-agent interaction.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Whereas past research provided evidence for a perfect automation schema, more recent research has provided contradictory evidence.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To disentangle these conflicting findings, we conducted an online experiment using a simulated medical X-ray task. We manipulated the framing of support agents (i.e., artificial intelligence (AI) versus expert versus novice) between-subjects and failure experience (i.e., perfect support, imperfect support, back-to-perfect support) within subjects. Trust attitude and behavior as well as perceived reliability served as dependent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Trust attitude and perceived reliability were higher for the human expert than for the AI than for the human novice. Moreover, the results showed the typical pattern of trust formation, dissolution, and restoration for trust attitude and behavior as well as perceived reliability. Forgiveness after failure experience did not differ between agents.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results strongly imply the existence of an imperfect automation schema. This illustrates the need to consider agent expertise for human-agent interaction.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>When replacing human experts with AI as support agents, the challenge of lower trust attitude towards the novel agent might arise.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10131069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye-Tracking in Physical Human-Robot Interaction: Mental Workload and Performance Prediction.","authors":"Satyajit Upasani, Divya Srinivasan, Qi Zhu, Jing Du, Alexander Leonessa","doi":"10.1177/00187208231204704","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231204704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Physical Human-Robot Interaction (pHRI), the need to learn the robot's motor-control dynamics is associated with increased cognitive load. Eye-tracking metrics can help understand the dynamics of fluctuating mental workload over the course of learning.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to test eye-tracking measures' sensitivity and reliability to variations in task difficulty, as well as their performance-prediction capability, in physical human-robot collaboration tasks involving an industrial robot for object comanipulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants (9M, 9F) learned to coperform a virtual pick-and-place task with a bimanual robot over multiple trials. Joint stiffness of the robot was manipulated to increase motor-coordination demands. The psychometric properties of eye-tracking measures and their ability to predict performance was investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Stationary Gaze Entropy and pupil diameter were the most reliable and sensitive measures of workload associated with changes in task difficulty and learning. Increased task difficulty was more likely to result in a robot-monitoring strategy. Eye-tracking measures were able to predict the occurrence of success or failure in each trial with 70% sensitivity and 71% accuracy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The sensitivity and reliability of eye-tracking measures was acceptable, although values were lower than those observed in cognitive domains. Measures of gaze behaviors indicative of visual monitoring strategies were most sensitive to task difficulty manipulations, and should be explored further for the pHRI domain where motor-control and internal-model formation will likely be strong contributors to workload.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Future collaborative robots can adapt to human cognitive state and skill-level measured using eye-tracking measures of workload and visual attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41180495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neck Muscle Coactivation Response to Varied Levels of Mental Workload During Simulated Flight Tasks.","authors":"Peter Le, Emily H L Mills, Charles A Weisenbach, Kermit G Davis","doi":"10.1177/00187208231206324","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208231206324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate neck muscle coactivation across different levels of mental workload during simulated flight tasks.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Neck pain (NP) is highly prevalent among military aviators. Given the complex nature within the flight environment, mental workload may be a risk factor for NP. This may induce higher levels of neck muscle coactivity, which over time may accelerate fatigue, increase neck discomfort, and affect flight task performance.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Three counterbalanced mental workload conditions represented by simulated flight tasks modulated by interstimulus frequency and complexity were investigated using the Modifiable Multitasking Environment (ModME). The primary measure was a neck coactivation index to describe the neuromuscular effort of the neck muscles as a system. Additional measures included perceived workload (NASA TLX), subjective discomfort, and task performance. Participants (<i>n</i> = 60; 30M, 30F) performed three test conditions over 1 hr each while seated in a simulated seating environment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neck coactivation indices (CoA) and subjective neck discomfort corresponded with increasing level of mental workload. Average CoAs for low, medium, and high workloads were: .0278(SD = .0232), .0286(SD = .0231), and .0295(SD = .0228), respectively. NASA TLX mental, temporal, effort, and overall scores also increased with the level of mental workload assigned. For ModME task performance, the overall performance score, monitoring accuracy, and resource management accuracy decreased while reaction times increased with the increasing level of mental workload. Communication accuracy was lowest with the low mental workload but had higher reaction times relative to increasing workload.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mental workload affects neck muscle coactivation during combinations of simulated flight tasks within a simulated helicopter seating environment.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The results of this study provide insights into the physical response to mental workload. With increasing multisensory modalities within the work environment, these insights may assist the consideration of physical effects from cognitive factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}