Nanoscale Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"Antioxidants in cancer therapy mitigating lipid peroxidation without compromising treatment through nanotechnology","authors":"Daniel Ejim Uti,&nbsp;Item Justin Atangwho,&nbsp;Esther Ugo Alum,&nbsp;Emmanuella Ntaobeten,&nbsp;Uket Nta Obeten,&nbsp;Inalegwu Bawa,&nbsp;Samuel A. Agada,&nbsp;Catherine Ironya-Ogar Ukam,&nbsp;Godwin Eneji Egbung","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04248-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04248-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Cancer treatments often exploit oxidative stress to selectively kill tumour cells by disrupting their lipid peroxidation membranes and inhibiting antioxidant enzymes. However, lipid peroxidation plays a dual role in cancer progression, acting as both a tumour promoter and a suppressor. Balancing oxidative stress through antioxidant therapy remains a challenge, as excessive antioxidant activity may compromise the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.</p><h3>Aim</h3><p>This review explores the role of antioxidants in mitigating lipid peroxidation in cancer therapy while maintaining treatment efficacy. It highlights recent advancements in nanotechnology-based targeted antioxidant delivery to optimize therapeutic outcomes.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A comprehensive literature review was conducted using reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The search focused on publications from the past five years (2020–2025), supplemented by relevant studies from earlier years. Keywords such as “antioxidants,” “lipid peroxidation,” “nanotechnology in cancer therapy,” and “oxidative stress” were utilized. Relevant articles were critically analysed, and graphical illustrations were created.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Emerging evidence suggests that nanoparticles, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, and others, can effectively encapsulate and control the release of antioxidants in tumour cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Stimuli-responsive carriers with tumour-specific targeting mechanisms further enhance antioxidant delivery. Studies indicate that these strategies help preserve normal cells, mitigate oxidative stress-related damage, and improve treatment efficacy. However, challenges such as bioavailability, stability, and potential interactions with standard therapies remain.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Integrating nanotechnology with antioxidant-based interventions presents a promising approach for optimizing cancer therapy. Future research should focus on refining lipid peroxidation modulation strategies, assessing oxidative stress profiles during treatment, and employing biomarkers to determine optimal antioxidant dosing. A balanced approach to antioxidant use may enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04248-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doxorubicin delivery of green-synthesized gold nanoparticles to MDA-MB-231 cells and collagen type II identification from yellow nose skate cartilage","authors":"Eun-Young Ahn,&nbsp;Youmie Park","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04246-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04246-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Upcycling and green synthesis strategies have been applied for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using yellow nose skate (<i>Dipturus chilensis</i>) cartilage extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent (skAu). Doxorubin (DOX) was loaded onto the skAu, and the average size of the DOX-loaded AuNPs (c-skAuD) was measured to be 14.6 ± 0.5 nm by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Reaction parameters such as reaction time and DOX concentration were optimized for preparing c-skAuD. DOX was successfully loaded, as confirmed by the FT-IR results. In addition, FT-IR characterization revealed that chondroitin sulfate and collagen in the extract were involved in the synthesis of skAu. Although c-skAuD is cytotoxic to four different types of cancer cells (AGS, HeLa, A549 and MDA-MB-231), their cytotoxic effects were greatest on MDA-MB-231 cells. Analyzing cytotoxicity onto MDA-MB-231 cells revealed that c-skAuD had the greatest cytotoxicity, followed by a positive control (c-citAuD) and DOX. Furthermore, this cytotoxicity was dependent on the incubation time and DOX concentration. Cellular uptake of Au by inductively coupled plasma‒mass spectrometry demonstrated that compared with AGS cells (15.1%), MDA-MB-231 cells showed approximately two-fold greater Au uptake (29.9%) of c-skAuD. However, the Au uptake of the positive control (c-citAuD) did not significantly differ between the MDA-MB-231 and AGS cells. Moreover, collagen type II was identified in the extract by peptide analysis using LC‒ESI‒MS/MS. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report collagen type II in <i>D. chilensis</i> cartilage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04246-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen sensors based on polyaniline and its hybrid materials: a mini review","authors":"Perizat Askar,&nbsp;Dana Kanzhigitova,&nbsp;Aslan Tapkharov,&nbsp;Kamshat Umbetova,&nbsp;Sagydat Duisenbekov,&nbsp;Salimgerey Adilov,&nbsp;Nurxat Nuraje","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04231-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04231-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This mini-review examines the potential of polyaniline (PANI) composites in hydrogen sensing applications, emphasizing the mechanisms underlying PANI-hydrogen interactions. It highlights the properties and synthesis methods of different nanostructured pure PANI, PANI-carbon-based composites, and PANI-metal oxide-based composites, emphasizing approaches and PANI’s hydrogen sensing performance. The review explores the electrical and morphological properties of PANI and different hybrid materials’ nanocomposites, focusing on their enhanced sensitivity in hydrogen detection. Additionally, it addresses challenges such as poor solubility and low thermal stability, while outlining future research directions to advance this critical field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04231-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient photocatalytic methylene blue dye degradation from green-synthesized silver-doped iron oxide (Ag@Fe2O3) nanostructures","authors":"Vikram Jadhav,&nbsp;Yash Dhanwate,&nbsp;Pradnya Raut,&nbsp;Shilpa Shinde,&nbsp;Rajashri Sawant,&nbsp;Arun Bhagare","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04242-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04242-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an environmentally friendly method for synthesizing Ag@Fe₂O₃ nanostructures through a hydrothermal technique that utilizes <i>Saussurea obvallata</i> leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent. The material was characterized using UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX, and TEM-SAED-line profile analysis. The UV–Vis shows a maximum absorbance peak at 380 nm, showing a band gap of 3.26 eV. FTIR analysis revealed several functional groups (vibrational modes), including 944 and 514 cm⁻¹ (Fe–O) and 445 cm⁻¹ (Ag–O). XRD spectra analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and, using the Scherrer equation, showed an average crystallite size of 49.57 nm. EDX confirmed the presence of only Ag, Fe, and O elements. SEM and TEM-SAED analyses revealed an <i>echinus</i>-like morphology with an interplanar spacing of 126 pm of the nanostructures. The photocatalytic activity of Ag@Fe₂O₃ was investigated through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in the presence of UV–visible light irradiation. It was observed that 97.10% MB dye degradation occurred within 60 min, with the rate constant and half-life being 0.03025 min⁻¹ and 22.90 min, respectively. It was deduced that the synergistic interaction of Ag with Fe₂O₃ promoted the separation of charge, significantly diminishing electron–hole recombination. This research presents plant extract as a readily available, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly way to produce highly efficient photocatalysts for degrading wastewater dye compounds.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04242-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of dispersion angle in resonant cavity micro-light-emitting diode using multilayer DBR and microlens structures","authors":"Tzu-Yi Lee,&nbsp;Chien-Chi Huang,&nbsp;Fu-He Hsiao,&nbsp;Chin-Wei Sher,&nbsp;Gong-Ru Lin,&nbsp;Li-Yin Chen,&nbsp;Fang-Chung Chen,&nbsp;Chia-Feng Lin,&nbsp;Jr-Hau He,&nbsp;Kuo-Bin Hong,&nbsp;Yu-Heng Hong,&nbsp;Hao-Chung Kuo","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04219-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04219-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the fabrication and the corresponding performance characteristics of resonant cavity micro-light-emitting diodes (RC-μ-LEDs) are examined, with particular emphasis placed on reducing the light emission angle to enhance their application efficiency. A stepped quantum well structure and a multilayer aperture distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) are used to reduce the light emission angle, and two different approaches are investigated: one is by adding a multilayer DBR structure, and the other is by incorporating a microlens (ML) structure. The experimental results show that both adjusting the DBR cycles and adding microlenses can effectively reduce the dispersion angle of light emission, and thus improving the directionality of light, wavelength stability, and the overall device performance. Such highly directional light sources offer great solutions for optical communications, micro-LEDs, and augmented reality (AR) applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04219-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal and metal oxide nanoparticle-assisted molecular assays for the detection of Salmonella","authors":"Linlin Zhuang,&nbsp;Jiansen Gong,&nbsp;Di Zhang,&nbsp;Ping Zhang,&nbsp;Ying Zhao,&nbsp;Jianbo Yang,&nbsp;Li Sun,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Qiuping Shen","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04237-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04237-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse applications and innovations of nanoparticles in the detection of <i>Salmonella</i>. It encompasses a comprehensive range of novel methods, including efficient enrichment, nucleic acid extraction, immunoassays, nucleic acid tests, biosensors, and emerging strategies with the potential for future applications. The surface modification of specific antibodies or ligands enables nanoparticles to achieve highly selective capture of <i>Salmonella</i>, while optimizing the nucleic acid extraction process and improving detection efficiency. The employment of nanoparticles in immunological and nucleic acid tests markedly enhances the specificity and sensitivity of the reaction, thereby optimizing the determination of detection results. Moreover, the distinctive physicochemical properties of nanoparticles enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of biosensors, thereby facilitating the rapid advancement of bio-detection technologies. It is particularly noteworthy that there has been significant advancement in the application and innovative research of nanozymes in molecular assays. This progress has not only resulted in enhanced detection efficiency but has also facilitated innovation and improvement in detection technologies. As nanotechnologies continue to advance, the use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in <i>Salmonella</i> detection is likely to become a more promising and reliable strategy for ensuring food safety and public health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04237-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a gate-all-around arch-shaped tunnel-field-effect-transistor-based capacitorless DRAM","authors":"Seung Ji Bae,&nbsp;Sang Ho Lee,&nbsp;Jin Park,&nbsp;Min Seok Kim,&nbsp;Jeong Woo Hong,&nbsp;Won Suk Koh,&nbsp;Gang San Yun,&nbsp;Jaewon Jang,&nbsp;Jin-Hyuk Bae,&nbsp;In Man Kang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04233-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04233-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we designed and analyzed a single-transistor dynamic random-access memory (1 T-DRAM) based on an arch-shaped gate-all-around tunnel field-effect transistor (GAA ARCH-TFET), featuring an Si/SiGe heterostructure, for high-density memory applications. Unlike conventional 1 T-DRAM, which relies on the electric-field-driven movement of charge carriers through a channel for the read operation, the GAA ARCH-TFET 1 T-DRAM utilizes band-to-band tunneling. The GAA structure improves scalability, making it suitable for high-density memory applications. This capacitorless GAA ARCH-TFET 1 T-DRAM cell demonstrates both superior performance and low energy consumption. The arch-shaped design expands the tunneling area, while the Si/SiGe heterostructure forms a quantum well that further enhances memory performance. The effects of key parameters, including source height, channel height, and germanium composition, on device behavior are examined. Simulation results reveal that the GAA ARCH-TFET 1 T-DRAM achieves a high current ratio of read “1” to read “0” (10⁸) and a retention time exceeding 1 s at 358 K. These characteristics suggest that the proposed device holds potential as a DRAM replacement in various applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04233-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicine approaches to enhance the effectiveness of meropenem: a strategy to tackle antimicrobial resistance","authors":"Yohannes Mengesha","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04244-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04244-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Meropenem, a carbapenem typically reserved for treating severe infections, has encountered resistance from certain bacteria, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia</i>). Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising strategy to combat drug-resistant bacteria. By targeting specific biosynthetic and enzymatic pathways and penetrating bacterial membranes, NPs can function as antibiotic delivery systems (nanocarriers) or exhibit intrinsic antibacterial properties. When combined with various types of nanoparticles–such as lipid- and polymer-based NPs, metallic NPs, silica NPs, nanoemulsions, niosomes, carbon NPs, and nanocomposites–meropenem has shown enhanced effectiveness in overcoming resistance to MDR bacteria and reducing adverse effects. However, several challenges persist, including scaling up industrial production, ensuring safety and favorable toxicity profiles, and addressing the limited availability of in vivo evidence. This review explores nanoparticle strategies to combat resistance to meropenem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04244-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-assembled metal cluster-carbon quantum dot heterostructures with photothermal antibacterial properties","authors":"Xulei Yuan,&nbsp;Shaojun Liu,&nbsp;Jun Wang,&nbsp;Jiaqi Liu,&nbsp;Fang Qin,&nbsp;Min Zhang,&nbsp;Jinling Song,&nbsp;Xiang Mao","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04243-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04243-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Noble metal (Au, Ag, Cu) cluster is an emerging category of promising interest functions in form of designed constructions. Among various candidates, carbon dots could be treated as one interesting component for synthesis functional candidates while heterogeneous contents are orderly integrated together. In this work, we successfully fabricate heterostructural nanoparticles (HNPs) based on noble metal clusters (Au, Ag and Cu) integrated with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) through self-assembling approach. These HNPs demonstrate remarkable photothermal efficiency, high stability, low hemolysis ratio, excellent biocompatibility and significant bactericidal effects, making them promising candidates for photothermal applications. Notably, the Au–C achieved remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency (PTE) of 54.16% and antibacterial rate over 99%, which also significantly accelerated the healing process in methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>MRSA)</i>-infected subcutaneous abscess model mice. Our findings highlight the potential of these self-assembled heterostructures, especially Au–C, as effective and promising photothermal agents with antibacterial functionality.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04243-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis of nanoparticle research for diagnostics and therapeutics in hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Xiaoqing Li,&nbsp;Yue Li,&nbsp;Jingyan Zhu,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Shipeng Yang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04226-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04226-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The aim of this study was to explore the bibliometric analysis of nanomaterials-based therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma as a means of assessing the current state of development and future trends in the field.</p><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Literature on hepatocellular carcinoma and nanomedicine interactions was searched from the core database of the Web of Science and bibliometric and visualisation analyses were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace and GraphPad Prism data analysis software. We focused on important keywords, countries, authors, affiliations, journals, and literature in the field of nanomaterials for HCC.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The search resulted in the finalization of 421 documents. The search resulted in the finalization of 421 documents. From 2008 to 2023, nanomedicine research in HCC has developed rapidly, and the number of published papers has steadily increased, increasing by about 2300%. There are currently 57 countries involved in research in this area. Among them, The USA had the strongest international cooperation network and cooperated most closely with China. Gene delivery and carbon nanotubes were early keywords, immunotherapy and nanocarriers are recent research hotspots. It is important that the selection of nanocarriers and drug delivery have become the core trends driving the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The combination of nanomaterials with traditional imaging techniques such as MRI can improve the early diagnosis rate of HCC. Nanomaterials can achieve precise targeting of cancer cells by encapsulating drugs, loading bioactive molecules or modifying specific targeting ligands, thus significantly improving drug efficacy and effectively reducing adverse reactions in therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04226-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}