Nanoscale Research Letters最新文献

{"title":"Efficiency improvement of AlGaInP-based red micron-scale light-emitting diodes using sidewall steam oxidation","authors":"Yuan-Chao Wang,&nbsp;Cheng-Jui Yu,&nbsp;Jian-Jang Huang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04241-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04241-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although micro-LED displays are considered emerging display technology, their micron-scale LED chip size suffers from significant efficiency degradation, which affects the display's power budget. The low light output efficiency is mainly attributed to an increased weighting of sidewall nonradiative recombination with the perimeter-area ratio of smaller chip size. To prevent carrier recombination in the dry-etching induced sidewall defects, we, in this study, introduce insulting regions in the mesa sidewall of the red LED. The insulting regions were created by oxidizing the metal components in the epi-structures. When the chip sizes of 100 × 100, 50 × 50, and 25 × 25 μm² are compared, our steam oxidation technique efficiently suppresses sidewall current flow and nonradiative recombination. The suppression is more obvious for a smaller mesa size. For a 25 × 25 μm² LED mesa, optical output power density increases by 31.4% compared to a device without oxidation. Additionally, under 20 A/cm² injection, a 25 × 25 μm² LED with sidewall oxidation shows only an 11.3% reduction in output power density compared to a larger 100 × 100 μm² device without oxidation. These results highlight the potential of sidewall oxidation in overcoming efficiency degradation issues for micro-red LEDs in displays.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04241-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The delivery carriers and applications for Xiaobojian","authors":"Shiyu Huang,&nbsp;Gangliang Huang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04239-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04239-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Berberine, also known as Xiaobojian (XBJ), is a quaternary ammonium alkaloid isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine <i>Coptis chinensis</i>, and is the main effective ingredient for antibacterial purpose. This work systematically reviewed recent researches on XBJ in the whole range of delivery technologies. Compared with XBJ monomer administration, other forms of drug administration, such as tablets, pellets, XBJ polymer delivery system, lipid delivery system, superdeformed vesicles nanocrystallization or emulsification of XBJ and some special substances, will increase the absorption of XBJ. XBJ can be administered through various carriers, including oral administration and topical application. The importance of XBJ carrier administration is mainly reflected in wide application prospects, various pharmacological effects, and improving drug efficacy.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04239-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Length-flexible strategies for efficient SERS performance in gold-nanorod-gapped nanoantennas","authors":"Sergio F. Flores-Correa,&nbsp;L. M. León Hilario,&nbsp;I. A. Ramos-Pérez,&nbsp;Andres A. Reynoso","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04228-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04228-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using gold-nanorod-dimer nanoantennas has shown great potential in various applications. This reflects in their large values of the customary figure of merit of SERS: the enhancement factor (EF), which is essentially the fourth power of the electric field integrated at the gap, the location at which target molecules are to be sensed. However, fabrication errors in the nanorod lengths can lead to significant variations in the enhancement factor, resulting in performance limitations whenever low values of EF are encountered. Here, we report both design and procedural strategies to address this issue. First, we show that by reducing the nanorod diameter from 360 to 260 nm, the EF minima can be avoided for any nanorod length, mitigating the impact of fabrication errors. In addition, we explore the influence of incident wave polarization and orientation on the EF. Our simulations reveal that by tilting the excitation away from normal incidence, it is possible to substantially enhance EF under conditions that would otherwise exhibit low enhancement. In particular, this includes the case of 360 nm diameter. These findings expand the fabrication tolerance and broaden the range of usability of gold-nanorod-dimer nanoantennas, enabling more robust and reliable SERS performance. Importantly, we also show that these strategies also apply to nanoantennas with covered nanorod ends, which are of particular interest for realizing hybrid devices that combine SERS with electrical transport measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04228-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinspired Fe3O4@Ag@ indocyanine green/adenosine triphosphate nanoenzyme in synergistic antibacterial performance","authors":"Dongmei Hu,&nbsp;Qing Wu,&nbsp;Yujun Yang,&nbsp;Yan Wang,&nbsp;Yanhao Li,&nbsp;Haixiang Chen,&nbsp;Liang Tang,&nbsp;Xiang Mao,&nbsp;Zhenyu Wang","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04232-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04232-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal-based nanoenzymes with excellent biocompatibility and stable chemical properties are an effective antimicrobial agent against bacterial resistance due to their radical-mediated catalysis. In this work, due to the pH of most bacterial infection sites being close to neutral, targeting the problem of Fe₃O₄@Ag difficulty in maintaining the catalytic activity of nanoenzymes in neutral environments, we prepare a novel multifunctional Fe₃O₄@Ag@ indocyanine green/adenosine triphosphate peroxidase nanoenzymes for synergistic antibacterial activity. ICG (Indocyanine Green) and ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) are adsorbed on the surface of Fe₃O₄@Ag through electrostatic adsorption to form its structure. The cell viability remained above 90%, indicating its good biocompatibility. By complexing ATP with nanoenzymes to participate in single electron transfer and binding with Fe (II), ATP promotes the sudden release of hydroxyl radical (·OH) from the system, successfully transferring Fe₃O₄@Ag the peroxidase activity of nanoenzymes extends to neutral pH. By utilizing ICG as a photosensitizer and a sonosensitizer, under the combined treatment of near-infrared light and ultrasound, the photodynamic therapy (PDT)/photothermal therapy (PTT)/sonodynamic therapy (SDT) functions can be achieved, achieving multifunctional synergistic antibacterial effects. In a neutral environment, its bactericidal efficiency against Gram negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>) and Gram positive (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) is 99.9% and 99.7%, respectively, providing a new multi-mode synergistic antibacterial strategy for bacterial infections.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div><div><p>Metal based nanoenzymes with excellent biocompatibility and stable chemical properties are an effective antimicrobial agent against bacterial resistance due to their radical mediated catalysis. The prepared multifunctional Fe₃O₄@Ag@ICG/ATP exhibit peroxidase nanoenzymes perform ance for synergistic antibacterial activity. ICG and ATP are adsorbed on the surface of Fe₃O₄@Ag through electrostatic adsorption to form its structure</p></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04232-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an innovative low-temperature PEALD process for stress-compensated TiO2 and SiO2 multilayer anti-reflective coatings","authors":"Duy Thanh Cu,&nbsp;Kuan-Yu Ko,&nbsp;Wen-Hao Cho,&nbsp;Chao-Te Lee,&nbsp;Meng-Chi Li,&nbsp;Chien-Cheng Kuo","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04238-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04238-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a low-temperature plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) technique for fabricating high-performance, stress-reduced anti-reflective coatings (ARCs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first extensive study on titanium dioxide (TiO₂)/silicon dioxide (SiO₂) stacking with PEALD at such a low temperature of 70 °C, which may help to overcome high-temperature deposition issues and mechanical stress for polymer substrates. Despite the presence of impurities in the low-temperature deposited films, the measured extinction coefficient (k &lt; 10^–4) indicates negligible optical absorption in both TiO₂ and SiO₂ layers, ensuring optimal performance for ARCs. Stress compensation is observed between tensile TiO₂ films (≈ 220 MPa) and compressive SiO₂ films (≈ − 35 MPa). For multi-layer ARCs, this combination strategy leads to a very low total stress of 48 MPa, which is a big step forward for stress control in optical coatings. This stress-reduction effect remains effective even when the thickness difference reaches up to 9.6%. This consistency has been demonstrated in real-world applications, where achieving an ideal level of thinness can be challenging. The optimized process at 150 W plasma power produces high-quality optics with an average reflectivity of 0.35% in the visible range while maintaining low stress, a significant achievement in low temperature deposited optical coatings. The choice of common, cost-effective materials like SiO₂ and TiO₂ makes this approach easily scalable for industrial use and can see the future of manufacturing ARCs for various applications. These films are characterized by a low density of defects and an amorphous structure with the smoothness of their surface being close to one atomic monolayer (≈ 0.2 nm), which indicates their high optical quality, comparable to films deposited at high temperatures. The low-temperature PEALD presented in this work not only pushes the boundary in advanced optical coatings but also enlarges the capacity in coating temperature-sensitive substrates and complex 3D structures. This innovation paves the way for applications in bendable electronics, high-performance optical components, and next generation display devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04238-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143688324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis and exploratory design of graphene-based subharmonic mixers operating at the gigahertz band","authors":"M. C. Pardo,&nbsp;F. Pasadas,&nbsp;A. Medina-Rull,&nbsp;M. G. Palomo,&nbsp;S. Ortiz-Ruiz,&nbsp;E. G. Marin,&nbsp;A. Godoy,&nbsp;F. G. Ruiz","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04221-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04221-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ambipolar conductance in graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs), and in particular their quasi-quadratic I–V transfer characteristic, makes these devices excellent candidates for exploiting subharmonic mixing at high frequencies. Several realizations have already demonstrated the ability of GFETs to compete with, or even improve, state-of-the-art mixers based on traditional technologies. Nonetheless, a systematic analysis of the influence on performance of both circuit design and technological aspects has not been conducted yet. In this work, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conversion losses by means of applying radio-frequency circuit design techniques in terms of filtering and matching, along with the impact stemming from physical and geometric variations of a fabricated graphene technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04221-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative toxicity and environmental impact assessments of sonochemically-synthesized CuO and Zn-doped CuO nanoparticles using zebrafish and LCA tools","authors":"Beatrice Negrini,&nbsp;Pamela Floris,&nbsp;Christian D’Abramo,&nbsp;Seyed Ahmad Aldaghi,&nbsp;Mattia Costamagna,&nbsp;Massimo Perucca,&nbsp;Melissa Saibene,&nbsp;Ilana Perelshtein,&nbsp;Anita Colombo,&nbsp;Patrizia Bonfanti,&nbsp;Paride Mantecca","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04225-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04225-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nanomaterials (NMs), including nanoparticles (NPs), offer promising potential in achieving the European Commission’s Green Deal goals of climate-neutral, zero-pollution and circular economy. Metal oxide NPs display antimicrobial properties, with efficacy also towards antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Nevertheless, the increasing manufacture, use and unintended release of NMs particularly in aquatic compartments, raises concerns about their environmental sustainability and safety towards non-target organisms. Within the Safe and Sustainable by Design framework, this study compares toxicity and environmental impacts of sonochemically synthesized water-based CuO and Zn-doped CuO NPs. Zebrafish embryos were exploited in a high-throughput developmental and behavioral screening to investigate nanosafety. The Fish Embryo acute Toxicity test was used to assess the NPs aquatic toxicity potential, while behaviour was addressed by tracking embryos activity. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was implemented through the OpenLCA software to evaluate the environmental footprint of the NPs synthesis. Our findings showed no significative lethality at the tested concentrations (0.01–100 mg/L) (LC_{50 wCuO} &gt;  &gt; 100 mg/L), with the exception of ZnCuO NPs 100 mg/L (LC_{50 ZnCuO} = 123 mg/L). Sub-lethality occurred as delayed hatching, partially recovered by Zn-doping, and embryo development. LCA highlighted the dominant role of electricity (which represented 47 to 98% of the total impacts) and copper acetate (37–94%) consumption in the environmental impacts of the NPs synthesis, emphasizing the importance of optimizing energy and chemical use to minimize environmental burden. This research supports the safe and sustainable design of nano-enabled antimicrobials and underscores the need for an approach comprehensive of both risk assessment and LCA in nanotechnology development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04225-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stigmurin encapsulated PLA–PEG ameliorates its therapeutic potential, antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities","authors":"Akshita Thakur,&nbsp;Hema K. Alajangi,&nbsp;Akanksha Sharma,&nbsp;Euimin Hwang,&nbsp;Akhil Khajuria,&nbsp;Laxmi Kumari,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Jaiswal,&nbsp;Yong-beom Lim,&nbsp;Gurpal Singh,&nbsp;Ravi Pratap Barnwal","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04224-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04224-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In light of growing global challenge posed by antimicrobial resistance, it is very important to explore alternatives that can target pathogenic microorganisms. One such strategy involves the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and Stigmurin is one such AMP present in Brazilian scorpion <i>Tityus stigmurus</i> which possesses antimicrobial, antiproliferative and antiparasitic activity. The study commenced with successful synthesis and characterization of Stigmurin and its analogues, designated S1 and S2. Studies on Stigmurin and its analogues have demonstrated that analogues exhibit enhanced antimicrobial efficacy but often lead to increased hemolysis, limiting their therapeutic application. To prevent the associated toxicity of these peptides, PLA–PEG di-block copolymer was synthesised to prepare nanoparticles (E-WT, E1, and E2) with an average diameter of approximately 160–180 nm. The core of the research involved evaluating the antimicrobial (<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>), antibiofilm (<i>B. subtilis</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>), antiproliferative (HEK293 and RAW264.7) and hemolytic activity of the peptides. In addition to the experimental work, in silico analysis using structural models was conducted to further understand their potential interactions. The findings demonstrated that the analogue peptides exhibit enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity compared to the wild-type Stigmurin. Moreover, encapsulating the peptides in PLA–PEG nanoparticles maintained the antimicrobial activity against <i>B. subtilis</i>. Further, encapsulation significantly reduced hemolysis as well as cytotoxicity by 10–20%, thereby improving their safety profile.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04224-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural, optical and magnetic properties of CuO/α-Fe2O3 nanocomposites: effect of Fe concentration and annealing temperature","authors":"B. Sahu,&nbsp;U. K. Panigrahi,&nbsp;Debashree Nayak,&nbsp;Shamima Hussain,&nbsp;P. Mallick","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04222-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04222-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of annealing temperature (500, 600, and 700 °C) and Fe concentration on the formation of 5, 10 and 20 at.% Fe-doped CuO was investigated using structural, optical, and magnetic characterizations. XRD and Raman studies confirmed the presence of both CuO and α-Fe₂O₃ in the composite samples. The broadening of the multiphoton transition mode in the Raman spectra with increasing Fe concentration and annealing temperature could be associated with the defects. FESEM analysis showed that the sample’s morphology changed from non-homogeneous, irregularly shaped flake-like particles to nearly spherical particles with increased Fe concentration. Optical characterization suggested that the samples’ higher optical band gap energy (&gt; 3 eV) could result from the quantum confinement effect. Photoluminescence analysis revealed that the rise of annealing temperature from 500 to 600 °C led to a shift in the emission coordinates from the near-green to the blue region. All the samples showed a clear hysteresis loop at room temperature indicating the ferromagnetic nature. The maximum coercivity of 777 Oe and highest remanent magnetization of 2.06 emu/g was found for the 20% Fe-doped CuO annealed at 700 °C. On the other hand, the 5% Fe-doped CuO samples exhibited an exchange bias field of ~ 31 Oe at 300 K.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04222-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus research: genome, epidemiology, vaccines, and detection methods","authors":"Linlin Zhuang,&nbsp;Ying Zhao,&nbsp;Jingyi Shen,&nbsp;Li Sun,&nbsp;Pan Hao,&nbsp;Jianbo Yang,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Qiuping Shen","doi":"10.1186/s11671-025-04220-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s11671-025-04220-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious intestinal disease caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The economic impact of PEDV on the global pig industry has been significant, resulting in considerable losses. This paper presents a review of the latest research progress on PEDV genome, molecular epidemiology, vaccine development, and molecular detection methods. It was determined that the genetic diversity of the PEDV spike (<i>S</i>) gene was closely associated with the epidemiological trend of PEDV. The prevalence of <i>S</i> gene variants of different genotypes exhibited variability across regions and pig populations. Epidemiological analyses have demonstrated that PEDV can be transmitted via multiple routes, including direct contact, airborne aerosol, and water source contamination. With regard to vaccine research, the available vaccines can be classified into several categories, including live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, bacterial vector vaccines, viral vector vaccines, mRNA vaccines, etc. Each of these has distinctive characteristics in terms of immunogenicity, protection efficiency, and safety. Molecular detection methods, including PCR-based methods, isothermal amplification techniques, immunological assays, and biosensors, play an important role in the diagnosis and monitoring of PEDV. Furthermore, this paper examines the current developments in PEDV research and identifies the key areas of future investigation. The objective of this paper is to establish a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control strategies of PED, and to provide a point of reference for further research on the genomics, epidemiology, vaccine development and detection methods of PEDV.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51136,"journal":{"name":"Nanoscale Research Letters","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-025-04220-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}