Qiqi Liu , Hanyu Wang , Ze Chen , Jiahui Xiong , Yong Huang , Shipeng Zhang , Qinxiu Zhang
{"title":"Global, regional, and national epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in middle-aged and elderly patients from 1990 to 2021","authors":"Qiqi Liu , Hanyu Wang , Ze Chen , Jiahui Xiong , Yong Huang , Shipeng Zhang , Qinxiu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In recent years, changes in the incidence and mortality rates of nasopharyngeal carcinoma have occurred globally, across various regions, and among different countries. As a high incidence group, it is necessary to study the prevalence trend of middle-aged and elderly people.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Detailed information on NPC in middle-aged and elderly patients from 1990 to 2021 was collected from the Global Burden of Disease Database 2021 (GBD2021). Adopted incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), sociodemographic index (SDI) and corresponding Estimated Annual Percentage Changes (EAPCs) to assess the burden of NPC in middle-aged and elderly patients. Additionally, a global risk attribution analysis was conducted, and a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was applied to project the global burden of NPC in middle-aged and elderly patients from 2021 to 2035.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Globally, the incidence cases of NPC in middle-aged and elderly people increased by 58.2 %, the numbers of death increased by 33.8 %, and the DALY increased by 42.1 %. However, the EAPCs values and upper limits in incidence, mortality and DALY rates were all less than 0, indicating a decreasing trend of incidence, mortality and disease burden. Both incidence and mortality rates were decreasing in high-incidence territories. Most regions were negatively correlated with the sociodemographic index. Males had obviously higher incidence and mortality of NPC in middle-aged and elderly patients than females. The highest incidences of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in middle-aged and elderly males were in the 65–69 age group, and the incidences in females did not change much among different age groups. We found that Alcohol use, Occupational risk and Tobacco were the major risk factors for NPC-related mortality in middle-aged and elderly patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Controllable etiology should be effectively controlled in the future.</div></div><div><h3>Data availability</h3><div>The data sets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the GBD repository (<span><span>https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). Data will be made available on request.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102613"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142775546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nelson Arroyo-Pacheco, Shayury Sarmiento-Blanco, Guillermo Vergara-Cadavid, Maryarena Castro-Leones, Neyder Contreras-Puentes
{"title":"Monoclonal therapy with lecanemab in the treatment of mild Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Nelson Arroyo-Pacheco, Shayury Sarmiento-Blanco, Guillermo Vergara-Cadavid, Maryarena Castro-Leones, Neyder Contreras-Puentes","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative pathology, is characterized by the accumulation of Amyloid-β plaques in the brain. Lecanemab (BAN2401), a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody, binds with high affinity to Amyloid-β protofibrils. It is the first monoclonal antibody for Alzheimer's disease to receive full FDA approval. This systematic review, conducted meticulously, examines the current use and safety of Lecanemab in treating Alzheimer's disease. We screened literature from databases such as PubMed Central, PubMed (MedLine), ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Wolters Kluwer for randomized controlled trials testing Lecanemab for cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. Outcomes measured included CDR-SB, ADCOMS, ADAS-Cog, and Amyloid burden on PET in centiloids. Likewise, reports were analyzed for adverse events associated with ARIA-A and ARIA-H. Five papers were included in the systematic review and three in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that Lecanemab slowed the progression of cognitive impairment as measured by CDR-SB, ADCOMS, and ADASCog, and significantly reduced Amyloid burden on PET in centiloids. However, Lecanemab was associated with an increased risk of ARIA-E and ARIA-H. Lecanemab has demonstrated efficacy in slowing cognitive impairment progression in Alzheimer's disease as measured by ADCOMS, ADAS-Cog, and CDR-SB. However, it is associated with an increased risk of ARIA-E and ARIA-H, particularly in ApoE4 carriers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102620"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peggy R. Biga , Jingyue E. Duan , Tristan E. Young , Jamie R. Marks , Anne Bronikowski , Louis P. Decena , Eric C. Randolph , Ananya G. Pavuluri , Guangsheng Li , Yifei Fang , Gerald S. Wilkinson , Gunjan Singh , Nathan T. Nigrin , Erica N. Larschan , Andrew J. Lonski , Nicole C. Riddle , IISAGE Consortium
{"title":"Hallmarks of aging: A user’s guide for comparative biologists","authors":"Peggy R. Biga , Jingyue E. Duan , Tristan E. Young , Jamie R. Marks , Anne Bronikowski , Louis P. Decena , Eric C. Randolph , Ananya G. Pavuluri , Guangsheng Li , Yifei Fang , Gerald S. Wilkinson , Gunjan Singh , Nathan T. Nigrin , Erica N. Larschan , Andrew J. Lonski , Nicole C. Riddle , IISAGE Consortium","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the first description of a set of characteristics of aging as so-called hallmarks or pillars in 2013/2014, these characteristics have served as guideposts for the research in aging biology. They have been examined in a range of contexts, across tissues, in response to disease conditions or environmental factors, and served as a benchmark for various anti-aging interventions. While the hallmarks of aging were intended to capture generalizable characteristics of aging, they are derived mostly from studies of rodents and humans. Comparative studies of aging including species from across the animal tree of life have great promise to reveal new insights into the mechanistic foundations of aging, as there is a great diversity in lifespan and age-associated physiological changes. However, it is unclear how well the defined hallmarks of aging apply across diverse species. Here, we review each of the twelve hallmarks of aging defined by Lopez-Otin in 2023 with respect to the availability of data from diverse species. We evaluate the current methods used to assess these hallmarks for their potential to be adapted for comparative studies. Not unexpectedly, we find that the data supporting the described hallmarks of aging are restricted mostly to humans and a few model systems and that no data are available for many animal clades. Similarly, not all hallmarks can be easily assessed in diverse species. However, for at least half of the hallmarks, there are methods available today that can be employed to fill this gap in knowledge, suggesting that these studies can be prioritized while methods are developed for comparative study of the remaining hallmarks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102616"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinjin Pei , Ranil Vikraman Kumarasamy , Selvaraj Jayaraman , Gopalakrishnan Velliyur Kanniappan , Qianfa Long , Chella Perumal Palanisamy
{"title":"Quercetin-functionalized nanomaterials: Innovative therapeutic avenues for Alzheimer's disease management","authors":"Jinjin Pei , Ranil Vikraman Kumarasamy , Selvaraj Jayaraman , Gopalakrishnan Velliyur Kanniappan , Qianfa Long , Chella Perumal Palanisamy","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2025.102665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2025.102665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a major global health challenge, largely due to its complex pathology and the limited effectiveness of existing treatments. Quercetin, a bioactive compound belonging to the flavonoid class, its promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in addressing AD. However, its therapeutic potential is hindered by challenges such as low bioavailability, instability, and restricted permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for quercetin-functionalized nanomaterials, offering solutions to these challenges. These nanostructures enhance quercetin's solubility, stability, and targeted brain delivery, thereby augmenting its therapeutic potential. In this review, nanocarriers (like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and metal-based nanosystems) are explored for their potential application in optimizing quercetin delivery in AD management. It discusses the mechanisms by which these nanostructures enhance BBB penetration and exert neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, the review examines the outcomes of preclinical and <em>in vitro</em> studies, while addressing the challenges of scaling these approaches for clinical application. By merging the fields of nanotechnology and neurotherapeutics, the importance of quercetin-functionalized nanomaterials in advancing AD management strategies is underscored in this review.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102665"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143017990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra Sviercovich, Xiaoyue Mei, Grace Xie, Michael J. Conboy, Irina M. Conboy
{"title":"The dominance of old blood, and age-related increase in protein production and noise","authors":"Alexandra Sviercovich, Xiaoyue Mei, Grace Xie, Michael J. Conboy, Irina M. Conboy","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This concise review provides new perspectives on systemic reduction of tissue aging by comparing different strategies, such as heterochronic parabiosis, injections of young blood plasma, neutral blood exchange (NBE) and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Unlike previous literature that primarily discusses the need for young blood factors, we emphasize the potential of diluting age-elevated proteins as the way to re-calibrate systemic proteome to its younger state without donor blood. Furthermore, we introduce modulation of proteome noise, as an important part of understanding tissue aging and as a critical mechanism for tissue rejuvenation. We discuss studies on the dominance of aged systemic milieu in promoting progeric phenotypes in young cells, in vitro, and in multiple tissues of young animals, in vivo. We support our arguments with evidence showing a significant age-related increase in protein synthesis, in noise of newly synthesized proteomes, and in the rapid induction of these aging phenotypes in young muscle by exposure to aged tissue. We summarize the significance of these findings for future research on aging and longevity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102641"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Luiza Guimarães , Feng V. Lin , Rogerio Panizzutti , Adam Turnbull
{"title":"Effective engagement in computerized cognitive training for older adults","authors":"Anna Luiza Guimarães , Feng V. Lin , Rogerio Panizzutti , Adam Turnbull","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is a frontline therapy to prevent or slow age-related cognitive decline. A prerequisite for CCT research to provide clinically relevant improvements in cognition is to understand effective engagement, i.e., the pattern of energy investment that ensures CCT effectiveness. Even though previous studies have assessed whether particular variables (e.g., gamification) predict engagement and/or CCT effectiveness, the field lacks a systematic approach to understanding effective engagement. Here, by comprehensively reviewing and evaluating engagement and adjacent literature, we propose a standardized measurement and operational framework to promote effective engagement with CCT targeting cognitive decline in older adults. We suggest that promoting effective engagement with CCT has two key steps: 1) comprehensively measuring engagement with CCT and 2) identifying which aspects of engagement are essential to achieve the pre-specified outcome of clinically relevant improvements in cognition. The proposed measurement and operational framework of effective engagement will allow future research to maximize older adults’ engagement with CCT to slow/prevent age-related cognitive decline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102650"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142928255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simone Lista , Antonio Munafò , Filippo Caraci , Camillo Imbimbo , Enzo Emanuele , Piercarlo Minoretti , José Pinto-Fraga , María Merino-País , Paula Crespo-Escobar , Susana López-Ortiz , Giovanni Monteleone , Bruno P. Imbimbo , Alejandro Santos-Lozano
{"title":"Gut microbiota in Alzheimer’s disease: Understanding molecular pathways and potential therapeutic perspectives","authors":"Simone Lista , Antonio Munafò , Filippo Caraci , Camillo Imbimbo , Enzo Emanuele , Piercarlo Minoretti , José Pinto-Fraga , María Merino-País , Paula Crespo-Escobar , Susana López-Ortiz , Giovanni Monteleone , Bruno P. Imbimbo , Alejandro Santos-Lozano","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2025.102659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2025.102659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and progression. This narrative review explores the complex interplay between GM, the immune system, and the central nervous system in AD. We discuss mechanisms through which GM dysbiosis can compromise intestinal barrier integrity, enabling pro-inflammatory molecules and metabolites to enter systemic circulation and the brain, potentially contributing to AD hallmarks. Additionally, we examine other pathophysiological mechanisms by which GM may influence AD risk, including the production of short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and tryptophan metabolites. The role of the vagus nerve in gut-brain communication is also addressed. We highlight potential therapeutic implications of targeting GM in AD, focusing on antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, phytochemicals, and fecal microbiota transplantation. While preclinical studies showed promise, clinical evidence remains limited and inconsistent. We critically assess clinical trials, emphasizing challenges in translating GM-based therapies to AD patients. The reviewed evidence underscores the need for further research to elucidate precise molecular mechanisms linking GM to AD and determine whether GM dysbiosis is a contributing factor or consequence of AD pathology. Future studies should focus on large-scale clinical trials to validate GM-based interventions’ efficacy and safety in AD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102659"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Célia Maria Costa , Sílvia Santos Pedrosa , James L. Kirkland , Flávio Reis , Ana Raquel Madureira
{"title":"The senotherapeutic potential of phytochemicals for age-related intestinal disease","authors":"Célia Maria Costa , Sílvia Santos Pedrosa , James L. Kirkland , Flávio Reis , Ana Raquel Madureira","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the last few decades, life expectancy has increased worldwide along with the prevalence of several age-related diseases. Among aging pathways, cellular senescence and chronic inflammation (or “inflammaging”) appear to be connected to gut homeostasis and dysbiosis of the microbiome. Cellular senescence is a state of essentially irreversible cell cycle arrest that occurs in response to stress. Although senescent cells (SC) remain metabolically active, they do not proliferate and can secrete inflammatory and other factors comprising the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Accumulation of SCs has been linked to onset of several age-related diseases, in the brain, bones, the gastrointestinal tract, and other organs and tissues. The gut microbiome undergoes substantial changes with aging and is tightly interconnected with either successful (healthy) aging or disease. Senotherapeutic drugs are compounds that can clear senescent cells or modulate the release of SASP factors and hence attenuate the impact of the senescence-associated pro-inflammatory state. Phytochemicals, phenolic compounds and terpenes, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, could also be senotherapeutic given their ability to act upon senescence-linked cellular pathways. The aim of this review is to dissect links among the gut microbiome, cellular senescence, inflammaging, and disease, as well as to explore phytochemicals as potential senotherapeutics, focusing on their interactions with gut microbiota. Coordinated targeting of these inter-related processes might unveil new strategies for promoting healthy aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102619"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142787672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Regulated cell death in acute myocardial infarction: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications","authors":"Lili Zhu , Yiyang Liu , Kangkai Wang , Nian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), primarily caused by coronary atherosclerosis, initiates a series of events that culminate in the obstruction of coronary arteries, resulting in severe myocardial ischemia and hypoxia. The subsequent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury further aggravates cardiac damage, leading to a decline in heart function and the risk of life-threatening complications. The complex interplay of multiple regulated cell death (RCD) pathways plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AMI. Each RCD pathway is orchestrated by a symphony of molecular regulatory mechanisms, highlighting the dynamic changes and critical roles of key effector molecules. Strategic disruption or inhibition of these molecular targets offers a tantalizing prospect for mitigating or even averting the onset of RCD, thereby limiting the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes and the progression of detrimental myocardial fibrosis. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms underlying various forms of RCD, provides an in-depth exploration of the pathogenesis of AMI through the lens of RCD, and highlights a range of promising therapeutic targets that hold the potential to revolutionize the management of AMI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102629"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
He Zhao , Yayun Lv , Jiasen Xu , Xiaoyu Song , Qi Wang , Xiaoyu Zhai , Xiaohui Ma , Jingjing Qiu , Limei Cui , Yan Sun
{"title":"The activation of microglia by the complement system in neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"He Zhao , Yayun Lv , Jiasen Xu , Xiaoyu Song , Qi Wang , Xiaoyu Zhai , Xiaohui Ma , Jingjing Qiu , Limei Cui , Yan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are a group of neurological disorders characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, leading to cognitive and behavioral impairments. Despite significant research advancements, there is currently no definitive cure for NDDs. With global aging on the rise, the burden of these diseases is becoming increasingly severe, highlighting the urgency of understanding their pathogenesis and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Microglia, specialized macrophages in the central nervous system, play a dual role in maintaining neural homeostasis. They are involved in clearing cellular debris and apoptotic cells, but in their activated state, they release inflammatory factors that contribute significantly to neuroinflammation. The complement system (CS), a critical component of the innate immune system, assists in clearing damaged cells and proteins. However, excessive or uncontrolled activation of the CS can lead to chronic neuroinflammation, exacerbating neuronal damage. This review aims to explore the roles of microglia and the CS in the progression of NDDs, with a specific focus on the mechanisms through which the CS activates microglia by modulating mitochondrial function. Understanding these interactions may provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for mitigating neuroinflammation and slowing neurodegeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55545,"journal":{"name":"Ageing Research Reviews","volume":"104 ","pages":"Article 102636"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}