Human Factors最新文献

{"title":"An Automobile's Tail Lights: Sacrificing Safety for Playful Design?","authors":"Fiona Burns-Hemingway, Brett B T Feltmate, Raymond M Klein","doi":"10.1177/00187208241237860","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241237860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The counterintuitive \"Union Jack\"-inspired turn signals on versions of BMW's Mini vehicles was investigated to reveal potential impacts on human performance.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>When some Mini drivers indicate a change in direction, they do so with an oppositely oriented arrow. This conflict, between the task-irrelevant spatial shape and task-relevant location of the signal, mimics a \"converse\" spatial-Stroop effect that, in combination with the ubiquitous use of arrows on road signs, may be confusing.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants (<i>n</i> = 30) responded-via right and left keypresses-to the directions of road signs and turn signals in both pure and mixed blocks. Reaction times and accuracies were recorded to determine performance in each condition (compatible, neutral, incompatible).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Performance suffered when the location and direction of the stimuli did not correspond. When responding to turn signals the cost to performance was especially salient in mixed blocks. Thus, when driving on roads where the meanings of arrows on road signs is important, turn signals pointing in a direction opposite from the directional intention indicated by the signals' location are likely to be confusing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The design of some Mini's \"Union Jack\" style taillights opposes well-established principles of cognitive functioning, caused confusion in our laboratory study and therefore may be a safety hazard-a possibility that ought to be explored in more realistic (e.g., driving simulator) situations.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>BMW designers should consider universally adopting the neutral, \"horizontal line,\" illumination style that is currently available in the aftermarket.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11555907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140133303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Patterns and Predictors of ADHD Teens' Skill-Learning Trajectories During Enhanced FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL+) Training.","authors":"Jeffery N Epstein, Annie A Garner, Adam W Kiefer, James Peugh, Leanne Tamm, James D Lynch, Ryan P MacPherson, John O Simon, Donald L Fisher","doi":"10.1177/00187208241237863","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241237863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Examine patterns and predictors of skill learning during multisession Enhanced <i>FO</i>rward <i>C</i>oncentration and <i>A</i>ttention <i>L</i>earning (FOCAL+) training.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>FOCAL+ teaches teens to reduce the duration of off-road glances using real-time error learning. In a randomized controlled trial, teens with ADHD received five sessions of FOCAL+ training and demonstrated significant reductions in extended glances (>2-s) away from the roadway (i.e., long-glances) and a 40% reduced risk of a crash/near-crash event. Teens' improvement in limiting long-glances as assessed after each FOCAL+ training session has not been examined.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Licensed teen (ages 16-19) drivers with ADHD (<i>n</i> = 152) were randomly assigned to five sessions of either FOCAL+ or modified standard driver training. Teens completed driving simulation assessments at baseline, after each training session, and 1 month and 6 months posttraining. Naturalistic driving was monitored for one year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FOCAL+ training produced a 53% maximal reduction in long-glances during postsession simulated driving. The number of sessions needed to achieve maximum performance varied across participants. However, after five FOCAL+ training sessions, number of long-glances was comparable irrespective of when teens achieved their maximum performance. The magnitude of reduction in long-glances predicted levels of long-glances during simulated driving at 1 month and 6 months posttraining but not naturalistic driving outcomes. FOCAL+ training provided the most benefit during training to teens who were younger and had less driving experience.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FOCAL+ training significantly reduces long-glances beginning at the 1st training session.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Providing five FOCAL+ training sessions early on during teen driving may maximize benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"49-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140068946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional Tunneling in Pilots During a Visual Tracking Task With a Head Mounted Display.","authors":"Erik Van der Burg, Wietse D Ledegang, Frank L Kooi, Mark M J Houben, Eric L Groen","doi":"10.1177/00187208241236395","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241236395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined whether active head aiming with a Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) can draw the pilot's attention away from a primary flight task. Furthermore, we examined whether visual clutter increases this effect.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Head up display symbology can result in attentional tunneling, and clutter makes it difficult to identify objects.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Eighteen military pilots had to simultaneously perform an attitude control task while flying in clouds and a head aiming task in a fixed-base flight simulator. The former consisted of manual compensation for roll disturbances of the aircraft, while the latter consisted of keeping a moving visual target inside a small or large head-referenced circle. A \"no head aiming\" condition served as a baseline. Furthermore, all conditions were performed with or without visual clutter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Head aiming led to deterioration of the attitude control task performance and an increase of the amount of roll-reversal errors (RREs). This was even the case when head aiming required minimal effort. Head aiming accuracy was significantly lower when the roll disturbances in the attitude control task were large compared to when they were small. Visual clutter had no effect on both tasks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We suggest that active head aiming of HMD symbology can cause attentional tunneling, as expressed by an increased number of RREs and less accuracy on a simultaneously performed attitude control task.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>This study improves our understanding in the perceptual and cognitive effects of (military) HMDs, and has implications for operational use and possibly (re)design of HMDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"63-78"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Reality Adaptive Training for Personalized Stress Inoculation.","authors":"Tor Finseth, Michael C Dorneich, Nir Keren, Warren D Franke, Stephen Vardeman","doi":"10.1177/00187208241241968","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241241968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate a personalized adaptive training program designed for stress prevention using graduated stress exposure.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Astronauts in the high-risk space mission environment are prone to performance-impairing stress responses, making preemptive stress inoculation essential for their training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This work developed an adaptive virtual reality-based system that adjusts environmental stressors based on real-time stress indicators to optimize training stress levels. Sixty-five healthy subjects underwent task training in one of three groups: <i>skill-only</i> (no stressors), <i>fixed-graduated</i> (prescheduled stressor changes), and <i>adaptive</i>. Psychological (subjective stress, task engagement, distress, worry, anxiety, and workload) and physiological (heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity) responses were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <i>adaptive</i> condition showed a significant decrease in heart rate and a decreasing trend in heart rate variability ratio, with no changes in the other training conditions. Distress showed a decreasing trend for the <i>graduated</i> and <i>adaptive</i> conditions. Task engagement showed a significant increase for <i>adaptive</i> and a significant decrease for the <i>graduated</i> condition. All training conditions showed a significant decrease in worry and anxiety and a significant increase in the other heart rate variability metrics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although all training conditions mitigated some stress, the preponderance of trial effects for the <i>adaptive</i> condition supports that it is more successful at decreasing stress.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The integration of real-time personalized stress exposure within a VR-based training program not only prepares individuals for high-stress situations by preemptively mitigating stress but also customizes stressor levels to the crew member's current state, potentially enhancing resilience to future stressors.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"5-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140308108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Video-Based Lifting Action Recognition Using Rank-Altered Kinematic Feature Pairs.","authors":"SeHee Jung, Bingyi Su, Lu Lu, Liwei Qing, Xu Xu","doi":"10.1177/00187208241309748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241309748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify lifting actions and count the number of lifts performed in videos based on robust class prediction and a streamlined process for reliable real-time monitoring of lifting tasks.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Traditional methods for recognizing lifting actions often rely on deep learning classifiers applied to human motion data collected from wearable sensors. Despite their high performance, these methods can be difficult to implement on systems with limited hardware resources.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The proposed method follows a five-stage process: (1) BlazePose, a real-time pose estimation model, detects key joints of the human body. (2) These joints are preprocessed by smoothing, centering, and scaling techniques. (3) Kinematic features are extracted from the preprocessed joints. (4) Video frames are classified as lifting or nonlifting using rank-altered kinematic feature pairs. (5) A lifting counting algorithm counts the number of lifts based on the class predictions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine rank-altered kinematic feature pairs are identified as key pairs. These pairs were used to construct an ensemble classifier, which achieved 0.89 or above in classification metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. This classifier showed an accuracy of 0.90 in lifting counting and a latency of 0.06 ms, which is at least 12.5 times faster than baseline classifiers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that computer vision-based kinematic features could be adopted to effectively and efficiently recognize lifting actions.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The proposed method could be deployed on various platforms, including mobile devices and embedded systems, to monitor lifting tasks in real-time for the proactive prevention of work-related low-back injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208241309748"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where Is the Function Allocation Boundary? The Effect of Degree of Automation on Attention Allocation and Human Performance Under Different Reliabilities.","authors":"Shuo Wang, Yu Liu, Xuan Wang, Zechen Liu, Xuqun You, Yuan Li","doi":"10.1177/00187208241311808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241311808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the effect of reliability on the function allocation (FA) boundary by examining the interaction effect of degree of automation (DOA) and reliability on routine performance, failure performance, and attention allocation.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>According to the lumberjack effect, an increase in DOA will typically improve routine performance, while failure performance may remain undeteriorated until a specific, high DOA threshold is reached. This threshold can be regarded as the FA boundary. Considering that both DOA and reliability can influence failure performance through attention allocation, it is crucial to investigate how reliability affects the FA boundary.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants performed three MATB tasks, one of which, the system monitoring task, was supported by four types of automation: information acquisition (IAc), information analysis (IAn), action selection (AS), and action implementation (AI). From IAc to AI, the DOA incrementally increased. Additionally, automation reliability was set to three levels, namely, 87.50%, 68.75%, and 56.25%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For routine performance, participants assisted by AS reacted more rapidly to gauge malfunctions than those supported by IAc or IAn. For failure performance, participants aided by AI corrected gauge malfunctions less frequently than other participants. Correspondingly, participants supported by AI exhibited fewer fixation counts on the system monitoring task than did others.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It appears that the FA boundary lies between AS and AI. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the effect of reliability on the FA boundary.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings can provide useful insights for improving the design of automated systems in complex working environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208241311808"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Eye Movement Features of Motion Sickness Using Closed-Track Driving Experiments.","authors":"Yanlu Cao, Maosong Jiang, Zhuxi Yao, Shufeng Xia, Wenlong Liu","doi":"10.1177/00187208241306966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241306966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore and validate effective eye movement features related to motion sickness (MS) through closed-track experiments and to provide valuable insights for practical applications.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>With the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs), MS has attracted more and more attention. Eye movements have great potential to evaluate the severity of MS as an objective quantitative indicator of vestibular function. Eye movement signals can be easily and noninvasively collected using a camera, which will not cause discomfort or disturbance to passengers, thus making it highly applicable.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Eye movement data were collected from 72 participants susceptible to MS in closed-track driving environments. We extracted features including blink rate (BR), total number of fixations (TNF), total duration of fixations (TDF), mean duration of fixations (MDF), saccade amplitude (SA), saccade duration (SD), and number of nystagmus (NN). The statistical method and multivariate long short-term memory fully convolutional network (MLSTM-FCN) were used to validate the effectiveness of eye movement features.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were shown in the extracted eye movement features across different levels of MS through statistical analysis. The MLSTM-FCN model achieved an accuracy of 91.37% for MS detection and 88.51% for prediction in binary classification. For ternary classification, it achieved an accuracy of 80.54% for MS detection and 80.11% for prediction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Evaluating MS through eye movements is effective. The MLSTM-FCN model based on eye movements can efficiently detect and predict MS.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>This work can be used to provide a possible indication and early warning for MS.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208241306966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glare at Night-Time Driving: Effect of Correlated Color Temperature of Led Lamps.","authors":"Beatriz M Matesanz, Eduardo G Vicente, Luis Issolio, Fernando Rodríguez Merino, M Teresa G Arteaga, Isabel Arranz","doi":"10.1177/00187208241305568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241305568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to analyze the effect of correlated color temperature from LED glare sources on driving performance. The evaluation includes assessing the effect of disability glare on visual reaction time and rating discomfort glare using a standardized scale.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>LED technology is widely incorporated into various lighting systems; however, the impact of glare from oncoming car headlamps on driving performance at night-time is crucial for road safety.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Twenty-three healthy young subjects participated in a laboratory-based experiment simulating night driving using a two-channel Maxwellian view optical system. Two LED lamps with correlated color temperature of 2800 K and 6500 K were used to generate a glare of 52 lx. Disability glare was quantified in terms of foveal reaction time and discomfort glare was rated using the de Boer scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that glare-induced effect is mitigated by an increase in background luminance. The correlated color temperature of the LED lamp does not affect either reaction time or discomfort glare rating.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The greater short-wavelength emission of 6500 K lamp does not intensify the effect of disability or discomfort glare, probably due to the macular pigment absorption on foveal vision and the transparency of ocular media, coupled with the involvement of other contributing factors. The correlated color temperature of the lamp is not the best descriptive parameter to identify its effect on glare.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>It is important to consider the impact of LED technology on visual performance to enhance road safety in critical glare situations during night driving.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208241305568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Sit-Stand Desks on Full-Day and Work-Based Sedentary Behavior of Office Workers: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Hélio Silva, Pedro G F Ramos, Sabrina C Teno, Pedro B Júdice","doi":"10.1177/00187208241305591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241305591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To gather the existing evidence on the impact of sit-stand desk-based interventions on working-time and full-day sedentary behavior and compare their impact across different intervention lengths.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Reducing sedentary behavior is vital for improving office workers' health. Sit-stand desks promote sitting and standing alternation, but understanding their effects outside the workplace is essential for success.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Studies published between January 2008 and January 2024 were searched through electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library). The quality of the studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies of the Effective Public Health Practice Project.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve included studies showed that the intervention group experienced average reductions in full-day sedentary behavior of 68.7 min/day at 3 months, 77.7 min/day at 6 months, and 62.1 min/day at 12 months compared to the control group. For working hours sedentary behavior, reductions were observed in the intervention group at 9 weeks (73.0 min/day), 3 months (88.0 min/day), 6 months (80.8 min/day), and 12 months (48.0 min/day) relative to the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sit-stand desk interventions can be effective in helping office workers reduce sedentary behavior in the short, medium, and long-term both at work and throughout the full-day.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Active workstation interventions, including sit-stand desks, educational sessions, and alert software, aim to reduce sedentary behavior among office workers. While sit-stand desks show promise in decreasing sitting time during working hours, their long-term effectiveness and impact beyond the workplace remain uncertain. This review evaluates their effectiveness across different durations, addressing both workplace and full-day impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208241305591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of In-Vehicle Touchscreen Location on Driver Task Performance, Eye Gaze Behavior, and Workload During Conditionally Automated Driving: Nondriving-Related Task and Take-Over.","authors":"Gayoung Ban, Woojin Park","doi":"10.1177/00187208241226838","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241226838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the effects of nondriving-related task (NDRT) touchscreen location and NDRT difficulty level on the driver task performance, eye gaze behavior, and workload during SAE Level 3 conditionally automated driving. Two driver tasks were considered: a visuomanual NDRT and a take-over task.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Touchscreens are expected to play important roles inside automated vehicles. However, few studies have investigated the driver-touchscreen interaction during automated driving.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A driving simulator experiment was conducted. The experimental task consisted of two successive subtasks: an NDRT followed by a take-over task. NDRT touchscreen location (Upper Left, Upper Right, and Lower Right) and NDRT difficulty level (Easy and Hard) were the independent variables. A set of driver task performance, eye gaze behavior, and perceived workload measures were employed for each subtask as the dependent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NDRT touchscreen location significantly affected both the NDRT and the take-over task performance. Lower Right was superior to Upper Right in the NDRT performance but was inferior in the take-over task performance. NDRT touchscreen location affected the perceived physical workload of the NDRT. NDRT difficulty level affected the perceived workload of the take-over task.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The research findings enhance our understanding of how NDRT touchscreen location and NDRT difficulty level impact the driver task performance during conditionally automated driving, and, further provide useful design implications and knowledge.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The study results would inform the NDRT touchscreen interface design and the NDRT design for conditionally automated vehicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2651-2668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139492818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}