Nanoscale Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"Active time-reversal based phased array ultrasound system for accurate focusing through biological tissue layers","authors":"HaoSheng Xu,&nbsp;ShaoHui Yang,&nbsp;Qi Lai,&nbsp;XueMei Gao,&nbsp;WeiJuan Chen,&nbsp;XiaoJing He","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04331-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04331-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultrasonic phased array technology enables flexible and controllable beamforming through precise phase delay control of individual array elements in the transducer, facilitating dynamic focusing, beam steering, and beamforming. This study presents a 64-channel system achieving 1 ns delay resolution using FPGA-based phase-locked loops. Through systematic testing and calibration of the delay error in the phased array transmission driving system, the actual delay error was successfully controlled within 1 ns. Furthermore, to address the focal shift issue in multi-layer soft tissues, this research implemented active time reversal and phase compensation methods for focal shift correction. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system not only exhibits excellent driving and phase modulation capabilities but also effectively reduces tissue-induced focal shift.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04331-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Aptamer combined with fluorescent silica nanoparticles for detection of hepatoma cells","authors":"Zixi Hu,&nbsp;Juntao Tan,&nbsp;Zongqiang Lai,&nbsp;Rong Zheng,&nbsp;Jianhong Zhong,&nbsp;Yiwei Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoxue Li,&nbsp;Nuo Yang,&nbsp;Jieping Li,&nbsp;Wei Yang,&nbsp;Yong Huang,&nbsp;Yongxiang Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaoling Lu","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04306-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04306-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04306-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and their antibacterial activity","authors":"Elmineh Tsegahun,&nbsp;Muluken Aklilu","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04260-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04260-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we prepared zinc oxide nanoparticles using a quick, safe, and cost-effective method by reducing Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O solution with Neem (<i>Azadirachta indica</i>) leaf extract. Qualitative phytochemical screening and FT-IR spectroscopy measurements were employed to validate the presence of active biomolecules such as Flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, terpenes and tannic compounds. FT-IR, UV–Vis, and XRD spectroscopic techniques were utilized to fully analyze the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The spectrum of UV–Visible spectroscopy indicated UV–Vis spectrum of 321 nm. FTIR spectra showed the absorption peak for the stretching vibration of Zn–O at 544 cm⁻¹. The results obtained supported the formation of ZnO NPs employing <i>A. indica</i> leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. X-ray diffraction spectrum analysis was also used to investigate the crystal structure. The particle size of ZnO NPs was calculated using the Scherrer’s equation and the result was found to be 19.16 nm. Furthermore, the antibacterial potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles against two clinical strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) bacteria was examined by paper disc diffusion method. The result showed a significant inhibition zone of 18 mm against <i>E. coli</i> and an inhibition zone of 15 mm against <i>S. aureus</i>.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04260-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Ag nanocone–Al2O3/Si nanopillar periodic array for broadband anti-reflection","authors":"Xiangyao Luo,&nbsp;Wen Sun,&nbsp;Zichen Xiong,&nbsp;Yue Chang,&nbsp;Wenyi Ren,&nbsp;Xinyu An,&nbsp;He Wang,&nbsp;Hongchang An","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04329-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04329-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a periodic array of Ag nanocones and Al₂O₃/Si nanopillars (AgNCs<b>–</b>Al₂O₃/SiNPs) deposited on a semiconductor substrate is designed, and their anti-reflection property is investigated systematically using the finite difference time domain method (FDTD). The obtained results show that the designed structure achieves a weighted reflectance as low as 1.99% over a broad spectral range of 400–1100 nm. The anti-reflection mechanism of the AgNC<b>–</b>Al₂O₃/SiNP array is elucidated through calculations of the scattering cross-section and electric field distribution of the AgNC array. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects of AgNC array, together with the multiple scattering and reflection effects of the SiNP array, can reduce the reflectance to some extent. Furthermore, the introduction of Al₂O₃ spacer layer leads to an additional decrease in reflectivity. In addition, the reflective properties of three alternative metal nanocones (Al, Cu, and Au), combined with the Al₂O₃/SiNP array on a Si substrate, are evaluated. Among these composite structures, the CuNC–Al₂O₃/SiNP array exhibits the lowest reflectivity of 1.66%. This study enriches the localized surface plasmon model and provides a theoretical foundation for the design of plasmonic solar cells and other optoelectronic devices requiring low reflectivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04329-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating size and surface modification to optimise the delivery of nanodiamonds to brain glial cells","authors":"Manami Takahashi,&nbsp;Ayaka Takada,&nbsp;Chihiro Suzuki,&nbsp;Kiichi Kaminaga,&nbsp;Masaki Yoshioka,&nbsp;Mariko Handa,&nbsp;Jeff Kershaw,&nbsp;Hiroshi Abe,&nbsp;Takeshi Ohshima,&nbsp;Ryuji Igarashi,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Takuwa","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04335-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04335-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanodiamonds (NDs) with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects have garnered attention as promising nano-quantum sensors due to their high photostability, low biotoxicity, and ability to measure intracellular parameters such as temperature, magnetic fields, and electric fields. While NDs have been extensively studied in in vitro systems, their application in vivo remains underdeveloped. Efficient delivery of NDs to specific cells within biological tissues remains a critical challenge for advancing their applications in the life sciences. In this study, we investigated the intracellular uptake of NDs by glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) in the brain. Twelve types of NDs, differing in size (50 nm, 150 nm, 250 nm, and 350 nm) and surface modification (COOH, HPG and HPG-COOH), were locally injected into the brain parenchyma of mice. The intracellular uptake of NDs was assessed using immunostaining and confocal microscopy. Microglia preferentially internalized HPG-modified NDs. HPG-modified NDs also exhibited high diffusivity, facilitating interactions with surrounding microglia and enhancing uptake efficiency. In contrast, COOH-modified NDs were more efficiently internalized by astrocytes than HPG-modified NDs. This suggests that COOH-modified NDs tend to remain at the local injection site, where inflammation induced by tissue damage may have enhanced the phagocytic activity of astrocytes. These findings demonstrate that the uptake characteristics of NDs differ by cell type. HPG-modified NDs, are optimal for microglia, while COOH-modified NDs, are more suitable for astrocytes. It is anticipated that the results of this study will act as an important guide for the use of NDs as nano-quantum sensors in living brain tissues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04335-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of nanomaterials in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: current progress and perspectives","authors":"Guo Cheng,&nbsp;Wentao Li,&nbsp;Xin Zhu,&nbsp;Chenping Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04328-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04328-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common malignant tumor that affects the head and neck area. HNSCC typically has complex clinical symptoms and is detected at a late stage. Therefore, it is quite difficult to give patients the best possible care and treatment. Faced with these challenges, nanomaterials are receiving increasing attention in the biomedical field due to their unique structural and physicochemical properties. The application of nanomaterial therapeutics has produced innovative HNSCC treatment options that go beyond the constraints of conventional surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In this review, we first reviewed the pathological mechanisms of HNSCC. Subsequently, a detailed introduction to nanomaterials was given, including their classification and definition. Then, the use of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and therapy of HNSCC was discussed, and incorporating the perspective of organoids and clinical trials to increase the feasibility of nanomaterial applications. In addition, we also reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterials, proposed the idea of nanomaterial design, looking at how these properties may be used to improve our understanding and treatment of HNSCC. The present approaches for detecting and treating HNSCC can be improved by integrating the special qualities of nanomaterials with the available therapeutic modalities. This will eventually enhance patient outcomes in the battle against this highly invasive malignant tumor.</p>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04328-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing neuroimaging: novel manganese- and iron-based MRI contrast agents for cerebral ischemic diseases","authors":"Xiaojuan Deng,&nbsp;Shaojun Liu,&nbsp;Zhiyong Li,&nbsp;Xinyu Guan,&nbsp;Min Jia,&nbsp;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04325-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04325-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cerebral ischemic diseases remain a significant clinical challenge, necessitating advancements in imaging technologies to improve diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. This review highlights the limitations of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), particularly their nephrotoxicity and limited specificity, and explores the emerging role of manganese- and iron-based MRI contrast agents as promising alternatives. Manganese-based agents demonstrate exceptional sensitivity to neuronal activity and metabolic changes, making them highly effective for assessing functional and cellular dynamics. Meanwhile, iron-based agents leverage their superparamagnetic properties to enhance ischemic lesion detection, particularly in T₂-weighted imaging. However, the clinical translation of these novel agents faces significant challenges, including biosafety concerns, suboptimal targeting efficiency, and the need for multimodal integration to improve diagnostic precision. Future research should focus on the development of low-toxicity, biodegradable contrast agents with enhanced targeting capabilities, the application of artificial intelligence for probe optimization, and the creation of theranostic nanoprobes that combine imaging with targeted therapy. Additionally, rigorous clinical validation and the establishment of standardized protocols will be critical for integrating these agents into routine practice. These advancements hold the potential to revolutionize ischemic stroke diagnosis and enable precision neuroimaging, driving the broader adoption of novel MRI contrast agents in clinical workflows.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04325-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging trends in synthesis, characterization, and mechanism of action of antibody-drug and antibody-nanoparticle conjugates","authors":"Tanu Dixit,&nbsp;Annamraju Aswini,&nbsp;Harshal Nikam,&nbsp;Anuradha Vaidya,&nbsp;Selvan Ravindran","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04303-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04303-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) are targeted therapies achieved by combining monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with cytotoxic payloads or nanocarriers. ADCs consist of mAbs conjugated to the cytotoxic payloads via a linker, thus enabling tumor-specific delivery and reducing systemic toxicity. ACNPs add to this targeted therapeutic window by using nanoparticles. This conjugation promotes controlled drug release, higher drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR), and reduced off-target effects. ADCs exhibit precision in cell killing but face limitations such as antigen heterogeneity and Fc-mediated sequestration, whereas ACNPs enhance payload capacity and tumor penetration through their tunable physicochemical properties. ACNPs also facilitate multivalent binding by functionalizing multiple antibody molecules on their surface, improving target cell recognition and binding strength. Recent advancements include 14 FDA-approved ADCs and ACNPs in Phase I/II trials. A critical analysis of synthesis methods reveals that site-specific conjugation techniques enhance batch consistency, while characterization technologies, such as SEC-HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and SPR, address challenges related to DAR quantification and aggregation. Linker chemistry innovations, such as PEGylated maleimides balancing hydrophilicity and stability, are highlighted alongside emerging payloads. Despite progress, both platforms face translational hurdles: ADCs contend with manufacturing complexity and resistance mechanisms, while ACNPs require standardized in vitro models to predict in vivo behavior. This review emphasizes the significance of comparative efficacy studies and strategies for optimizing antibody density and orientation on nanoparticles. Together, these insights connect the gaps between synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic outcomes, steering the future development of targeted bioconjugates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04303-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial activity of promising nanostructured cesium oxide","authors":"Wedam Alghazzawi","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04327-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04327-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As bacterial strains become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, many researchers are seeking novel, effective, and inexpensive antibiotics. Some nanomaterials have been suggested as potential candidates for use as novel antibacterial agents. In this study, cesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and preliminarily investigated for their ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Although there are few studies on the applications of cesium oxide, it is possible that this oxide could have a substantial impact on biological activities. Cesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via fast calcination at 500 °C for 3 h. The composition and morphology of the prepared samples were characterized via X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope analysis, which verified the synthesis of cesium oxide nanoparticles. Agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays were used to study the antibacterial activity of cesium oxide nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The experimental results provide preliminary support for developing cesium oxide nanostructures as antibacterial agents against a wide range of infections and diseases caused by bacteria.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04327-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-operando characterizations of oligothiophene OFETs: controlling the structure-property relationships at the nanoscale","authors":"Souren Grigorian,&nbsp;Anton Davydok,&nbsp;Linda Grodd,&nbsp;Yuriy Luponosov,&nbsp;Sergey Ponomarenko,&nbsp;Ilaria Fratoddi","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04332-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04332-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Grazing Incident Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (GIWAXS) studies on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated with an aliphatic functionalized α,α'-quinquethiophene (i.e. 5,5′′′′-dihexyl-2,2′:5′,2′′:5′′,2′′′:5′′′,2′′′′-quinquethiophene, DH5T) thin film, were carried out. The structure-property relationships of the semiconductor material were investigated. A detailed, spatially resolved microstructural characterization of the active layer was carried out with the aim of understanding the role of the film’s microstructure on electrical performance. For this purpose, a custom-made setup designed for <i>in-operando</i> tests of OFETs was used, allowing a correlation under measured conditions of the complex microstructure with the thin film electrical behavior, under operating conditions. The GIWAXS measurements revealed a significant anisotropy of the DH5T thin films, under source-drain applied voltages (V_sd). Particularly notable variations were observed for both in-plane and out-of-plane directions. Upon applying the V_sd, the microstructure remained relatively stable in the out-of-plane (001) direction, suggesting that this orientation is less affected by the applied voltages. However, in the in-plane (020) direction, an increase of the π–π stacking of the DH5T molecules was found, indicating a stronger response of the microstructure to the applied voltage. Notably, a higher tensile strain, exceeding 1%, was observed at a V_sd of − 10 V, suggesting that the application of voltage induces significant structural reorganization in the thin film, which may have implications for optimizing the performance of OFETs in practical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04332-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}