Food and Energy Security最新文献

{"title":"A Blueprint for Building Resilience and Food Security in MENA and SSA Drylands: Diversifying Agriculture With Neglected and Underutilized Species","authors":"Krishna Prasad Devkota,&nbsp;Mina Devkota,&nbsp;Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi,&nbsp;Vinay Nangia,&nbsp;Samar Attaher,&nbsp;Ruhiza Jean Boroto,&nbsp;Jagadish Timsina,&nbsp;Kadambot H. M. Siddique","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drylands, encompassing 41% of global land and supporting over 2 billion people, face significant challenges, including water scarcity, extreme temperatures, and soil degradation. Dryland spans vast areas of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) regions and poses a threat to food security and resilience. This study examines the potential of neglected and underutilized species (NUS) to improve dryland food and nutrition security, focusing on their agronomic performance, water productivity, economic viability, and nutritional benefits. Using long-term data from FAOSTAT, USDA Food Data Central, and peer-reviewed literature, we analyzed trends in the cultivation, yield, and nutritional contributions of 26 NUS across 22 countries in the MENA region comparing them with major staples—rice, wheat, and maize. Between 1961 and 2022, NUS crop areas in MENA fluctuated, decreasing by 7.0% since 2018 to 21.17 Mha. Despite this, NUS demonstrated superior water productivity—up to 30% higher than major cereals. For instance, sorghum and cowpea achieved 2.5 kg/m³ compared to maize (0.83 kg/m³) and wheat (0.91 kg/m³) and exhibited strong heat tolerance, withstanding temperatures of up to 42°C and 38°C, respectively. Despite a negative trade balance, NUS significantly contributed to dietary calories, surpassing wheat. A field experiment in Merchouch, Morocco, confirmed that NUS offered a higher economic value per unit than wheat, and outperformed conventional crops across key indicators. Integrating NUS into dryland farming systems can enhance food security, sustainability, and resilience to climate change. Advancing NUS requires breeding programs, tailored good agricultural practices, value addition and market linkage, supportive policies, and farmer education. Collaborative efforts among international organizations, governments, and civil society are crucial to mainstreaming NUS in agrifood systems and contributing to the diversity, sustainability, and resilience of dryland farming systems in MENA and SSA regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the Power of Gene Banks: Diversity in Base Growth Temperature Provides Opportunities for Climate-Smart Agriculture","authors":"Clara Gambart,&nbsp;Jelle Van Wesemael,&nbsp;Rony Swennen,&nbsp;François Tardieu,&nbsp;Sebastien Carpentier","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Implementation of context-specific solutions, including cultivation of varieties adapted to current and future climatic conditions, have been found to be effective in establishing resilient, climate-smart agricultural systems. Gene banks play a pivotal role in this. However, a large fraction of the collections remains neither genotyped nor phenotyped. Hypothesizing that significant genotypic diversity in <i>Musa</i> temperature responses exists, this study aimed to assess the diversity in the world's largest banana gene bank in terms of base temperature (<i>T</i>_base) and to evaluate its impact on plant performance in the East African highlands during a projected climate scenario. One hundred and sixteen gene bank accessions were evaluated in the BananaTainer, a tailor-made high throughput phenotyping installation. Plant growth was quantified in response to temperature and genotype-specific <i>T</i>_base were modelled. Growth responses of two genotypes were validated under greenhouse conditions, and gas exchange capacity measurements were made. The model confirmed genotype-specific <i>T</i>_base, with 30% of the accessions showing a <i>T</i>_base below the reference of 14°C. The Mutika/Lujugira subgroup, endemic to the East African highlands, appeared to display a low <i>T</i>_base, although within subgroup diversity was revealed. Greenhouse validation further showed low temperature sensitivity/tolerance to be related to the photosynthetic capacity. This study, therefore, significantly advances the debate of within species diversity in temperature growth responses, while at the same time unlocking the power of gene banks. Moreover, with this case study on banana, we provide a high throughput method to reveal the existing genotypic diversity in temperature responses, paving the way for future research to establish climate-smart varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving National Food Security in Sub-Saharan African Countries: The Role of Foreign Agricultural Aid","authors":"Mehmet Balcilar,&nbsp;Godwin Olasehinde-Williams,&nbsp;Berkan Tokar","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>African policymakers have astutely prioritized agricultural expenditure as a crucial strategy to address food insecurity in the continent. However, the available financial resources are insufficient to achieve this objective. Foreign agricultural aid has been proposed as a viable supplement to domestic resource mobilization efforts in bridging the resource deficit. This article investigates the food security implications of sector-specific aid (agricultural aid) between 1990 and 2020, thus broadening the current understanding. By considering the heterogeneous nature of SSA, this study delves deeper into the relationship between foreign agricultural aid and food security in the region. It investigates both panel and country-specific causal relationships, providing a more nuanced understanding of the subject. Quantile panel-type regressions are employed. Coefficients from the fixed effects and random effects with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors are also reported. Additionally, causal linkages between foreign agricultural aid and food security are examined through panel causality testing with bootstrapping. Findings show that agricultural aid contributes to closing the resource gap and improving food security. Also, the effectiveness of agricultural aid is greater when food security is relatively poor, and its impact diminishes as food security improves. Causal relationships suggest that agricultural aid is a determinant of food security. The level of food security is also an indicator of agricultural aid inflows. Thus, strategies such as population control, poverty reduction, and increased access to agricultural land can enhance food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Improvement of Banana for Resistance to Xanthomonas Wilt in East Africa","authors":"Anastasie Musabyemungu,&nbsp;Jaindra Nath Tripathi,&nbsp;Samwel K. Muiruri,&nbsp;Svetlana V. Gaidashova,&nbsp;Placide Rukundo,&nbsp;Leena Tripathi","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Banana (<i>Musa</i> spp.) is a staple food and income generation crop, feeding millions worldwide. However, the cultivation of bananas is challenging due to biotic and abiotic production constraints. Among these factors are pests and diseases, especially banana bacterial disease. Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), caused by <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pathovar <i>musacearum</i> (Xcm), has the most significant detrimental economic effect on East African banana production. The infection of BXW is rapid and severe; its impact increases over time and causes huge banana yield losses. The Xcm infects and causes disease in all types of bananas except the wild diploid type <i>Musa balbisiana</i>, which is resistant boosting plant immunity for controlling Xcm and other diseases in bananas. Resistant cultivars are the best promising management option for controlling Xcm and other diseases in bananas. All the cultivated bananas are sterile, and have a long generation cycle, which complicates their improvement through conventional breeding. Biotechnological approaches to banana improvement can complement conventional breeding by overcoming some of its challenges. Additionally, genetic engineering could speed up the process of crop improvement, especially for sterile seedless crops like bananas. It is also specific to the target gene and precise modification that avoids unwanted genes in the normal breeding process. Recent developments using genetic engineering and genome editing on bananas have been initiated to tackle these issues. This review article focuses on the challenges of traditional breeding and the progress of genetic engineering and genome editing approaches, aiming to enhance understanding of achieving an essential genetic gain of bananas against the BXW. This understanding is crucial for enhancing food security in East Africa and globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143114939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous Impacts of Aging and Feminization of Agriculture on Production Factor Inputs: Evidence From Rice Farmers in China","authors":"Li Chen,&nbsp;ZhenLin Weng","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In contrast to other countries, China's agricultural production faces the challenges of aging and feminization, which have a tremendous impact on food security. The purpose of this research was to reveal the correlations between aging and feminization and agricultural production factor input and its heterogeneity. This was evaluated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) model. The research found that the aging of farming did not correlate with the input of land factor and employment input. However, the feminization of farming significantly correlated with the input of land factor and employment input. In particular, an increase in the feminization of farming by one standard deviation reduced the land factor input by 18.9% and employment input by 31.3%. Second, agricultural aging and feminization had a positive and significant effect on agricultural machinery input but a negative and significant effect on material input. The instrumental variable method test results were consistent with those of the main regression. Third, heterogeneity analysis showed that the correlations between aging and feminization and the input of land, employment, agricultural machinery, and materials were significantly different with different educational levels of house heads and the proportion of agricultural income. Therefore, this study provides a reference for adjusting the rural labor structure and accumulating advanced rural production factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating GIS Mapping and Artificial Neural Networks for Assessing Biomass Energy Potential From Agricultural Residues in Iran","authors":"Ehsan Fartash Naeimi,&nbsp;Gürkan Alp Kağan Gürdil,&nbsp;Bahadır Demirel","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agricultural residues (such as straw and other nonmarketable plant waste) in Iran exceed 200 million tons annually, which can supply 10%–15% of the country's energy needs. The objective of this study was to investigate and estimate the biomass energy potential derived from crop residues in Iran using GIS mapping and artificial neural networks. The energy potential of the residues was determined by considering their heating value and the quantity of available residues. The available agricultural residues for the 10 crops studied were estimated to be 9,688,450 tons. Sugarcane and sugar beet contributed the largest shares, representing 32.33% and 25.72%, respectively. The largest quantities of sugarcane and wheat residues were found in Khuzestan province, amounting to 3,131,620 and 124,660 tons, respectively. For sugar beet, the maximum amount of residues was recorded in West Azerbaijan, with 719,140 tons. The total heating values for the residues were calculated to be 56,376 TJ for sugarcane, 18,212.36 TJ for wheat, and 42,887.32 TJ for sugar beet. The artificial neural network was able to predict the energy potential of biomass from the main products with a correlation coefficient of over 0.99 and the lowest error rate. GIS maps proved highly effective for rapidly analyzing the status of plant residues and their energy potential in each province. The findings suggest that agricultural residues in Iran have significant potential as a sustainable biomass energy source.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphophysiological Plant Phenotyping for the Development of Plant Breeding Under Drought and Heat Conditions: A Practical Approach","authors":"Félix Estrada,&nbsp;Miquel A. Gonzàlez-Meler,&nbsp;Eduardo A. Dias de Oliveira,&nbsp;Alejandro del Pozo,&nbsp;Gustavo A. Lobos","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Currently, the breeding programs focus their efforts on identifying and developing tolerant genotypes to adverse conditions, such as drought and high temperatures. In this context, the physiological approach, which involves phenotyping several traits, is useful for breeding programs. Leaf photosynthetic traits have become one of the main objectives to be evaluated for breeders due to their relationship with improving grain yield and biomass production. Gas exchange (<i>Ge</i>) and chlorophyll “a” fluorescence (<i>Chf</i>) are the main tools to characterize the photosynthetic activity in real time at the leaf level. Consequently, several association studies using proximal and nonproximal sensing (e.g., RGB, thermography) have been developed. However, for the correct application of this breeding approach, it is essential to have a basic knowledge of both the physiological principles involved in the readings and the limitations of phenotyping due to the characteristics of the devices available on the market. This revision also covers other traits, such as the morphological and anatomical characteristics of leaves and roots, and the use of isotopes complementing <i>Ge</i> and <i>Chf</i> measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143113023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agri-Mat Mulching Improves Aggregate Stability and Soil Pore Formation on Smallholder Farms in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Sibongiseni Mgolozeli,&nbsp;Adornis D. Nciizah,&nbsp;Isaiah I. C. Wakindiki,&nbsp;Khumbulani Dhavu,&nbsp;Fhatuwani N. Mudau,&nbsp;Siaw Onwona-Agyeman","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agri-mats are solid organic mulch mats derived from various organic waste materials such as straw, grass, weed biomass, algae residues, etc. These agri-mats are created by hot- or cold-pressing biomass into solid, bio degradable mats. Although agri-mats provide remarkable benefits to agricultural soils, including improved soil fertility and crop productivity, their effect on topsoil structure has not been adequately explored. The aim of this study was to determine the aggregate stability and physical architecture of two contrasting soils using the fast-wetting method and X-ray microfocus computed tomography (CT), respectively. The following five treatments were established in two sites (Durban with loam soil and Pretoria with sandy loam soil): (i) full agri-mat cover (100% AG), (ii) half agri-mat cover (50% AG), (iii) bare or no cover (control), (iv). 6 tons.ha⁻¹ of grass mulch (6 t.GM) and (v) 3 tons.ha⁻¹ grass mulch (3 t.GM). The two sites were planted with maize in summer and spinach in winter for two consecutive seasons (2017/18 and 2018/19). The aggregate stability test results indicated that 100% agri-mat (100% AG) mulch had greater aggregate stabilizing ability than all other mulching treatments in both soil types. In the loam soil, the 100% AG treatment increased the stability of the aggregates by 58% and by 65% in the sandy loam soil after two years. The X-ray CT analysis results showed that under the loam soil, 50% AG mulch treatment produced more (89%) macro-aggregates (&gt; 250 μm) compared to 100% AG (77%). However, the 100% AG treatment produced more (71%) macro-aggregates compared with the 50% AG (65%) under the sandy loam soil. Based on the overall morphological characteristics of the soil aggregates, the 100% AG treatment was superior to the other organic mulching treatments in terms of soil pore structure formation and aggregate stability regardless of the soil type after two years.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extension Advice, Agricultural Productivity, and Food Security in Tanzania","authors":"Francisco M. P. Mugizi","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although agriculture is a major source of livelihood in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania, agricultural productivity remains low. Access to extension services can play a significant role in raising agricultural productivity and improving smallholder farmers' welfare. This paper uses a recent National Agricultural Sample Survey 2019/2020 data to examine the effect of receiving extension advice for crop production on agricultural productivity and food security in Tanzania. It uses an instrumental variable technique, extended regression model, and endogenous switching regression model to address possible selection bias and endogeneity problems. The findings show that receiving extension advice has a strong positive effect on agricultural productivity. Investigating the potential mechanisms, the findings reveal that households who received extension advice for crop production were more likely to apply organic fertiliser, use improved seeds, practice irrigation, practice conservational farming, and applied more organic and inorganic fertiliser. We also find a significant correlation between access to extension advice and food security. Overall, the results highlight the role of extension advice in boosting agricultural productivity among smallholders and indirectly improving food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Nitrogen and phosphorus interactions at a 21 nitrogen:1 phosphorus Redfield-like ratio impact growth and seed yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/fes3.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We apologize for these errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":54283,"journal":{"name":"Food and Energy Security","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fes3.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}