Nanoscale Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"Alkali chalcogenides-assisted vapor–liquid–solid growth of WX2 (X = S, Se, Te)","authors":"Yi-Cheng Chiang,&nbsp;Po-Yen Liu,&nbsp;Erh-Chen Lin,&nbsp;Sheng-Hung Fan,&nbsp;Chih-Chieh Hung,&nbsp;Yu-Hsiang Cheng,&nbsp;Yi-Hsien Lee","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04340-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04340-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Promoter-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has emerged as a robust strategy for the low-temperature synthesis of diverse transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). In these processes, promoter-induced intermediates facilitate specific reaction pathways, enabling controlled growth via vapor–solid–solid (VSS) or vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) modes. While previous studies have primarily focused on transition metal precursors, growth pathways involving engineered chalcogen-based intermediates remain underexplored due to their volatility and low melting points. Here, we demonstrate a stabilized chalcogen strategy that enables the scalable growth of highly crystalline tungsten-based (W-) TMDs through the formation of alkali–chalcogen mixtures within the VLS regime. Atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of transferred WTe₂ confirms ultraclean surfaces, attributed to the salt-like alkali–chalcogen interfacial layer that enables support-free film delamination. This work demonstrates a versatile route toward the scalable synthesis and clean manipulation of high-quality TMD.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04340-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of surfaces oxide vacancies in porous ZnCo2O4 nanoflowers for enhanced energy storage performance","authors":"Deyang Zhang,&nbsp;Binhe Feng,&nbsp;Wenbo Guo,&nbsp;Jinbing Cheng,&nbsp;Kangwen Qiu,&nbsp;Ying Guo","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04347-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04347-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A cost-effective and large-scale method for synthesizing ZnCo₂O₄ nanoflowers with surface oxygen vacancies as electrode materials for supercapacitors is presented. The existence of oxygen vacancies on the surface of the ZnCo₂O₄ nanoflowers has been confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The energy bands and density of states (DOS) of ZnCo₂O₄ are examined using density functional theory, revealing that treatment with NaBH₄ reduces the band gap of ZnCo₂O₄ while increasing the DOS near the Fermi level compared to pristine ZnCo₂O₄. Furthermore, the specific capacitance of reduced ZnCo₂O₄ is nearly double that of its unmodified counterpart. This straightforward and practical approach significantly enhances both conductivity and specific capacitance in metal oxides, making it applicable to other similar materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04347-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unleashing the ultrasonic frequency as a preparative parameter in tailoring the surface morphology and hence charge storage in Co3O4:MnO2@CoMnO3 composite flexible electrodes for supercapacitors","authors":"A. V. Thakur,&nbsp;S. G. Malpure,&nbsp;Manjunath Nookala Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04349-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04349-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we investigated the influence of ultrasonic frequency during ultrasound-assisted chemical bath deposition (UCBD) on the surface morphology and electrochemical performance of Co₃O₄:MnO₂@CoMnO₃ composite flexible electrodes for supercapacitor applications. By systematically varying the ultrasonic frequency (1.0–2.5 MHz), a significant modulation in surface architecture from dispersed nanoflakes to densely packed marigold-like structures was achieved. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and contact angle analysis confirmed improved surface ordering and wettability with increasing frequency. Electrochemical analyses demonstrated that electrodes fabricated at 2.5 MHz (F4) exhibited the highest specific capacitance (SC) of 722.27 Fg⁻¹ at 2 mVs⁻¹, attributable to enhanced electroactive surface area and reduced ion diffusion resistance. The symmetric supercapacitor device (SSD) assembled using these electrodes achieved SC of 840.35 Fg⁻¹, alongside excellent cycling stability, retaining 90.49% of its initial capacitance after 3000 cycles. These results highlight the efficacy of ultrasonic modulation in tailoring nanostructured electrode surfaces for next-generation energy storage devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04349-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoelectron microscopy: a comprehensive guide from sample preparation to high-resolution imaging","authors":"Jinsai Wu,&nbsp;Bo Su,&nbsp;Leiyan Gu,&nbsp;Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Qiuxiao Shi,&nbsp;Danrong Hu","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04346-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04346-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Immunoelectron Microscopy (IEM) is a technique that combines specific immunolabeling with high-resolution electron microscopic imaging to achieve precise spatial localization of biomolecules at the subcellular scale (&lt; 10 nm) by using high-electron-density markers such as colloidal gold and quantum dots. As a core tool for analyzing the distribution of proteins, organelle interactions, and localization of disease pathology markers, it has irreplaceable value, especially in synapse research, pathogen-host interaction mechanism, and tumor microenvironment analysis. According to the differences in labeling sequence and sample processing, the IEM technology system can be divided into two categories: the first is pre-embedding labeling, which optimizes the labeling efficiency through the pre-exposure of antigenic epitopes and is especially suitable for the detection of low-abundance and sensitive antigens; the second is post-embedding labeling, which relies on the low-temperature resin embedding (e.g., LR White, Lowicryl) or the Tokuyasu frozen ultrathin sectioning technology, which can improve the deep-end labeling while maintaining the ultrastructural integrity of the tissue. The accessibility of deep antigens is enhanced while maintaining ultrastructural integrity. The two techniques have significant complementarities: the former has high labeling efficiency but limited cellular structure preservation, while the latter has better tissue structure preservation but needs to balance the problems of resin penetration and antigenic epitope masking. This article provides a systematic analysis of the entire IEM workflow, focusing on the synergistic strategies for fixation and dehydration, experimental method selection, and specific application cases. It also introduces a quantitative analysis framework based on systematic random sampling (SUR) and deep learning algorithms (such as Gold Digger), including FIB-SEM 3D reconstruction (with isotropic resolution reaching 5 nm) and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) multimodal integration strategies for functional-structural co-localization. Through technological innovation and cross-platform integration, IEM is driving the advancement of ultrastructural pathology diagnostics and precision nanomedicine to new heights.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04346-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired synthesis and bio-activity of ruthenium nanoparticles from Tridax procumbens (Dagadi Pala) leaf extract","authors":"Ajit Devale,&nbsp;Samadhan Nikalaje,&nbsp;Neeraj R. Prasad,&nbsp;Amit Varale","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04300-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04300-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) were synthesized using <i>Tridax procumbens</i> leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis was optimized by adjusting temperature, leaf extract concentration, and reaction time. The synthesized RuNPs were characterized using UV-visible, XRD, EDAX, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM, revealing uniform size and morphology. UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed RuNP formation with an absorption peak at 288 nm. FTIR analysis identified functional groups, with a peak at 600–800 cm^-1 indicating metallic Ru. XRD patterns showed peaks corresponding to RuNPs, with an average crystal size of 12.9 nm. SEM and TEM images revealed spherical RuNPs with an average diameter of 11.30 nm. The biological properties of the RuNPs were evaluated, demonstrating significant antibacterial and antifungal properties, and notable antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was observed against Gram-positive bacteria (<i>B. cereus</i>,<i> S. aureus</i>) and Gram-negative bacteria (<i>P. aeruginosa</i>,<i> E. coli</i>) at concentrations of 50 µg/mL and above. The RuNPs showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans at 75 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml, but no activity against <i>Aspergillus niger</i>. The highest antioxidant activity was 77.13 ± 0.64% at a concentration of 100 µl. This study highlights the feasibility of utilizing <i>Tridax procumbens</i> leaf extract for the environmentally friendly synthesis of ruthenium nanoparticles, demonstrating their potential in biomedical applications and green chemistry.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div><div><p>Bio-inspired synthesis and bio-activity of ruthenium nanoparticles from <i>Tridax procumbens</i> leaf extract.</p></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04300-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV-promoted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy via heterojunction of few-layer MoS2 flakes on acceptor-rich β-Ga2O3 microstrips","authors":"Wenjing Jia,&nbsp;Yinzhou Yan,&nbsp;Yao Yao,&nbsp;Yijian Jiang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04339-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04339-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) by 2D semiconductors relies on chemical (CM) enhancement driven by charge-transfer (CT) processes in bandgap alignment between molecules and substrates. Unfortunately, the low light absorption and weak conferment in the atomic-layer material limit the enhancement factor of Raman intensity (<i>EFRI</i>). Improving the utilization efficiency of excitation light is therefore essential for promoting SERS performance of 2D semiconductors. Here we develop a heterojunction SERS substrate, composed of few-layer MoS₂ (FL-MoS₂) flakes capping onto the acceptor-rich <i>β</i>-Ga₂O₃ microstrips grown by optical vapor supersaturated precipitation (OVSP). The acceptor-rich <i>β</i>-Ga₂O₃ microstrips excited by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation boost the CT processes between FL-MoS₂ and analyte molecules, by which the <i>EFRI</i> was increased by two orders of magnitude up to 9.33 × 10⁴ with the limit of detection (<i>LoD</i>) down to 10^⁻9 M for methylene blue (MB). The in-situ experiment unveils that the SERS improvement is originated from the photoinduced carries trapped by the deep acceptor of Ga²⁻ vacancies (<span>(:{V}_{Ga}^{2-})</span>) at 2.53 eV below conduction band minimum to facilitate the CT resonance. The present work provides new insights into the role of defect states in the chemical SERS mechanism, demonstrating the improvement of 2D-material substrate performance for ultrasensitive Raman detection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04339-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of three-dimensional nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide catalyst with high activity in acidic","authors":"Min Cong Wu,&nbsp;Yue Yao,&nbsp;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04348-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04348-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we synthesized a novel three-dimensional nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (3D-NRGO) by integrating a sulfonated polystyrene (PSS) template method with nitrogen doping. The resulting 3D-NRGO was applied as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic electrolyte. Owing to the synergistic effect arising from its three-dimensional structure and nitrogen doping, the catalyst demonstrates substantially augmented catalytic current density, a more positive ORR potential, excellent methanol tolerance, and prolonged operational stability. XPS and EDS characterization coupled with complementary analyses established that graphitic-N constitutes the paramount nitrogen species governing ORR activity in acidic media.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04348-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cissus quadrangularis mediated biogenic synthesis of silver-nanohydroxyapatite-mesoporous silica nanocomposite, characterization, and cytotoxicity evaluation on dental pulp stem cells","authors":"Shobana Krishnakumar,&nbsp;V. Vidyashree Nandini,&nbsp;Kalaivani Thirunavukarasu,&nbsp;Udhayakeerthana Chinnathambi,&nbsp;K. Vijay Venkatesh","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04336-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04336-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on tripartite synthesis of Silver (AgNPs), Mesoporous Silica (MSNs), and Hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) nanoparticles with aqueous extract of <i>Cissus quadrangularis</i> (Veldt grape plant; Indian name: Pirandai) as a reducing agent. The dried and powdered form of the plant was subjected to aqueous extraction. The phytochemicals analysis was qualitatively estimated which detected the presence of alkaloid, tannin, phenol, terpenoid, steroid and saponin. The total phenol content of the extract was quantitatively estimated which resulted in Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) of 88.9 mg/g. This aqueous extract was then used in the synthesis of AgNPs, followed by synthesis of MSNs and n-HAp. These three nanoparticles were again combined together and re-synthesized in a tripartite manner to create a novel nanocomposite material. This nanocomposite was characterized by using techniques such as UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to detect the presence, size, stability and functional groups of the synthesized nanoparticles. The bioavailability of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by testing their cytotoxicity against dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), which resulted in IC₅₀ values of 49.004, 106.869, 113.711, 131.27 µg/ml for AgNP, n-HAp, MS and tripartite composite respectively. Following this, the proliferation rate of DPSC cells treated culture media diluted composites in the ratio 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 was evaluated. From the results it was found that cells co-cultured with composite dilution has shown increased proliferation rate. These findings highlight the biocompatibility and the potential of tripartite synthesized nanocomposite, when incorporated in dental restorative materials may give promising results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04336-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the performance of dental composites with nanomaterial reinforcements via stereolithographic additive manufacturing","authors":"Mitesh Patadia,&nbsp;Tripp T. Lappalainen,&nbsp;Riley Smith,&nbsp;Ana De Leon,&nbsp;Rebekah Downes","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04337-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04337-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><p>This study investigates the enhancement of mechanical and morphological properties of dental resin composites through the incorporation of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) using additive manufacturing techniques.</p><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>hBN-modified resin (1 wt%) and BNNT-modified resin (0.1 wt%) were prepared separately, with BNNTs pre-dispersed in dimethylformamide (DMF) before mixing into the resin matrix. Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing was employed to fabricate dental structures. Compression tests were conducted on neat resin, hBN-reinforced resin, and BNNT-reinforced resin, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to analyze fracture mechanisms. Finite element method (FEM) simulations further explored the interactions within the composites.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The compression strength of neat resin, hBN-reinforced resin, and BNNT-reinforced resin averaged 24.93 MPa, 25.92 MPa, and 36.31 MPa, respectively. SEM analysis revealed improved interfacial bonding, leading to enhanced load transfer and fracture resistance. FEM simulations corroborated these findings, highlighting the reinforcing effect of the nanomaterials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04337-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic design and optimization of MRI-based neurochemical sensors via reinforcement learning","authors":"Zulaikha Ali,&nbsp;Aaron Asparin,&nbsp;Yunfei Zhang,&nbsp;Hannah Mettee,&nbsp;Diya Taha,&nbsp;Yuna Ha,&nbsp;Deepika Bhanot,&nbsp;Khaldoon Sarwar,&nbsp;Hamzah Kiran,&nbsp;Shuo Wu,&nbsp;He Wei","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04338-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04338-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a cornerstone of medical imaging, celebrated for its non-invasiveness, high spatial and temporal resolution, and exceptional soft tissue contrast, with over 100 million clinical procedures performed annually worldwide. In this field, MRI-based nanosensors have garnered significant interest in biomedical research due to their tunable sensing mechanisms, high permeability, rapid kinetics, and surface functionality. Extensive studies in the field have reported the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and proteins as a proof-of-concept for sensing critical neurochemicals via MRI. However, the signal change ratio and response rate of our SPION-protein-based in vitro dopamine and in vivo calcium sensors need to be further enhanced to detect the subtle and transient fluctuations in neurochemical levels associated with neural activities, starting from in vitro diagnostics. In this paper, we present an advanced reinforcement-learning-based computational model that treats sensor design as an optimal decision-making problem by choosing sensor performance as a weighted reward objective function. The adjustments of the SPION’s and protein’s three-dimensional configuration and magnetic moment establish a set of actions that can autonomously maximize the cumulative reward in the computational environment. Our new model first elucidates the sensor’s conformation alteration behind the increment in T₂ contrast observed experimentally in MRI in the presence and absence of calcium and dopamine neurochemicals. Additionally, our enhanced machine-learning algorithm can autonomously learn the performance trends of SPION-protein-based sensors and identify their optimal structural parameters. Experimental in vitro validation with TEM and MR relaxometry confirmed the predicted optimal SPION diameters, demonstrating the highest sensing performance at 9 nm for calcium and 11 nm for dopamine detection. Beginning with in vitro diagnostics, these results demonstrate a versatile modeling platform for the development of MRI-based neurochemical sensors, providing insights into their behavior under operational conditions. This platform also enables the autonomous design of improved sensor sizes and geometries, providing a roadmap for the future optimization of MRI sensors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04338-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}