Human Factors最新文献

{"title":"Hello, is it me you're Stopping for? The Effect of external Human Machine Interface Familiarity on Pedestrians' Crossing Behaviour in an Ambiguous Situation.","authors":"Yee Mun Lee, Vladislav Sidorov, Ruth Madigan, Jorge Garcia de Pedro, Gustav Markkula, Natasha Merat","doi":"10.1177/00187208241272070","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241272070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated how different deceleration intentions (i.e. an automated vehicle either decelerated for leading traffic or yielded for pedestrians) and a novel (Slow Pulsing Light Band - SPLB) or familiar (Flashing Headlights - FH) external Human Machine Interface (eHMI) informed pedestrians' crossing behaviour.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The introduction of SAE Level 4 Automated Vehicles (AVs) has recently fuelled interest in new forms of explicit communication via eHMIs, to improve the interaction between AVs and surrounding road users. Before implementing these eHMIs, it is necessary to understand how pedestrians use them to inform their crossing decisions.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Thirty participants took part in the study using a Head-Mounted Display. The independent variables were deceleration intentions and eHMI design. The percentage of crossings, collision frequency and crossing initiation time across trials were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pedestrians were able to identify the intentions of a decelerating vehicle, using implicit cues, with more crossings made when the approaching vehicles were yielding to them. They were also more likely to cross when a familiar eHMI was presented, compared to a novel one or no eHMI, regardless of the vehicle's intention. Finally, participants learned to take a more cautious approach as trials progressed, and not to base their decisions solely on the eHMI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A familiar eHMI led to early crossings regardless of the vehicle's intention but also led to a higher collision frequency than a novel eHMI.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>To achieve safe and acceptable interactions with AVs, it is important to provide eHMIs that are congruent with road users' expectations.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"264-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11734357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multitasking Induced Contextual Blindness.","authors":"Joel M Cooper, David L Strayer","doi":"10.1177/00187208241274040","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241274040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the impact of secondary task performance on contextual blindness arising from the suppression and masking of temporal and spatial sequence learning.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Dual-task scenarios can lead to a diminished ability to use environmental cues to guide attention, a phenomenon that is related to multitasking-induced inattentional blindness. This research aims to extend the theoretical understanding of how secondary tasks can impair attention and memory processes in sequence learning and access.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1, we used a serial reaction time task to investigate the impact of a secondary tone counting task on temporal sequence learning. In Experiment 2, we used a contextual cueing task to examine the effects of dual-task performance on spatial cueing. In Experiment 3, we integrated and extended these concepts to a simulated driving task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across the experiments, the performance of a secondary task consistently suppressed (all experiments) and masked task learning (experiments 1 and 3). In the serial response and spatial search tasks, dual-task conditions reduced the accrual of sequence knowledge and impaired knowledge expression. In the driving simulation, similar patterns of learning suppression from multitasking were also observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that secondary tasks can significantly suppress and mask sequence learning in complex tasks, leading to a form of <i>contextual blindness</i> characterized by impairments in the ability to use environmental cues to guide attention and anticipate future events.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings have implications for both skill acquisition and skilled performance in complex domains such as driving, aviation, manufacturing, and human-computer interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"225-245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaze Sharing, a Double-Edged Sword: Examining the Effect of Real-Time Gaze Sharing Visualizations on Team Performance and Situation Awareness.","authors":"Jad A Atweh, Sara L Riggs","doi":"10.1177/00187208241272060","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241272060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this study was to assess how different real-time gaze sharing visualization techniques affect eye tracking metrics, workload, team situation awareness (TSA), and team performance.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Gaze sharing is a real-time visualization technique that allows teams to know where their team members are looking on a shared display. Gaze sharing visualization techniques are a promising means to improve collaborative performance on simple tasks; however, there needs to be validation of gaze sharing with more complex and dynamic tasks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated the effect of gaze sharing on eye tracking metrics, workload, team SA, and team performance in a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) command-and-control task. Thirty-five teams of two performed UAV tasks under three conditions: one with no gaze sharing and two with gaze sharing. Gaze sharing was presented using a fixation dot (i.e., a translucent colored dot) and a fixation trail (i.e., a trail of the most recent fixations).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the fixation trail significantly reduced saccadic activity, lowered workload, supported team SA at all levels, and improved performance compared to no gaze sharing; however, the fixation dot had the opposite effect on performance and SA. In fact, having no gaze sharing outperformed the fixation dot. Participants also preferred the fixation trail for its visibility and ability to track and monitor the history of their partner's gaze.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results showed that gaze sharing has the potential to support collaboration, but its effectiveness depends highly on the design and context of use.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The findings suggest that gaze sharing visualization techniques, like the fixation trail, have the potential to improve teamwork in complex UAV tasks and could have broader applicability in a variety of collaborative settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"196-224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142001477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human-Robot Collaboration With a Corrective Shared Controlled Robot in a Sanding Task.","authors":"Anna Konstant, Nitzan Orr, Michael Hagenow, Isabelle Gundrum, Yu Hen Hu, Bilge Mutlu, Michael Zinn, Michael Gleicher, Robert G Radwin","doi":"10.1177/00187208241272066","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241272066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Physical and cognitive workloads and performance were studied for a corrective shared control (CSC) human-robot collaborative (HRC) sanding task.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Manual sanding is physically demanding. Collaborative robots (cobots) can potentially reduce physical stress, but fully autonomous implementation has been particularly challenging due to skill, task variability, and robot limitations. CSC is an HRC method where the robot operates semi-autonomously while the human provides real-time corrections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty laboratory participants removed paint using an orbital sander, both manually and with a CSC robot. A fully automated robot was also tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CSC robot improved subjective discomfort compared to manual sanding in the upper arm by 29.5%, lower arm by 32%, hand by 36.5%, front of the shoulder by 24%, and back of the shoulder by 17.5%. Muscle fatigue measured using EMG, was observed in the medial deltoid and flexor carpi radialis for the manual condition. The composite cognitive workload on the NASA-TLX increased by 14.3% for manual sanding due to high physical demand and effort, while mental demand was 14% greater for the CSC robot. Digital imaging showed that the CSC robot outperformed the automated condition by 7.16% for uniformity, 4.96% for quantity, and 6.06% in total.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this example, we found that human skills and techniques were integral to sanding and can be successfully incorporated into HRC systems. Humans performed the task using the CSC robot with less fatigue and discomfort.</p><p><strong>Applications: </strong>The results can influence implementation of future HRC systems in manufacturing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"246-263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Context-Based Human Influence and Causal Responsibility for Assisted Decision-Making.","authors":"Yossef Saad, Joachim Meyer","doi":"10.1177/00187208251317470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251317470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The impact of the context in which automation is introduced to a decision-making system was analyzed theoretically and empirically.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous work dealt with causality and responsibility in human-automation systems without considering the effects of how the automation's role is presented to users.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An existing analytical model for predicting the human contribution to outcomes was adapted to accommodate the context of automation. An aided signal detection experiment with 400 participants was conducted to assess the correspondence of observed behavior to model predictions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The context in which the automation's role is presented affected users' tendency to follow its advice. When automation made decisions, and users only supervised it, they tended to contribute less to the outcome than in systems where the automation had an advisory capacity. The adapted theoretical model for human contribution was generally aligned with participants' behavior.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The specific way automation is integrated into a system affects its use and the perceptions of user involvement, possibly altering overall system performance.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The research can help design systems with automation-assisted decision-making and provide information on regulatory requirements and operational processes for such systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208251317470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143124276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering Automation Transparency: Do the Benefits of Transparency Differ Based on Whether Decision Recommendations Are Provided?","authors":"Isabella Gegoff, Monica Tatasciore, Vanessa K Bowden, Shayne Loft","doi":"10.1177/00187208251318465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251318465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To better understand automation transparency, we experimentally isolated the effects of additional information and decision recommendations on decision accuracy, decision time, perceived workload, trust, and system usability.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The benefits of automation transparency are well documented. Previously, however, transparency (in the form of additional information) has been coupled with the provision of decision recommendations, potentially decreasing decision-maker agency and promoting automation bias. It may instead be more beneficial to provide additional information without decision recommendations to inform operators' unaided decision making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants selected the optimal uninhabited vehicle (UV) to complete missions. Additional display information and decision recommendations were provided but were not always accurate. The level of additional information (no, medium, high) was manipulated between-subjects, and the provision of recommendations (absent, present) within-subjects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When decision recommendations were provided, participants made more accurate and faster decisions, and rated the UV system as more usable. However, recommendation provision reduced participants' ability to discriminate UV system information accuracy. Increased additional information led to faster decisions, lower perceived workload, and higher trust and usability ratings but only significantly improved decision (UV selection) accuracy when recommendations were provided.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Individuals scrutinized additional information more when not provided decision recommendations, potentially indicating a higher expected value of processing that information. However, additional information only improved performance when accompanied by recommendations to support decisions.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>It is critical to understand the potential differential impact of, and interaction between, additional display information and decision recommendations to design effective transparent automated systems in the modern workplace.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208251318465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143082103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Biomechanical and Mental Workload During Human-Robot Collaborative Pollination Task.","authors":"Mustafa Ozkan Yerebakan, Yu Gu, Jason Gross, Boyi Hu","doi":"10.1177/00187208241254696","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241254696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study is to identify the potential biomechanical and cognitive workload effects induced by human robot collaborative pollination task, how additional cues and reliability of the robot influence these effects and whether interacting with the robot influences the participant's anxiety and attitude towards robots.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) could be used to alleviate pollinator shortages and robot performance issues. However, the effects of HRC for this setting have not been investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixteen participants were recruited. Four HRC modes, no cue, with cue, unreliable, and manual control were included. Three categories of dependent variables were measured: (1) spine kinematics (L5/S1, L1/T12, and T1/C7), (2) pupillary activation data, and (3) subjective measures such as perceived workload, robot-related anxiety, and negative attitudes towards robotics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HRC reduced anxiety towards the cobot, decreased joint angles and angular velocity for the L5/S1 and L1/T12 joints, and reduced pupil dilation, with the \"with cue\" mode producing the lowest values. However, unreliability was detrimental to these gains. In addition, HRC resulted in a higher flexion angle for the neck (i.e., T1/C7).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HRC reduced the physical and mental workload during the simulated pollination task. Benefits of the additional cue were minimal compared to no cues. The increased joint angle in the neck and unreliability affecting lower and mid back joint angles and workload requires further investigation.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings could be used to inform design decisions for HRC frameworks for agricultural applications that are cognizant of the different effects induced by HRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"100-114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141162827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bound by Experience: Updating the Body Representation When Using Virtual Objects.","authors":"Julia Eck, Roland Pfister","doi":"10.1177/00187208241258315","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241258315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Four web-based experiments investigated flexibility of disembodiment of a virtual object that is no longer actively controlled. Emphasis was on possibilities to modify the timescale of this process.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Interactions with virtual objects are commonplace in settings like teleoperation, rehabilitation, and computer-aided design. These objects are quickly integrated into the operator's body schema (embodiment). Less is known about how long such embodiment lasts. Understanding the dynamics of this process is crucial because different applied settings either profit from fast or slow disembodiment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To induce embodiment, participants moved a 2D virtual hand through operating a computer mouse or touchpad. After initial embodiment, participants either stopped or continued moving for a fixed period of time. Embodiment ratings were collected continuously during each trial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results across all experiments indicated that embodiment for the virtual hand gradually increased during active use and gradually decreased after stopping to use it. Disembodiment unfolded nearly twice as fast as embodiment and showed a curved decay pattern. These dynamics remained unaffected by anticipation of active control that would be required in an upcoming task.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results highlight the importance of continuously experiencing active control in virtual interactions if aiming at inducing stable embodiment of a virtual object.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Our findings suggest that applications of virtual disembodiment such as virtual tools or interventions to affect a person's body representation critically depend on continuous updating of sensorimotor experience. However, if switching between virtual objects, for example, during teleoperation or video gaming, after-effects are unlikely to affect performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"115-140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11626855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis Reveals Two Distinct Human-Automation Trust Constructs.","authors":"Yusuke Yamani, Shelby K Long, Tetsuya Sato, Abby L Braitman, Michael S Politowicz, Eric T Chancey","doi":"10.1177/00187208241263774","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241263774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This work examined the relationship of the constructs measured by the trust scales developed by Chancey et al. (2017) and Jian et al. (2000) using a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Modern theories of automation trust have been proposed based on data collected using trust scales. Chancey et al. (2017) adapted Madsen and Gregor's (2000) trust scale to align with Lee and See's (2004) human-automation trust framework. In contrast, Jian et al. (2000) developed a scale empirically with trust and distrust as factors. However, it remains unclear whether these two scales measure the same construct.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We analyzed data collected from previous experiments to investigate the relationship between the two trust scales using a multilevel CFA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data provided evidence that Jian et al. (2000) and Chancey et al. (2017) automation trust scales are only weakly related. Trust and distrust are found to be distinct factors in Jian et al.'s (2000) scale, whereas performance, process, and purpose are distinct factors in Chancey et al.'s (2017) trust scale.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The analysis suggested that the two scales purporting to measure human-automation trust are only weakly related.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Trust researchers and automation designers may consider using Chancey et al. (2017) and Jian et al. (2000) scales to capture different characteristics of human-automation trust.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"166-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141753504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral Pelvis and Lumbar Motion in Seated and Standing Office Work and Their Association With Transient Low Back Pain.","authors":"Jessa M Davidson, Jackie D Zehr, Mamiko Noguchi, Donna J Fok, Liana M Tennant, Jack P Callaghan","doi":"10.1177/00187208241249423","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241249423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess frontal plane motion of the pelvis and lumbar spine during 2 h of seated and standing office work and evaluate associations with transient low back pain.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Although bending and twisting motions are cited as risk factors for low back injuries in occupational tasks, few studies have assessed frontal plane motion during sedentary exposures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one participants completed 2 h of seated and standing office work while pelvic obliquity, lumbar lateral bending angles, and ratings of perceived low back pain were recorded. Mean absolute angles were compared across 15-min blocks, amplitude probability distribution functions were calculated, and associations between lateral postures and low back pain were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean pelvic obliquity (sit = 4.0 ± 2.8°, stand = 3.5 ± 1.7°) and lumbar lateral bending (sit = 4.5 ± 2.5°, stand = 4.1 ± 1.6°) were consistently asymmetrical. Pelvic obliquity range of motion was 4.7° larger in standing (13.6 ± 7.5°) than sitting (8.9 ± 8.7°). In sitting, 52% (pelvis) and 71% (lumbar) of participants, and in standing, 71% (pelvis and lumbar) of participants, were considered asymmetric for >90% of the protocol. Lateral postures displayed weak to low correlations with peak low back pain (<i>R</i> ≤ 0.388).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The majority of participants displayed lateral asymmetries for the pelvis and lumbar spine within 5° of their upright standing posture.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>In short-term sedentary exposures, associations between lateral postures and pain indicated that as the range in lateral postures increases there may be an increased possibility of pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"85-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140859241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}