Nanoscale Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"Smart nanomaterials enabling drug delivery and glucose monitoring for diabetes management","authors":"Meenaloshini Gopalakrishnan,&nbsp;Janani Gopalakrishnan,&nbsp;Nandhini Jayaprakash","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04589-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04589-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diabetes mellitus represents one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, posing serious challenges to global health and healthcare sustainability. Conventional therapeutic strategies often face limitations such as poor bioavailability, frequent dosing, and lack of real-time glucose regulation. The emergence of smart nanotechnology offers transformative possibilities for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of diabetes within the broader framework of smart health and precision medicine. This review highlights recent advances in the design and application of nanomaterials for diabetes management, focusing on two key areas: drug delivery and glucose monitoring. Smart nanocarriers comprising polymeric, lipid-based, and metallic nanoparticles enable controlled and stimuli-responsive insulin release, improved pharmacokinetic profiles, and enhanced patient compliance. Concurrently, nano-enabled biosensors and wearable devices have revolutionized continuous glucose monitoring through superior sensitivity, selectivity, and integration with digital health platforms. The convergence of nanotechnology with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), and real-world health data further accelerates personalized diabetes care by enabling predictive monitoring and adaptive insulin therapy. Despite remarkable progress, challenges remain regarding clinical translation, long-term biosafety, and regulatory standardization. This review discusses these aspects comprehensively and provides future perspectives on integrating smart nanotechnology into sustainable, patient-centered diabetes management systems.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04589-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palladium immobilized on CdFe2O4 as highly efficient, reusable, and organic–inorganic hybrid catalyst for the synthesis of pyridine derivatives","authors":"Mohammad abushuhel,&nbsp;Magdi E. A. Zaki,&nbsp;M. M. Rekha,&nbsp;Noor Mazin Basheer,&nbsp;Subhashree Ray,&nbsp;Amrita Pal,&nbsp;Renu Sharma,&nbsp;Sobhi M. Gomha,&nbsp;Abhayveer Singh","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04564-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04564-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research investigates the synthesis and characterization of a unique Cy@TC-Pd complex immobilized on CdFe₂O₄ nanoparticles. A palladium-based catalyst, supported on magnetite nanoparticles, was successfully developed with an emphasis on environmental sustainability. The catalyst was characterized using various techniques, including FT-IR, XPS, SEM, XRD, VSM, ICP, EDS, and TGA analyses. Its catalytic efficiency was tested in the synthesis of 2-amino-4-aryl-6-(phenylsulfanyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives as a heterogeneous catalyst. The method offers several notable advantages, such as reduced reaction times, high yields, environmental compatibility, straightforward work-up procedures, and the ability to magnetically recover and recycle the catalyst. Remarkably, this novel catalyst was easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused over five consecutive cycles without a noticeable drop in performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04564-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution of differently functionalized Carbon nanotube in Zebrafish, Danio rerio","authors":"Kriti Kumari,&nbsp;Mujahidkhan A. Pathan,&nbsp;Sneha Surendran,&nbsp;Tincy Varghese,&nbsp;Nalini Poojary,&nbsp;Angom Lenin Singh,&nbsp;M. Kranthirekha,&nbsp;A. F. M. Fahad Halim,&nbsp;Gérrard Eddy Jai Poinern,&nbsp;Derek Fawcett,&nbsp;Rupam Sharma","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04588-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04588-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising nanomaterials with applications in biomedicine, including drug delivery and biosensing, due to their stability, biocompatibility, and ease of surface modification. However, toxicity concerns from their manufacturing limit their use. Functionalizing CNTs can reduce toxicity and enhance transport in physiological systems, while their optimal dosing is influenced by biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized via Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and functionalized with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Fe₃O₄. MWCNTs were characterized using various techniques, and their 96 h lethal concentration was assessed through the Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Test (ZFET). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₀ values for Fe₃O₄-MWCNTs were 685.51 mg/L and 198.3 mg/L, while for BSA-MWCNTs, they were 401.25 mg/L and 150.45 mg/L, respectively. Genotoxicity analysis showed no DNA damage, and histological examinations of liver, gills, intestine, and brain revealed no major alterations. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of BSA-MWCNTs (T1) and Fe₃O₄-MWCNTs (T2) were examined following oral administration in <i>D. rerio</i>. Results indicated longer T^1/2 in blood and gut tissues from the T1 group, and faster clearance in blood compared to gut. By day 28, MWCNTs showed higher accumulation in the liver, followed by the gut and brain. This study delineates the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and confirms the optimal dose of MWCNTs, and promotes its application in the field of biomedical research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04588-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian regularization optimization technique for hybrid nanofluid with Cattaneo Christov flux model using wax and sand nanoparticles","authors":"Saba Liaqat,&nbsp;Asma A. Alhashmi,&nbsp;Ines Hilali Jaghdam,&nbsp;Tareq M. Alkhaldi,&nbsp;Munawar Abbas,&nbsp;Abdulbasit A. Darem","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04531-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04531-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current study employs Bayesian-regularization optimizer technique with artificial neural networks (BROT-ANNs) to investigate the significance of local thermal non-equilibrium influences on wax + sand-based hybrid nanofluid flow across a disk with the Cattaneo–Christov flux model. Crystal growth, electron beam metal melting, convection or Bernard cells, welding, soap film stability, and other applications rely heavily on the Marangoni effect. This model enhances heat transfer prediction in enhanced oil recovery, drilling muds, and geothermal operations, where wax deposition and sand interaction have a significant impact on flow behaviour. It is also useful for designing thermal energy storage units, cooling technologies, and industrial heat exchangers that use hybrid nanofluid to create more stable, efficient, and controllable heat transmission. The use of Bayesian optimization ensures higher precision in parameter estimates, making the model applicable to real-world scenarios involving complex, non-Fourier heat transport. The proposed BROT-ANNs model outperforms other techniques and reference models with extraordinary accuracy levels ranging from <span>({10}^{-9})</span> to <span>({10}^{-12})</span>.</p>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04531-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of thermophysical properties of Al2O3 TiO2 CuO Fe3O4 water ethylene glycol quadri hybrid nanofluid","authors":"Nasim Nayebpashaee","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04602-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04602-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Multi-component nanofluids have attracted increasing attention for advanced heat transfer and energy systems; however, experimental data on oxide-based quadri-hybrid nanofluids, particularly regarding their coupled rheological and interfacial behavior, remain scarce. In this study, the thermophysical properties of a novel Al₂O₃–TiO₂–CuO–Fe₃O₄/water–EG quadri-hybrid nanofluid were experimentally investigated. The suspension was stabilized using oleic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfonate, and the nanoparticles were characterized by SEM and XRD analyses. Dynamic viscosity, electrical conductivity, and surface tension were measured in the temperature range of 298–340 K at nanoparticle volume fractions of 0.1–1%. The electrical conductivity increased monotonically with concentration, reaching a maximum enhancement of approximately 170% at 1% loading. Surface tension exhibited a non-monotonic U-shaped trend, with a maximum reduction of 29% at 0.1% concentration. Rheological analysis revealed two distinct regimes: a low-shear Newtonian plateau and a high-shear shear-thickening behavior, where viscosity increased by nearly one order of magnitude under combined high-temperature and high-shear conditions. To model this nonlinear behavior, a high-accuracy RBF-based correlation was developed, reproducing the experimental viscosity data with a deviation below 3%. The results highlight the strong coupling between temperature, shear rate, and nanoparticle concentration, providing new insights into the design of quadri-hybrid nanofluids with tailored flow and interfacial properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04602-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced thermal efficiency of hybrid nanofluid with heat generation and thermal radiation effects","authors":"Iskander Tlili","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04583-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04583-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The engine oil plays an important role in improving thermal efficiency in automobile engines by dissipating excess heat from the moving components. Recent advancements in thermal engineering have brought the concept of hybrid nanofluid as an effective approach to enhance thermal of conventional lubricants. In current investigation, a mathematical model has been developed to investigate thermal performance of couple stress-based hybrid nanofluid containing the copper oxide <span>(left( {CuO} right))</span>, titanium oxide <span>(left( {TiO_{2} } right))</span> nanoparticles with engine oil <span>(left( {SAE10W - 30} right))</span> base fluid. Unlike previous investigations that primarily discuss the hybrid nanofluid by neglecting the combine impact of nonlinear radiated effects and internal heat generation, this investigation simultaneously accounts these features to provide a comprehensive thermal model. The source of flow is linearly moving elastic surface. The solution methodology is based on famous numerical shooting scheme. Comparative thermal results are prepared for mono nanofluid <span>(left( {TiO_{2} /SAE10W - 30} right))</span> and hybrid nanofluid <span>(left( {CuO - TiO_{2} /SAE10W - 30} right).)</span> The results show that the suspension of hybrid nanofluid significantly enhances the heat transfer features as compared to mono nanofluid. The developed model is effective for optimizing thermal management in automobile lubrication systems and control of industrial cooling systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic nanovesicles and nanotechnology for oral and maxillofacial diseases","authors":"Jiayu Sun,&nbsp;Shaolun Tang,&nbsp;Jiale Yan,&nbsp;Jingwei Wang,&nbsp;Rushui Bai,&nbsp;Xing Wang,&nbsp;Bing Han,&nbsp;Tingting Yu","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04585-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04585-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oral and maxillofacial diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and tissue defects, demonstrate limited therapeutic effect due to the oral cavity’s complex microecological environment, intractable chronic inflammation, and the challenge of regenerating dental and periodontal tissues. Biomimetic nanovesicles (BNVs), including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and artificial nanovesicles (ANVs), play a beneficial therapeutic role in these diseases. BNVs are capable of delivering a variety of therapeutic agents, including RNAs, proteins, drugs, and nanoparticles, with their efficiency, specificity, and safety enhanced by nanotechnological modification and engineering. This review provides a comprehensive overview of BNV classification and characterization, summarizes their functional advantages in disease treatment, and highlights their applications in oral and maxillofacial disorders, particularly in microbiome modulation, immunoinflammatory regulation, and tissue regeneration. The opportunities and challenges of translating BNVs into clinical practice are also assessed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SrFe12O19 supported Pd complex as a sustainable nanocatalyst for reduction of nitroarenes derivatives","authors":"Mohammad abushuhel,&nbsp;Magdi E. A. Zaki,&nbsp;M. M. Rekha,&nbsp;Noor Mazin Basheer,&nbsp;Subhashree Ray,&nbsp;Amrita Pal,&nbsp;Renu Sharma,&nbsp;Sobhi M. Gomha,&nbsp;Abhayveer Singh","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04557-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04557-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A magnetic nanocatalyst was created by attaching a 2-aminobenzenethiol-Pd complex to functionalized SrFe₁₂O₁₉, resulting in a versatile catalyst with high conversion efficiency, reduced reaction time, mild conditions, recyclability, and enhanced stability. Structural analysis was conducted using techniques like XPS, ICP, EDS, XRD, TEM, SEM, TGA, VSM, and FT-IR. The SrFe₁₂O₁₉@SiO₂@TFA@AB-Pd catalyst effectively reduced nitroarene derivatives in a green medium, showcasing excellent recyclability with minimal efficiency loss over five cycles. A hot filtration test further confirmed its stability, highlighting its potential for sustainable industrial catalytic applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147790809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development trends and translational opportunities in self-assembled herbal bioactive materials research","authors":"Siyang Cao,&nbsp;Deren Lan,&nbsp;Yihao Wei,&nbsp;Hui Zeng,&nbsp;Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04584-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04584-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Self-assembled herbal bioactive materials (SAHBMs) represent a rapidly advancing frontier integrating phytochemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and biomedical engineering. By leveraging the intrinsic pharmacological activity and self-organization of herbal compounds, SAHBMs offer improved solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. Despite growing interest, existing studies remain largely narrative and subjective.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study employs bibliometric mapping to provide a systematic, data-driven overview of the field. Publications related to SAHBMs (2000 to June 2025) were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection, yielding 1085 records. Analyses were conducted using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Pajek, SCImago Graphica, and R-based visualizations to assess publication dynamics, institutional and national contributions, collaboration and citation networks, journal dissemination, keyword evolution, and disease associations.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Annual publications increased markedly over time, with China contributing 57.1% of outputs, while France and Germany achieved higher citation impact. Collaboration networks highlighted active China–United States partnerships. Core institutions included the Chinese Academy of Sciences and China Agricultural University, while prolific authors such as Wang Penglong and Huang Xuemei shaped research trajectories. Thematic clustering revealed dual disciplinary cores in nanoscience/materials and pharmacology/medicine. Co-cited works emphasized antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and oncological applications. Keyword bursts such as “wound healing”, “drug delivery system”, and “regenerative medicine” highlighted evolving thematic emphases and application-oriented research attention.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This first bibliometric analysis of SAHBMs delineates global trajectories, intellectual anchors, and emerging frontiers. Challenges remain in stability, biokinetics, and the generation of evidence needed for further preclinical development. Future progress will depend on artificial intelligence-assisted molecular design, advanced preclinical modeling, and strengthened global collaboration. Bibliometric trends suggest that SAHBMs is evolving as a nanomaterials-oriented research field, with increasing attention to self-assembled nanostructures, self-assembly mechanisms, and functional biomedical applications such as carrier-free drug delivery and regenerative medicine.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04584-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A deep dive into ferritin nanoparticle advancements: experimental and computational perspectives","authors":"Elahe Rezaei,&nbsp;Maryam Azimzadeh Irani","doi":"10.1186/s11671-026-04577-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-026-04577-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ferritin, a natural iron-storage protein, has emerged as a versatile platform in nanotechnology and biomedicine due to its biocompatible 12 nm nanocage, intrinsic targeting via the transferrin receptor 1, and adaptability for diverse applications. This review integrates recent experimental and computational advances in ferritin-based nanoparticles, Ferritin is used for drug delivery, vaccine delivery, gene therapy, imaging and diagnostics, antioxidant therapy, and anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective therapies. Experimentally, ferritin nanocages achieve high-capacity loading (up to 400 molecules per cage) of therapeutics such as doxorubicin, siRNA, and CRISPR-Cas9 through pH-responsive disassembly, passive diffusion, and engineered self-assembly. Its natural TfR1 affinity enables precise tumor targeting and blood–brain barrier penetration, improving outcomes in cancers, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. Computationally, molecular dynamics simulations predict stable antigen-ferritin interfaces. Density functional theory elucidates metal-oxide interactions in catalytic nanozymes. Machine learning classifiers leverage ferritin biomarkers for iron deficiency anemia detection, and bioinformatics tools like weighted gene co-expression network analysis and protein–protein interaction networks reveal ferritinophagy mechanisms in neurodegeneration and cancer. Docking-guided designs enhance vaccine epitope exposure and PROTAC degradation efficiency, fostering precision diagnostics and sustainable nanocarrier optimization. Despite promising preclinical results, challenges in scalability, long-term immunogenicity, and regulatory validation persist. This review highlights ferritin’s revolutionary potential in nanomedicine, proposing future directions for AI-assisted design, personalized therapies, and sustainable nanotechnology to overcome barriers for clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04577-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}