Human Factors最新文献

{"title":"Examining the Independent and Interactive Carryover Effects of Cognitive and Physical Exertions on Physical Performance.","authors":"Rahul K Pabla, Jeffrey D Graham, Michael W B Watterworth, Nicholas J La Delfa","doi":"10.1177/00187208241293720","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241293720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThis study compared the effects of prior cognitive, physical, and concurrent exertion on physical performance.BackgroundFatiguing cognitive and physical exertions have been shown to negatively affect subsequent task performance. However, it is not clearly understood if concurrent physical and cognitive effort may exaggerate the negative carryover effects on physical task performance when compared to cognitive or physical exertion alone.MethodTwenty-five participants completed four isometric handgrip endurance trials on different days. The endurance trials were preceded by four, 15-minute experimental manipulations (cognitive, physical, concurrent, control). Electromyography (EMG) and force tracing performance were monitored, with handgrip strength measured pre and post. Subjective ratings of mental and physical fatigue, as well as affect, motivation, and task self-efficacy, were also assessed.ResultsHandgrip strength decreased following both physical (-14.4% MVC) and concurrent (-12.3% MVC) exertion manipulations, with no changes being observed for the cognitive and control conditions. No differences were observed across conditions for endurance time, EMG, nor tracing performance. When compared to the control conditions, perceptions of mental and physical fatigue were higher following the experimental manipulation. Endurance trial self-efficacy was lower for the mental, physical and concurrent conditions compared to control.ConclusionThe concurrent condition resulted in similar decreases in strength as the physical fatigue condition, but otherwise resulted in similar carryover effects on endurance performance across all conditions. Further study is required at higher exposure levels, or for longer exposure durations, to further probe the influence of concurrent physical and cognitive effort on task performance.ApplicationConcurrent cognitive and physical effort resulted in similar physical performance decrements to physical effort alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"560-577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12049582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142482054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Predictors of Operator Performance: The Role of Mental Effort and Its Link to Task Performance.","authors":"Sebastian Pütz, Alexander Mertens, Lewis L Chuang, Verena Nitsch","doi":"10.1177/00187208241296830","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241296830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThe present study investigated how pupil size and heart rate variability (HRV) can contribute to the prediction of operator performance. We illustrate how focusing on mental effort as the conceptual link between physiological measures and task performance can align relevant empirical findings across research domains.BackgroundPhysiological measures are often treated as indicators of operators' mental state. Thereby, they could enable a continuous and unobtrusive assessment of operators' current ability to perform the task.MethodFifty participants performed a process monitoring task consisting of ten 9-minute task blocks. Blocks alternated between low and high task demands, and the last two blocks introduced a task reward manipulation. We measured response times as primary performance indicator, pupil size and HRV as physiological measures, and mental fatigue, task engagement, and perceived effort as subjective ratings.ResultsBoth increased pupil size and increased HRV significantly predicted better task performance. However, the underlying associations between physiological measures and performance were influenced by task demands and time on task. Pupil size, but not HRV, results were consistent with subjective ratings.ConclusionThe empirical findings suggest that, by capturing variance in operators' mental effort, physiological measures, specifically pupil size, can contribute to the prediction of task performance. Their predictive value is limited by confounding effects that alter the amount of effort required to achieve a given level of performance.ApplicationThe outlined conceptual approach and empirical results can guide study designs and performance prediction models that examine physiological measures as the basis for dynamic operator assistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"595-615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12049591/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glare at Night-Time Driving: Effect of Correlated Color Temperature of Led Lamps.","authors":"Beatriz M Matesanz, Eduardo G Vicente, Luis Issolio, Fernando Rodríguez Merino, M Teresa G Arteaga, Isabel Arranz","doi":"10.1177/00187208241305568","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241305568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze the effect of correlated color temperature from LED glare sources on driving performance. The evaluation includes assessing the effect of disability glare on visual reaction time and rating discomfort glare using a standardized scale.BackgroundLED technology is widely incorporated into various lighting systems; however, the impact of glare from oncoming car headlamps on driving performance at night-time is crucial for road safety.MethodTwenty-three healthy young subjects participated in a laboratory-based experiment simulating night driving using a two-channel Maxwellian view optical system. Two LED lamps with correlated color temperature of 2800 K and 6500 K were used to generate a glare of 52 lx. Disability glare was quantified in terms of foveal reaction time and discomfort glare was rated using the de Boer scale.ResultsThe results show that glare-induced effect is mitigated by an increase in background luminance. The correlated color temperature of the LED lamp does not affect either reaction time or discomfort glare rating.ConclusionThe greater short-wavelength emission of 6500 K lamp does not intensify the effect of disability or discomfort glare, probably due to the macular pigment absorption on foveal vision and the transparency of ocular media, coupled with the involvement of other contributing factors. The correlated color temperature of the lamp is not the best descriptive parameter to identify its effect on glare.ApplicationIt is important to consider the impact of LED technology on visual performance to enhance road safety in critical glare situations during night driving.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"578-594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Inference Models of AV Takeovers: Relating Model Parameters to Trust, Situation Awareness, and Fatigue.","authors":"Ran Wei, Anthony D McDonald, Ranjana K Mehta, Alfredo Garcia","doi":"10.1177/00187208241295932","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241295932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveOur objectives were to assess the efficacy of active inference models for capturing driver takeovers from automated vehicles and to evaluate the links between model parameters and self-reported cognitive fatigue, trust, and situation awareness.BackgroundControl transitions between human drivers and automation pose a substantial safety and performance risk. Models of driver behavior that predict these transitions from data are a critical tool for designing safer, human-centered, systems but current models do not sufficiently account for human factors. Active inference theory is a promising approach to integrate human factors because of its grounding in cognition and translation to a quantitative modeling framework.MethodWe used data from a driving simulation to develop an active inference model of takeover performance. After validating the model's predictions, we used Bayesian regression with a spike and slab prior to assess substantial correlations between model parameters and self-reported trust, situation awareness, fatigue, and demographic factors.ResultsThe model accurately captured driving takeover times. The regression results showed that increases in cognitive fatigue were associated with increased uncertainty about the need to takeover, attributable to mapping observations to environmental states. Higher situation awareness was correlated with a more precise understanding of the environment and state transitions. Higher trust was associated with increased variance in environmental conditions associated with environmental states.ConclusionThe results align with prior theory on trust and active inference and provide a critical connection between complex driver states and interpretable model parameters.ApplicationThe active inference framework can be used in the testing and validation of automated vehicle technology to calibrate design parameters to ensure safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"616-634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative or Confirmative: Effects of Information Quality and Redundancy in Decision Support Systems.","authors":"Yoav Ben Yaakov, Maja Denisova, Filmona Mulugeta, Joachim Meyer","doi":"10.1177/00187208241302787","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241302787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThe study investigates users' tendency to access decision support (DS) systems as a function of the correlation between the DS information and the information users already have, the ongoing interaction with such systems, and the effect of correlated information on subjective trust.BackgroundPrevious research has shown inconclusive findings regarding whether people prefer information that correlates with information they already have. Some studies conclude that individuals recognize the value of noncorrelated information, given its unique content, while others suggest that users favor correlated information as it aligns with existing evidence. The impact of the level of correlation on performance, subjective trust, and the decision to use DS remains unclear.MethodIn an experiment (<i>N</i> = 481), participants made classification decisions based on available information. They could also purchase additional DS with different degrees of correlation with the available information.ResultsParticipants tended to purchase information more often when the DS was not correlated with the available information. Correlated information reduced performance, and the effect of correlation on subjective trust and performance depended on DS sensitivity.ConclusionAdditional information may not improve performance when it is correlated with available information (i.e., it is redundant). Hence, the benefits of additional information and DS depend on the information the system and the operator use.ApplicationIt is essential to analyze the correlations between information sources and design the available information to allow optimal task performance and possibly minimize redundancy (e.g., by locating sensors in different positions to capture independent data).</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"546-559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12049584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142735087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Debiasing Judgements Using a Distributed Cognition Approach: A Scoping Review of Technological Strategies.","authors":"Harini Dharanikota, Emma Howie, Lorraine Hope, Stephen J Wigmore, Richard J E Skipworth, Steven Yule","doi":"10.1177/00187208241292897","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241292897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveTo review and synthesise research on technological debiasing strategies across domains, present a novel distributed cognition-based classification system, and discuss theoretical implications for the field.BackgroundDistributed cognition theory is valuable for understanding and mitigating cognitive biases in high-stakes settings where sensemaking and problem-solving are contingent upon information representations and flows in the decision environment. Shifting the focus of debiasing from individuals to systems, technological debiasing strategies involve designing system components to minimise the negative impacts of cognitive bias on performance. To integrate these strategies into real-world practices effectively, it is imperative to clarify the current state of evidence and types of strategies utilised.MethodsWe conducted systematic searches across six databases. Following screening and data charting, identified strategies were classified into (i) group composition and structure, (ii) information design and (iii) procedural debiasing, based on distributed cognition principles, and cognitive biases, classified into eight categories.ResultsEighty articles met the inclusion criteria, addressing 100 debiasing investigations and 91 cognitive biases. A majority (80%) of the identified debiasing strategies were reportedly effective, whereas fourteen were ineffective and six were partially effective. Information design strategies were studied most, followed by procedural debiasing, and group structure and composition. Gaps and directions for future work are discussed.ConclusionThrough the lens of distributed cognition theory, technological debiasing represents a reconceptualisation of cognitive bias mitigation, showing promise for real-world application.ApplicationThe study results and debiasing classification presented can inform the design of high-stakes work systems to support cognition and minimise judgement errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"525-545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12049587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142513877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Biological Motion as a Potential Factor in E-Scooter Conspicuity and Safety.","authors":"Marshall L Mabry, Curtis M Craig, Peter Easterlund, Nichole L Morris","doi":"10.1177/00187208251344366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251344366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundE-scooter injuries have risen in recent years and riders report a relatively high prevalence of accidents. Collisions with motor vehicles pose a high risk to e-scooter users. E-scooter riders move fast relative to runners but lack movement of limbs that present aspects of biological motion to drivers, which may diminish conspicuity.MethodTwo experiments measured participants' detection of point light representations beneath masking visual noise. Study 1 presented a runner, e-scooter rider, and rectangular object. Study 2 modified the e-scooter stimuli to remove motion sway and added alternative e-scooter presentations, one with moving lights consistent with biological motion and the other with the same motion in reverse, inconsistent with biological motion.ResultsStudy 1 found a main effect of figure type, with the runner resulting in superior detection, recognition, and response time compared to the e-scooter rider, which performed better than the object. Study 2 found better perception performance for the runner, including better detection compared to the reverse motion e-scooter.ConclusionFindings suggest that reduced biological motion produced by e-scooter users slightly worsens and slows their detection by other road users and indicates an advantage for the perception of human body configurations. Any inclusion of apparent motion to improve detection, especially near the ground, should be consistent with biological motion.ApplicationVisual display alterations (e.g., lighting) to introduce apparent motion that mimics biological movements or is consistent with biological motion may potentially confer a detection advantage over other movement patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208251344366"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144121552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Independent and Combined Effects of Startle and Surprise in a Simulated Flight Task.","authors":"Alexandre Duchevet, Jean-Paul Imbert, Jérémie Garcia, Benoît Lamirault, Mickaël Causse","doi":"10.1177/00187208251342100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251342100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveWe aimed to characterize the impact of startle and surprise, both independently and in combination, on subjective feelings, behavior (task performance and gaze behavior), and several physiological parameters.BackgroundThe effects of startle and surprise are known to affect pilots' cognitive performance, with potential impact on safety. Startle and surprise can occur either together or independently, yet no studies have experimentally distinguished their specific effects.MethodParticipants (<i>n</i> = 45) were each assigned to one of the three conditions while performing the MATB-II task. In the startle condition, participants were subjected to an expected loud sound. In the surprise condition, an unexpected reverse video effect was applied to the experimental interface. In the combination condition, participants were exposed to both stimuli simultaneously.ResultsSurprise was associated with an increase in skin conductance without affecting performance. In contrast, startle was marked by a decline in performance on the communication sub-task, increased skin conductance and heart rate, and a narrowing of attention. When startle and surprise were combined, the results mirrored those of startle alone but included a stronger feeling of startle and surprise, and a more prolonged heart rate increase.ConclusionStartle and surprise combined yielded more numerous significant effects on subjective, behavioral, and physiological measures than startle and surprise independently.ApplicationIdentifying the specific impacts of startle and surprise could pave the way for their automatic detection using artificial intelligence. Safety could be enhanced through the design of specific countermeasures to help the crew cope with such states.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208251342100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Drowsy Driver Break Taking During Long Drives.","authors":"John G Gaspar, Brian Tefft, Cher Carney, William J Horrey","doi":"10.1177/00187208241293707","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241293707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThe current study investigated the factors that predict drowsy drivers' decisions regarding whether to take breaks versus continue driving during long simulator drives.BackgroundDriver drowsiness contributes to substantial numbers of motor vehicle crashes, injuries, and deaths. Previous research has shown that taking a nap and consuming caffeine can temporarily mitigate drowsiness and enable continued safe driving.MethodNinety drivers completed a 150-mile highway drive in a driving simulator after a day of partial sleep restriction. Drivers passed several simulated rest areas where they could take breaks. To replicate drivers' motivation to reach their destination safely but also quickly, drivers were told that they would be paid more for completing the simulated drive faster but would forfeit their payment if they crashed.ResultsBreak taking was predicted by drivers' self-ratings of drowsiness and by the severity of lane departures. However, even at the highest levels of drowsiness, most drivers bypassed simulated rest areas without stopping. In comparing self-rated drowsiness to drowsiness measured by eye closures, drivers often under- and over-estimate their own level of drowsiness.ConclusionDrowsy drivers use their own self-assessed drowsiness when deciding whether to take breaks. These self-assessments are often incorrect, and even when drivers rate themselves as severely drowsy they are unlikely to stop to rest during long drives.ApplicationThe findings reveal the need for effective drowsy driving countermeasures to motivate drivers to stop to take breaks. Results underscore the need to educate and/or motivate drivers to respond sooner to warning signs of drowsiness.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"503-517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142513878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrated Electroencephalography and Eye-Tracking Analysis Using eXtreme Gradient Boosting for Mental Workload Evaluation in Surgery.","authors":"Somayeh B Shafiei, Saeed Shadpour, James L Mohler","doi":"10.1177/00187208241285513","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241285513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveWe aimed to develop advanced machine learning models using electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye-tracking data to predict the mental workload associated with engaging in various surgical tasks.BackgroundTraditional methods of evaluating mental workload often involve self-report scales, which are subject to individual biases. Due to the multidimensional nature of mental workload, there is a pressing need to identify factors that contribute to mental workload across different surgical tasks.MethodEEG and eye-tracking data from 26 participants performing Matchboard and Ring Walk tasks from the da Vinci simulator and the pattern cut and suturing tasks from the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) program were used to develop an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model for mental workload evaluation.ResultsThe developed XGBoost models demonstrated strong predictive performance with <i>R</i>² values of 0.82, 0.81, 0.82, and 0.83 for the Matchboard, Ring Walk, pattern cut, and suturing tasks, respectively. Key features for predicting mental workload included task average pupil diameter, complexity level, average functional connectivity strength at the temporal lobe, and the total trajectory length of the nondominant eye's pupil. Integrating features from both EEG and eye-tracking data significantly enhanced the performance of mental workload evaluation models, as evidenced by repeated-measures t-tests yielding <i>p</i>-values less than 0.05. However, this enhancement was not observed in the Pattern Cut task (repeated-measures t-tests; <i>p</i> > 0.05).ConclusionThe findings underscore the potential for machine learning and multidimensional feature integration to predict mental workload and thereby improve task design and surgical training.ApplicationThe advanced mental workload prediction models could serve as instrumental tools to enhance our understanding of surgeons' cognitive demands and significantly improve the effectiveness of surgical training programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"464-484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11936844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}