Nanoscale Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"Feasibility analysis and development trend of nanomaterials for the treatment of pancreatic cancer","authors":"Jingyao Zhu,&nbsp;Yue Li,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Li,&nbsp;Yong Wang,&nbsp;Qixiang Liu,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;HongJian Guan","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04259-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04259-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive disease that poses a significant threat to human health. Although conventional chemotherapy remains an effective treatment, it is often associated with severe side effects, underscoring the need for more effective cancer therapies. In this study, we analyzed the keywords of past studies, the countries with the highest number of publications, the leading journals, prominent authors, and collaborations between countries, authors, and journals, as well as the impact factors of relevant literature. The aim was to explore the trends in the use of nanomaterials for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, enabling researchers to review past achievements and gain a better understanding of future research directions. Relevant research articles were sourced from core Web of Science databases, and VOSviewer and CiteSpace visualization tools were employed to reveal the intrinsic links between the information. Research on the use of nanomaterials for the therapy of pancreatic cancer has been growing since the twenty-first century, particularly from 2018 to the present. The United States has become a leader in this field, with the highest number of publications and the most published authors. Additionally, a 2018 study published in Nature demonstrated that patients with insufficient CD8 + T-cell infiltration in the pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) had significantly lower survival rates (HR = 2.5, p &lt; 0.001). And CSF1R inhibitors combined with a PD-1 antibody resulted in 60% tumor shrinkage in a mouse model. These findings suggest that research on the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy is poised to be a key focus of future studies, offering new hope for pancreatic cancer patients.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04259-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid assembly of highly ordered DNA origami lattices at mica surfaces","authors":"Bhanu Kiran Pothineni,&nbsp;Jörg Barner,&nbsp;Guido Grundmeier,&nbsp;David Contreras,&nbsp;Mario Castro,&nbsp;Adrian Keller","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04254-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04254-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The surface-assisted assembly of DNA origami lattices is a potent method for creating molecular lithography masks. Lattice quality and assembly kinetics are controlled by various environmental parameters, including the employed surface, the assembly temperature, and the ionic composition of the buffer, with optimized parameter combinations resulting in highly ordered lattices that can span surface areas of several cm². Established assembly protocols, however, employ assembly times ranging from hours to days. Here, the assembly of highly ordered hexagonal DNA origami lattices at mica surfaces is observed within few minutes using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). A moderate increase in the DNA origami concentration enables this rapid assembly. While forming a regular lattice takes 10 min at a DNA origami concentration of 4 nM, this time is shortened to about 2 min at a concentration of 6 nM. Increasing the DNA origami concentration any further does not result in shorter assembly times, presumably because DNA origami arrival at the mica surface is diffusion-limited. Over short length scales up to 1 µm, lattice order is independent of the DNA origami concentration. However, at larger length scales of a few microns, a DNA origami concentration of 10 nM yields slightly better order than lower and higher concentrations. Therefore, 10 nM can be considered the optimum concentration for the rapid assembly of highly ordered DNA origami lattices. These results thus represent an important step toward the industrial-scale application of DNA origami-based lithography masks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04254-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology: a comprehensive review for the treatment of eye diseases","authors":"Rahul Dev Bairagi,&nbsp;Raiyan Rahman Reon,&nbsp;Md Mahbub Hasan,&nbsp;Sumit Sarker,&nbsp;Dipa Debnath,&nbsp;Md. Tawhidur Rahman,&nbsp;Sinthia Rahman,&nbsp;Md. Amirul Islam,&nbsp;Md. Abu Talha Siddique,&nbsp;Bishwajit Bokshi,&nbsp;Md. Mustafizur Rahman,&nbsp;Amit Kumar Acharzo","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04234-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04234-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ocular drug delivery is a significant challenge due to the intricate anatomy of the eye and the various physiological barriers. Conventional therapeutic approaches, while effective to some extent, often fall short in effectively targeting ocular diseases, resulting in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes due to factors such as poor ocular bioavailability, frequent dosing requirements, systemic side effects, and limited penetration through ocular barriers. This review elucidates the eye’s intricate anatomy and physiology, prevalent ocular diseases, traditional therapeutic modalities, and the inherent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic limitations associated with these modalities. Subsequently, it delves into nanotechnology-based solutions, presenting breakthroughs in nanoformulations such as nanocrystals, liposomes, dendrimers, and nanoemulsions that have demonstrated enhanced drug stability, controlled release, and deeper ocular penetration. Additionally, it explores a range of nanosized carriers, including nano-structured lipid carriers, hydrogels, nanogels, nanoenzymes, microparticles, conjugates, exosomes, nanosuspensions, viral vectors, and polymeric nanoparticles, and their applications. Unique insights include emerging innovations such as nanowafers and transcorneal iontophoresis, which indicate paradigm shifts in non-invasive ocular drug delivery. Furthermore, it sheds light on the advantages and limitations of these nanotechnology-based platforms in addressing the challenges of ocular drug delivery. Though nano-based drug delivery systems are drawing increasing attention due to their potential to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, the review ends up emphasizing the imperative need for further research to drive innovation and improve patient outcomes in ophthalmology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04234-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing optical forces with advanced nanophotonic structures: principles and applications","authors":"Geze Gao,&nbsp;Tianhua Shao,&nbsp;Tianyue Li,&nbsp;Shuming Wang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04252-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04252-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Non-contact mechanical control of light has given rise to optical manipulation, facilitating diverse light-matter interactions and enabling pioneering applications like optical tweezers. However, the practical adoption of versatile optical tweezing systems remains constrained by the complexity and bulkiness of their optical setups, underscoring the urgent requirement for advancements in miniaturization and functional integration. In this paper, we present innovations in optical manipulation within the nanophotonic domain, including fiber-based and metamaterial tweezers, as well as their emerging applications in manipulating cells and artificial micro-nano robots. Furthermore, we explore interdisciplinary on-chip devices that integrate photonic crystals and optofluidics. By merging optical manipulation with the dynamism of nanophotonics and metamaterials, this work seeks to chart a transformative pathway for the future of optomechanics and beyond.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04252-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Layer-by-layer coating strategy to functionalize the magnetic nanoparticles for their multi-functionalization","authors":"Jing Liu,&nbsp;Ye Chen,&nbsp;Hongjie Huang,&nbsp;Feixiong Chen","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04250-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04250-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) hold significant potential for a wide range of applications, however, surface modification or bio-conjugation of MNPs often leads to their aggregation and instability. To address this, we proposed a facile method using a layer-by-layer (LbL) coating technique with polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonic acid) sodium salt (PSS), so as to maintain the dispersion stability and functionality of MNPs. This method enabled us to develop the powerful MNPs towards to their use in the electrochemical biosensor, by combining both the redox probes (ferrocene (Fc), anthraquinone (AQ), or monocarboxymethylene blue (MB)) and bio-probes (IgG). The redox molecules were effectively anchored to the MNPs under the organic solvents, while such functionalized MNPs surface were subsequently protected by the LbL coating process prior to dispersing in high ionic strength solutions (e.g. Phosphate-buffered saline). And the out-layer of polyelectrolyte shell allowed biomolecules to attach to the MNP surface without chemical cross-linking. Our results demonstrated that the TEM size of MNPs@Fc, MNP@AQ and MNP@MB after LbL coating were characterized as 11.0 ± 2.0 nm, 10.5 ± 2.1 nm and 12.4 ± 2.2 nm and these developed redox MNPs of MNPs@Fc, MNPs@AQ and MNPs@MB were characterized by square wave voltammetry (SWV) with their redox intensity of 0.64 ± 0.10 µA, 23.25 ± 0.73 µA and 0.48 ± 0.13 µA, respectively. In addition, the binding efficiency of adsorption between the MNPs and IgG was up to 78%, evidenced by SDS-PAGE gel analysis. This facile method offered a versatile and effective way to functionalize MNPs, combining redox and biological properties for potential applications in disease diagnosis and point-of-care diagnostics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04250-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-molecule manipulation and detection by WGM-coupled photonic nanojets","authors":"Heng Li,&nbsp;Zhiyong Gong,&nbsp;Tong He,&nbsp;Tianli Wu,&nbsp;Yuchao Li,&nbsp;Yao Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04253-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04253-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optical manipulation and detection of single molecules, such as biomolecules and bacterial viruses, are crucial in single-molecule mechanics and biosensing. The interaction between light and individual molecules is weak due to the size of biomolecules (≤ 10 nm) being significantly smaller than the wavelength (<i>λ</i>) of light. This limitation results in a reduced optical gradient force and diminished detection sensitivity of light on biomolecules. To overcome this challenge, we propose a single-molecule trapping and sensing method that utilizes whisper-gallery mode (WGM) coupled photonic nanojets (PNJs). Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that a focused beam with a waist radius of <i>λ</i>/6 can be generated by WGM-coupled PNJs. By harnessing this sub-diffraction-limit focused beam, we create a stable nano-optical potential well for DNA molecules. The stiffness of the potential well is measured at 0.04 pN/nm/W, which is four orders of magnitude greater than that of conventional optical tweezers. Furthermore, the molecular configuration and refractive index of an individual DNA molecule can be detected by analyzing the shift in the WGM resonance peak and the intensity variation of the backscattering signal. This work provides theoretical guidance for the trapping and sensing of single molecules in the fields of chemistry, biology, and materials science. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04253-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doxorubicin and NFL-TBS.40-63 peptide loaded gold nanoparticles as a multimodal therapy of glioblastoma","authors":"Myriam El Moutaoukil,&nbsp;Maria Grazia Lolli,&nbsp;Stefania D’Amone,&nbsp;Memona Khan,&nbsp;Roberta Grillo,&nbsp;Joel Eyer,&nbsp;Maddalena Grieco,&nbsp;Ornella Ursini,&nbsp;Jolanda Spadavecchia,&nbsp;Barbara Cortese","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04249-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04249-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conventional treatments for glioblastoma (GBM) are hindered by systemic toxicity, limited blood–brain barrier penetration, and therapeutic resistance. To address these challenges, we developed dual-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with a biotinylated NFL-TBS.40-63 peptide and the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin. This platform integrates targeted delivery and therapeutic action to enhance efficacy while minimising off-target effects. Our findings reveal superior cellular uptake, dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induction in GBM cells compared to mono-functionalized counterparts. Furthermore, pH-sensitive drug release profiles underscore the system’s potential to exploit the tumour microenvironment’s acidic conditions for precise drug delivery. Comprehensive characterisation confirmed the stability, biocompatibility, and functional efficacy of the dual-functionalized AuNPs. This study highlights the promise of these nanoconjugates as a multimodal approach to GBM therapy, paving the way for further translational research in nanomedicine. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04249-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aptamer-engaged nanotherapeutics against SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Jing Zhang,&nbsp;Dan Wang,&nbsp;Chiu Kwok,&nbsp;Liujun Xu,&nbsp;Michalina Famulok","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04245-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04245-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 infection, has underscored the critical importance of rapid and accurate therapeutics. The neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 is paramount in controlling the spread and impact of COVID-19. In this context, the integration of aptamers and aptamer-related nanotherapeutics presents a valuable and scientifically significant approach. Despite the potential, current reviews in this area are often not comprehensive and specific enough to encapsulate the full scope of therapeutic principles, strategies, advancements, and challenges. This review aims to fill that gap by providing an in-depth examination of the role of aptamers and their related molecular medicine in COVID-19 therapeutics. We first introduce the unique properties, selection, and recognition mechanism of aptamers to bind with high affinity to various targets. Next, we delve into the therapeutic potential of aptamers, focusing on their ability to inhibit viral entry and replication, as well as modulate the host immune response. The integration of aptamers with nucleic acid nanomedicine is explored. Finally, we address the challenges and future perspectives of aptamer and nucleic acid nanomedicine in COVID-19 therapeutics, including issues of stability, delivery, and manufacturing scalability. We conclude by underscoring the importance of continued research and development in this field to meet the ongoing challenges posed by COVID-19 and potential future pandemics. Our review will be a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in the latest developments at the intersection of molecular biology, nanotechnology, and infectious disease management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04245-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidants in cancer therapy mitigating lipid peroxidation without compromising treatment through nanotechnology","authors":"Daniel Ejim Uti,&nbsp;Item Justin Atangwho,&nbsp;Esther Ugo Alum,&nbsp;Emmanuella Ntaobeten,&nbsp;Uket Nta Obeten,&nbsp;Inalegwu Bawa,&nbsp;Samuel A. Agada,&nbsp;Catherine Ironya-Ogar Ukam,&nbsp;Godwin Eneji Egbung","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04248-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04248-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Cancer treatments often exploit oxidative stress to selectively kill tumour cells by disrupting their lipid peroxidation membranes and inhibiting antioxidant enzymes. However, lipid peroxidation plays a dual role in cancer progression, acting as both a tumour promoter and a suppressor. Balancing oxidative stress through antioxidant therapy remains a challenge, as excessive antioxidant activity may compromise the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.</p><h3>Aim</h3><p>This review explores the role of antioxidants in mitigating lipid peroxidation in cancer therapy while maintaining treatment efficacy. It highlights recent advancements in nanotechnology-based targeted antioxidant delivery to optimize therapeutic outcomes.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A comprehensive literature review was conducted using reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The search focused on publications from the past five years (2020–2025), supplemented by relevant studies from earlier years. Keywords such as “antioxidants,” “lipid peroxidation,” “nanotechnology in cancer therapy,” and “oxidative stress” were utilized. Relevant articles were critically analysed, and graphical illustrations were created.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Emerging evidence suggests that nanoparticles, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, and others, can effectively encapsulate and control the release of antioxidants in tumour cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Stimuli-responsive carriers with tumour-specific targeting mechanisms further enhance antioxidant delivery. Studies indicate that these strategies help preserve normal cells, mitigate oxidative stress-related damage, and improve treatment efficacy. However, challenges such as bioavailability, stability, and potential interactions with standard therapies remain.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Integrating nanotechnology with antioxidant-based interventions presents a promising approach for optimizing cancer therapy. Future research should focus on refining lipid peroxidation modulation strategies, assessing oxidative stress profiles during treatment, and employing biomarkers to determine optimal antioxidant dosing. A balanced approach to antioxidant use may enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04248-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doxorubicin delivery of green-synthesized gold nanoparticles to MDA-MB-231 cells and collagen type II identification from yellow nose skate cartilage","authors":"Eun-Young Ahn,&nbsp;Youmie Park","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04246-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04246-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Upcycling and green synthesis strategies have been applied for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using yellow nose skate (<i>Dipturus chilensis</i>) cartilage extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent (skAu). Doxorubin (DOX) was loaded onto the skAu, and the average size of the DOX-loaded AuNPs (c-skAuD) was measured to be 14.6 ± 0.5 nm by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Reaction parameters such as reaction time and DOX concentration were optimized for preparing c-skAuD. DOX was successfully loaded, as confirmed by the FT-IR results. In addition, FT-IR characterization revealed that chondroitin sulfate and collagen in the extract were involved in the synthesis of skAu. Although c-skAuD is cytotoxic to four different types of cancer cells (AGS, HeLa, A549 and MDA-MB-231), their cytotoxic effects were greatest on MDA-MB-231 cells. Analyzing cytotoxicity onto MDA-MB-231 cells revealed that c-skAuD had the greatest cytotoxicity, followed by a positive control (c-citAuD) and DOX. Furthermore, this cytotoxicity was dependent on the incubation time and DOX concentration. Cellular uptake of Au by inductively coupled plasma‒mass spectrometry demonstrated that compared with AGS cells (15.1%), MDA-MB-231 cells showed approximately two-fold greater Au uptake (29.9%) of c-skAuD. However, the Au uptake of the positive control (c-citAuD) did not significantly differ between the MDA-MB-231 and AGS cells. Moreover, collagen type II was identified in the extract by peptide analysis using LC‒ESI‒MS/MS. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report collagen type II in <i>D. chilensis</i> cartilage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04246-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}