Food and Energy Security最新文献

{"title":"Impact of managing yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) by the use of fungicide sprays and resistant varieties on the physiochemical qualities of bread wheat","authors":"Metiku Kebede,&nbsp;Elfinesh Shikur,&nbsp;Fikre Handaro","doi":"10.1002/fes3.526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Yellow rust disease caused by <i>Puccinia striiformis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> is one of the major threats to wheat production in Ethiopia. In this paper, the impact of yellow rust on the physical qualities of bread wheat was studied. For this purpose, combinations of four bread wheat varieties (Digalu, Hidase, Danda'a, and Honkolo) and two fungicides (Nativo SC 300 and Tilt® 250E.C.) were tested at two different hotspot areas (Albazar and Alicho) in the Silte Zone, Southern Ethiopia, under natural epidemics of the disease during the 2018 growing season. A randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications was used to set up the experiment. A significant (<i>p</i> &lt; .01) increase in hectoliters weight and wet gluten content were observed due to the application of Nativo SC 300; however, grain protein content did not respond significantly (<i>p</i> &gt; .01) at both locations. Wheat varieties with high yellow rust severity exhibited maximum values of area under the disease progress curve and physical quality loss percentage (%). The highly susceptible wheat variety Digalu exhibited the highest values of hectoliter weight losses (%), and the actual losses ranged from 5.5% to 29.5%. Except for grain protein content, there was a significant negative correlation between the values of terminal rust severity, average coefficient infection, and area under the disease progress curve and that of hectoliters weight and wet gluten content, with correlation coefficients ranging from −0.85** to −0.33**. It is possible to improve the physiochemical properties of bread wheat through the application of foliar fungicides by selecting the appropriate genotypes that have an acceptable level of resistance to yellow rust.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139676557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of the accuracy of using carbon isotopes in estimating water use efficiency of selected cereal and legume crops: A global perspective","authors":"Maltase Mutanda,&nbsp;Vincent Chaplot,&nbsp;Hussein Shimelis,&nbsp;Kwame W. Shamuyarira,&nbsp;Sandiswa Figlan","doi":"10.1002/fes3.522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.522","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Field assessments of crop water use efficiency (WUE) are resource-consuming since they require simultaneous assessment of the total amount of water assimilated by crops for biomass and/or grain production. Alternative methods exist, such as estimating the carbon isotopic ratio (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C) of the crop's leaf, aboveground biomass, or grain samples. There is limited information on the determinants of the accuracy of carbon isotopes in estimating water use efficiency between crop types and environments. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the extent to which the estimation of the &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C ratio in crop parts constitutes an accurate proxy of WUE, globally. Data on observed WUE (WUE&lt;sub&gt;obs&lt;/sub&gt;) were collated involving 518 experiments conducted worldwide on major cereals and legumes and compared with WUE estimates (WUE&lt;sub&gt;est&lt;/sub&gt;) from carbon isotopes. The mean WUE&lt;sub&gt;obs&lt;/sub&gt; among all experiments was 3.4 g L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and the mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.5 g L&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; or 14.7% of WUE&lt;sub&gt;obs&lt;/sub&gt;, corresponding to accurate predictions at &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05. However, the percentage mean absolute error of observed water use efficiency (%MAE) estimated from grains was 3.6 ± 11.5%, which was lower than the %MAE from aboveground biomass collected at harvest (3 ± 22.8%). In addition, the %MAE increased from 1.1 ± 5.1% for soybean, 1.6 ± 7.2% for maize, 1.2 ± 8.6% for rice, 1.8 ± 12.1% for groundnut, 2.1 ± 14.3% for cowpea, 2.3 ± 16.2% for bush bean, 1.8 ± 19.9% for wheat, 2.2 ± 21.4% for barley to 6.3 ± 39.3% for oat, with only the latter corresponding to significant errors. WUE&lt;sub&gt;est&lt;/sub&gt; were, in all cases, unbiased but slightly overestimated from 0.8% (maize) to 15.4% (oat). The accuracy in estimating WUE significantly decreased with the increase in soil clay content, with sand, showing a positive correlation of 0.3 with %MAE, but negatively correlated with the silt content (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; = −0.4). Furthermore, a multivariate analysis pointed out a tendency for prediction errors and bias to increase with the decrease in WUE&lt;sub&gt;obs&lt;/sub&gt; and air temperature. Using carbon isotopes for estimating crop WUE thus appeared reliable for all crops and world environments, provided grain samples are considered. The technique tended to perform better under high WUE conditions, such as those generally found in maize and soybean cropping systems. The identified factors that affect the accuracy of using carbon isotopes in measuring WUE provide valuable insights for water resource management and sustainable crop production. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on water conservation strategies in agriculture, offering a basis for decision-making in crop improvement programs. Implementing the recommended practices from this study can potentially improve yield gains and promote resilient and sustainable agricultural systems in the changing environmental circumstances. Further research should in","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.522","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139550297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agroforestry systems in Nepal: Enhancing food security and rural livelihoods – a comprehensive review","authors":"Manisha Ghimire,&nbsp;Ashish Khanal,&nbsp;Deepa Bhatt,&nbsp;DhirajDatta Dahal,&nbsp;Suja Giri","doi":"10.1002/fes3.524","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fes3.524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agroforestry in Nepal is a multifaceted and sustainable approach that harmonizes agricultural, environmental, and socioeconomic goals. This study conducted a comprehensive review of agroforestry systems in Nepal, emphasizing their impact on food security, rural livelihoods, and environmental sustainability. By bridging research gaps and highlighting environmental advantages, it provides valuable insights for evidence-based policymaking, making it a significant resource for Nepal and beyond. The study employed a comprehensive desktop review methodology using a PRISMA Flow Diagram for data collection and utilized academic databases to include literature related to agroforestry practices, their impacts, and associated socioeconomic and environmental aspects. Agroforestry systems in Nepal offer a comprehensive approach to sustainable agriculture, economic empowerment, and environmental conservation while enhancing resilience to climate change. While these systems provide multiple benefits, including enhanced soil quality and increased carbon sequestration, they also face challenges related to technical knowledge and market access. To fully harness the potential of agroforestry and address food (SDG 2), and energy security, and land degradation, bridging the gap between researchers and farmers, promoting information dissemination, and establishing support mechanisms are essential. Aligning with government strategies and international initiatives can pave the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future for Nepal's rural communities and environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139635356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the resilience of smallholder farmers in Senegal amidst extreme climate conditions","authors":"Kieron Moller,&nbsp;A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi,&nbsp;Muhammad Talha,&nbsp;Mervis Chikafa,&nbsp;Rasu Eeswaran,&nbsp;Nilson Vieira Junior,&nbsp;Ana Julia Paula Carcedo,&nbsp;Ignacio Ciampitti,&nbsp;Jean-Claude Bizimana,&nbsp;Amadiane Diallo,&nbsp;P. V. Vara Prasad","doi":"10.1002/fes3.523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Senegal, agriculture is an important sector underpinning the socioeconomic fabric of the populace. Notably, the agricultural production in this region exhibits heightened sensitivity to climatic perturbations, particularly droughts and heat waves. This study aims to determine the resilience of different agronomic interventions for farmers practicing mixed farming that produce both crops (i.e., groundnut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i> L.) and pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> (L.) R. Br.)) and raise animals in the Groundnut Basin in Senegal, which holds historical and socioeconomic significance. To understand the current situation regarding demographics, economics, consumption behavior, and farm operations for smallholder farmers, data were comprehensively collected from government and nongovernment organizations (NGO) reports, scientific papers, organization databases, and surveys. Additionally, the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) was used to understand how combinations of three planting dates, three plant densities, and six urea nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates affected the yield of pearl millet, which were used as the alternative scenarios to the baseline in the farm modeling and analyses. All the collected and generated data were used as inputs into the Farm Simulation Model (FARMSIM) to generate economic, nutritional, and risk data associated with mixed farming systems. The generated data were then used to determine the resilience of the alternative scenarios against the baseline. Initially, a multi-objective optimization was employed to meet nutritional needs while maintaining a healthy diet at the lowest cost. Then, the scenarios that met the population's nutritional requirements were evaluated based on four economic indicators: net cash farm income (NCFI), ending cash reserves (EC), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR). Lastly, those that passed the economic feasibility test were ranked based on risk criteria certainty equivalent (CE) and risk premium (RP). The analyses found N fertilizer rates of 0, 20, and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ were generally economically not feasible. Additionally, medium (early-July to late-August) and late (late-July to mid-September) planting dates generally performed better than early (early-June to late-July) planting dates, while plant densities of 3.3 and 6.6 pL m⁻² performed better than 1.1. The robust resilience approach introduced in this study is easily transferable to other regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139550533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of biochar improves the nutrient supply efficiency of organic fertilizer, sustains soil quality and promotes sustainable crop production","authors":"Kangkang Zhang,&nbsp;Zaid Khan,&nbsp;Mohammad Nauman Khan,&nbsp;Tao Luo,&nbsp;Lijun Luo,&nbsp;Junguo Bi,&nbsp;Liyong Hu","doi":"10.1002/fes3.520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.520","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rapeseed meal, a nutritious organic fertilizer (OF), contributes to improving soil environment and crop productivity. However, there are also problems, namely slow fertilizer efficiency and low nutrient utilization during the growing season. This 2-year field trial was conducted to explore the effect of biochar addition on improving the nutrient availability of OF through a comparative study of various biochar application rates under rice-rapeseed rotation conditions. The findings revealed that, compared to the individual application of chemical fertilizers (CF), OF alone decreased rice yield (2%/2%) and rapeseed yield (6%/10%) in 2019/2020. Compared with OF, combining biochar (15 t ha⁻¹) with OF (OF + B15) significantly increased rice yield (17%/10%) and rapeseed yield (25%/20%) in the first/second year. Additionally, OF + B15 still increased rice yield (14%/7%) and rapeseed yield (12%/13%) for two consecutive years compared to CF. The co-application of biochar and OF had positive impacts on soil physicochemical properties and enzymes. Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season. Biochar addition improved soil conditions and enzymatic activities, and the available nutrient supply of OF. Also, the co-application of biochar and rapeseed meal surpassed the effect of chemical fertilizer alone on the growth and yield of crops. Therefore, biochar coupling with organic fertilizer is an effective fertilization strategy based on resource recycling, which promotes both crop yield and sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139473968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass-based lateral root morphological parameter models for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)","authors":"Wei-xin Zhang,&nbsp;Qian Wu,&nbsp;Chuan-liang Sun,&nbsp;Dao-kuo Ge,&nbsp;Jing Cao,&nbsp;Wan-jie Liang,&nbsp;Ying-jun Yin,&nbsp;Hong Li,&nbsp;Hong-xin Cao,&nbsp;Wen-yu Zhang,&nbsp;Bai-ming Li,&nbsp;Yu-kai Xin","doi":"10.1002/fes3.519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lateral roots, including adventitious roots, are the main component of rapeseed roots with support, absorb, and synthesis functions and their morphological parameters directly affecting the plant's aboveground growth and yield. Root biomass, as a material base for lateral root growth, can be used as a link between plant phenotypes and their physiological processes, as well as to enhance root 3D growth model mechanisms and accuracy. To quantify the relationships between lateral root morphological indices and the corresponding organ biomass for rapeseed, we used two cultivars, NY 22 (conventional) and NZ 1818 (hybrid), and conducted cultivar and fertilizing cylindrical tube experiments during the 2016–2019, with two fertilizer levels, no fertilizer, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ fertilizer. The lateral root biomass and morphological parameters were determined during the whole growth period. The biomass-based lateral root morphological parameter models were developed by analyzing the quantitative relationship between the lateral root morphological indices and their corresponding biomass, and the descriptive models were verified with independent experimental data. The results showed that the correlation (<i>r</i>) of simulated and observed values for the lateral root morphological parameters are all greater than 0.9 with significant levels at <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001. The absolute values of the average absolute difference (<i>d</i>_<i>a</i>) of simulated and observed values for the lateral root length (L_LR), lateral root average diameter (AD_LR), lateral root surface area (SA_LR), and lateral root volume (V_LR) are −30.408 cm, −0.003 mm, 12.902 cm², and 0.039 cm³, respectively. The <i>RMSE</i> values are 175.183 cm, 0.010 mm, 59.710 cm², and 1.513 cm³, respectively. The ratio of <i>d</i>_<i>a</i> to the average observed values (<i>d</i>_<i>ap</i>) for the L_LR and V_LR are all less than 5%, and the AD_LR and SA_LR are all &lt;6%. The models developed in this paper have good performance and reliability for predicting lateral root morphological parameters of rapeseed. The study provides a mechanistic method for linking the rapeseed growth model with the morphological model using corresponding organic biomass and laying a good foundation for establishing a 3D morphological model for rapeseed root system based on biomass.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139101144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population structure, runs of homozygosity analysis and construction of single nucleotide polymorphism fingerprinting database of Longnan goat population","authors":"Keyan Ma,&nbsp;Dengpan Li,&nbsp;Xingcai Qi,&nbsp;Qiao Li,&nbsp;Yi Wu,&nbsp;Juanjuan Song,&nbsp;Yue Zhang,&nbsp;Hai Yang,&nbsp;Taotao Li,&nbsp;Youji Ma","doi":"10.1002/fes3.517","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fes3.517","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Longnan goat (LN) is a local breed discovered during the third census of China's livestock and poultry genetic resources. In order to thoroughly comprehend the population traits, this research examined a total of 70 animals from three different goat populations, namely the LN goat, Nanjiang Brown goat (NJ), and Boer goat (Boer). Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing was employed to analyze genetic diversity, population structure, and selective sweep patterns. Additionally, individual DNA fingerprints were generated to provide detailed genetic profiles for each subject. A total of 643,868 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, with a majority located in intergenic and intronic regions. Genetic diversity analysis uncovered lower diversity within the LN population compared to the other two populations. The analysis of population structure unveiled significant genetic distance between LN and both NJ and Boer populations, with distinct clustering patterns observed. Moreover, genetic differentiation coefficients (<i>F</i>_ST) of 0.1019 and 0.0854 were determined between LN and Boer, as well as LN and NJ, respectively, indicating substantial genetic differentiation. Selective sweep analysis, combining <i>F</i>_ST and π ratio, identified several genes associated with growth and development, reproduction, hair color, and immunity that may serve as valuable candidates for marker-assisted breeding. Furthermore, identification of 47,541 runs of homozygosity (ROHs) revealed non-uniform distribution across chromosomes, with the highest frequency on chromosome 1 and the lowest on chromosome 27. Correlations between different inbreeding coefficients varied, with the highest observed between <i>F</i>_HOM and <i>F</i>_GRM, and the lowest between <i>F</i>_{ROH &gt;1.5Mb} and <i>F</i>_{ROH &lt;500kb}. A total of 46 candidate genes were annotated within high-frequency ROH islands, primarily associated with biological processes such as reproduction, growth and development, and immunity. Finally, a DNA fingerprint, consisting of 371 highly polymorphic SNPs, was generated and presented in the form of a two-dimensional code for convenient access. Based on the population structure analysis, LN goats have been found to have a distant genetic distance and a higher degree of differentiation from both the Boer and NJ populations. Evaluation of genetic diversity parameters and ROH analysis indicates that the LN population exhibits lower genetic diversity and shows signs of inbreeding. Our findings offer theoretical support for the identification of genetic resources within this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138589755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Featured Cover","authors":"Shanice Van Haeften,&nbsp;Caitlin Dudley,&nbsp;Yichen Kang,&nbsp;Daniel Smith,&nbsp;Ramakrishnan M. Nair,&nbsp;Colin A. Douglas,&nbsp;Andries Potgieter,&nbsp;Hannah Robinson,&nbsp;Lee T. Hickey,&nbsp;Millicent R. Smith","doi":"10.1002/fes3.516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image is based on the Review Article <i>Building a better Mungbean: Breeding for reproductive resilience in a changing climate</i> by Shanice Van Haeften et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.467. Image Credit: Megan Pope\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138449203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental stress in crops: Effects and responses during reproduction","authors":"Showkat Ahmad Ganie,&nbsp;Christine H. Foyer","doi":"10.1002/fes3.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.515","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Environmental stresses experienced during reproductive development cause drastic yield reductions in crop plants. Much of the literature has, however, focused on the stress responses of plant vegetative tissues. Although stresses experienced during the vegetative stage of plant development can affect crop yields, the reproductive stage is the most stress-sensitive phase of the crop growth cycle, which directly determines crop productivity. In particular, the efficient operation of photosynthesis and assimilate partitioning during the early reproductive stages plays a crucial role in dry matter accumulation and reproductive organ formation. Several morpho-physiological traits that improve plant vegetative growth have been used to enhance crop stress tolerance. However, vegetative traits do not necessarily improve stress tolerance at the reproductive stage, nor do they ensure higher grain yields during the terminal stage of plant growth under stress conditions. In addition, there is a poor correlation between stress tolerance at the seedling/vegetative stage and that observed at the reproductive stage, suggesting that separate sets of genes are involved in the stress tolerance during reproduction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The identification of the reproductive stage-specific target traits and dissection of physiological and molecular responses of crop reproductive tissues to environmental stresses (either applied individually or in combination) are critical steps towards improving the grain yield under unfavorable environmental conditions. This information is essential for the development of stress-tolerant crop cultivars and global food security. Additionally, exploiting the natural molecular genetic variations in crop species for reproductive stage stress tolerance is of paramount importance for assisting plant breeders in their efforts to identify stress tolerant and high-yielding cultivars.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This Special Issue encompasses reviews and research articles that contribute towards and further our current understanding of plant reproductive stage stress tolerance. The comprehensive review articles contained in this Special Issue offer a synthesis of current knowledge, together with critical analysis of the current literature. They provide novel and wide-ranging insights into the topic. The research articles provide new information concerning the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying plant reproductive fitness and productivity under various environmental conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The review by Jeger (&lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;) provides a comprehensive and unifying description of term ‘tolerance’, which is defined as the ability of the host plant to mitigate the effects of infection on reproductive and survival fitness. This tolerance is robust, regardless of the pathogen load. This compelling review highlights the need for more intensive studies of disease tolerance at the reproductive stage. Jeger (&lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;) argues that it is important to define the interacti","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138449205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of heat stress on male reproduction and tillering in Sorghum bicolor","authors":"Ashley Smith,&nbsp;Benjamin R. Gentile,&nbsp;Zhanguo Xin,&nbsp;Dazhong Zhao","doi":"10.1002/fes3.510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.510","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to global climate change, heat stress is increasingly harming the growth, development, overall biomass, and grain yield of numerous crops. Heat stress impairs pollen development and thus reduces seed set in <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.) Moench; however, the effects of heat stress on anther development at specific stages and tiller formation remain incompletely understood. Here we report that exposure to heat stress [42°C/32°C (day/night)] at pollen mother cell (PMC) and booting stages profoundly disrupts tapetum and pollen development, resulting in a significant decrease in grain yield in sorghum. Sorghum plants subjected to 9 days or less of heat stress at the PMC stage exhibited normal pollen viability, but 12 days of heat stress caused almost complete loss of grain yield and the formation of nonviable pollen grains. Similarly, sorghum plants that were heat-stressed for 3 days at the booting stage produced few seeds. Further analysis revealed that aberrant tapetum and pollen development contributed to the sterility of pollen in these heat-stressed plants. Notably, in addition to inhibiting plant height, a 12-day heat stress at the PMC stage promoted the formation of basal tillers, whereas a 3-day heat stress at the booting stage stimulated the formation of apical tillers, which helped salvage seed yield under heat stress conditions. Moreover, the application of exogenous auxin promoted the formation of apical tillers and leaf numbers per apical tiller. Collectively, our findings suggest that sorghum is susceptible to heat stress during both early and late anther development, and auxin might be involved in governing the formation of apical tillers.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138449337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}