Carbon LettersPub Date : 2026-08-12DOI: 10.1007/s42823-026-01124-4
Yingjuan Sun, Jiaqi Wei, Hongyan Li
{"title":"Enabling high-performance potassium storage by spatial confinement and interfacial bonding in bismuth-based anodes","authors":"Yingjuan Sun, Jiaqi Wei, Hongyan Li","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01124-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01124-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bi-based compounds are increasingly recognized as potential anodes materials for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), because of their exceptional theoretical capacity and appropriate operating potential characteristics. In this work, we introduced Bi@N-doped carbon composite comprising nanoscale Bi particles encapsulated within a nitrogen-doped carbon (Bi@NC) matrix framework. This distinctive configuration is attained through an in-situ carbonthermal reduction strategy. The N-doped carbon layer restricted Bi particle, the restricted domain microenvironment not only inhibits possible agglomeration and oxidation problems at the active site, but also makes intermediates, reactants and products more easily transferable within the restricted domain space. Consequently, the structure of Bi@NC facilitates rapid potassium storage, achieving a remarkable 253.3 mAh g<sup>− 1</sup> capacity at 1 A g<sup>− 1</sup>, along with consistent cycling stability, retaining 170.3 mAh g<sup>− 1</sup> capacity at 10 A g<sup>− 1</sup> following 500 cycles. Importantly, a full cell featuring a potassium vanadate (Ca-KVO) cathode shows substantial promise for real-world applications. An extensive range of ex-situ methods are utilized to clarify the intricate potassium storage processes and kinetic characteristics. This research offers valuable perspectives for advanced PIBs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2231 - 2239"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon LettersPub Date : 2026-08-09DOI: 10.1007/s42823-026-01123-5
Mohammed Bin Afif, Amine Mesbahi, Aleksandr Altakhov, Sebastian Farag, Daniel Choi
{"title":"Effect of methane concentration on the growth kinetics, microstructure, and crystalline quality of thick MPCVD-grown polycrystalline diamond","authors":"Mohammed Bin Afif, Amine Mesbahi, Aleksandr Altakhov, Sebastian Farag, Daniel Choi","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01123-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01123-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In diamond growth using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) process, the methane fraction controls the balance between carbon supply and hydrogen etching, while substrate temperature governs surface diffusion and facet‑dependent growth. Yet for polycrystalline diamond (PCD) films used as optical windows and heat spreaders, the combined influence of these two parameters is rarely quantified across multiple, cross‑validated metrics. Here we isolate the role of CH<sub>4</sub> at fixed temperature by growing PCD on identically prepared Si (100) wafers with all parameters held constant except the methane fraction (4 to 8% at 890 °C). In addition, at a fixed CH<sub>4</sub> concentration of 4%, the growth temperature was varied from 840 °C to 890 °C. Freestanding films with thicknesses of ~ 190–325 μm were obtained, enabling correlation of growth kinetics with texture, grain coarsening, and defect content. Raising temperature from 840 °C to 890 °C at 4% CH<sub>4</sub> more than doubled the growth rate and strengthened a (220) preferred orientation. At 890 °C, increasing CH<sub>4</sub> from 4% to 6% maximized the growth rate (~ 2.8 μm h<sup>− 1</sup>) but increased sp² signatures (Raman I<sub>1450</sub>/I<sub>1332</sub>), the SiV-related emission intensity ratio (I<sub>2250</sub>/I<sub>1332</sub>) and broadened the diamond FWHM; at 8% CH<sub>4</sub> the lattice disorder and non‑diamond carbon rose sharply (FWHM ≈ 5.86 cm<sup>− 1</sup>) with partial loss of (220) texture. These results define a practical window characterized by high temperature with moderate CH<sub>4</sub> where thick PCD attains a useful trade‑off between deposition rate and crystalline quality for device‑relevant components.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2143 - 2156"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42823-026-01123-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Candle soot-enhanced pyroelectric generator for thermal energy harvesting and self-powered sensing","authors":"Premkumar Bhosale, Sugato Hajra, Krystian Mistewicz, Mohamed Belal, Kushal Ruthvik Kaja, Basanta Kumar Panigrahi, Naratip Vittayakorn, Hoe Joon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01115-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01115-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, there has been considerable interest in surface engineering using carbon-based coatings to improve pyroelectric performance. This work demonstrates a straightforward, economical method for a pyroelectric energy generator (PEG) using candle soot as a light-absorbing coating on a widely available PZT-based piezoelectric buzzer. Infrared (IR) lamp-induced thermal excitation was used to comprehensively assess the performance of the soot-coated and pristine PZT piezoelectric buzzer disk. Due to improved photothermal conversion, the coated PEG device exhibits a significant increase in electrical output. When exposed to the IR lamp, the short-circuit current reached approximately 204 nA, while the open-circuit voltage was approximately 4.8 V. Furthermore, under controlled thermal cycling, the device exhibited adjustable output and efficient energy storage. Further, the PEG was shown to be sensitive to temperature changes caused by human activity or the daily use of appliances, as well as to energy harvesting, suggesting its potential for self-powered sensing applications, such as breath monitoring, or converting energy from everyday appliances. Overall, this study presents a simple method to increase pyroelectric device performance efficiency in sensing and sustainable energy applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2131 - 2141"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42823-026-01115-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advancing sustainability and circular economy: a review on low-carbon footprint epoxy systems for a greener future","authors":"Akhila Raman, Archana Vinod, Manoj Kumar Singh, Sathish Kumar Palaniappan, Appukuttan Saritha, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01121-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01121-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increasing environmental concerns for petroleum-based epoxy resins, the development of low-carbon epoxy systems has increased. The traditional epoxy resins are extremely carbon intensive because of the high curing energy and base material as petroleum derived product. Thus, sustainable alternatives are being studied such as green curing methods, bio-based hardeners, solvent free processes, renewable reinforcements and bio-based epoxies from vegetable oils, lignin and sugars. The current review highlights an extensive investigation into major emission sources that arise during the production and manufacturing of epoxy resins and composites. Various emissions from fossil fuel-based precursors, hardeners, process-related energy consumption, and reinforcing substances have been analysed in detail. Furthermore, various novel approaches to achieve low-emission epoxy resins by employing bio-derived precursors, renewable resources, green and bio-based curing agents, energy-saving and solvent-free manufacturing processes, as well as natural or recycled reinforcements have been reviewed. Besides, the review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research on the LCA of bio- versus petroleum-based epoxy systems, compares their carbon footprints and energy consumption, and presents case studies and sustainability databases. Circular strategies of epoxy resins are another significant focus of the paper, as it highlights the importance of recyclability and reprocessability of thermosets, dynamic covalent and vitrimeric epoxy networks, and epoxy resins’ degradation and recycling methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2099 - 2129"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon LettersPub Date : 2026-08-02DOI: 10.1007/s42823-026-01119-1
Yuanlin Li, Tingting Du, Xuechun Li, Desheng Xu, Yingxiao Gong, Yun Jin
{"title":"Regulating MPD diffusion to enhance polyamide membrane performance via hydrogen-bonding network","authors":"Yuanlin Li, Tingting Du, Xuechun Li, Desheng Xu, Yingxiao Gong, Yun Jin","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01119-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01119-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The separation performance of polyamide (PA) membranes is governed by their cross-linking structure, a critical parameter dictated by the diffusion kinetics of 1,3-phenylenediamine (MPD) during interfacial polymerization. Herein, we introduce sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) into the aqueous phase to construct a strong, short-range hydrogen-bonding network with MPD molecules. This interaction effectively impedes MPD diffusion to the biphasic interface, thereby promoting the formation of a highly cross-linked PA structure. Consequently, the optimized S-PA membrane exhibits a more uniform network structure and a narrower pore size distribution. The results show that the membrane achieves water permeance of 13.5 L m<sup>− 2</sup> h<sup>− 1</sup> Mpa<sup>− 1</sup> coupled with a NaCl rejection exceeding 97.1%, representing a 2.5-fold enhancement in permeance compared to conventional I-PA membranes. Notably, the membrane maintains stable performance over a 350-hour test. This study elucidates the pivotal role of hydrogen-bonding networks in modulating interfacial polymerization and offers a versatile strategy for designing separation membranes with simultaneously high permeance and antifouling properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2219 - 2230"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon LettersPub Date : 2026-07-29DOI: 10.1007/s42823-026-01117-3
Chenguang Jiang, Yong Liu, Cuiqing Zhang, Shengzhen Zhang, Deting Kong, Jingdong Yang, Yang Dong, Luo Liu
{"title":"Co-oxidation polymerization of liquefied pitch and coal tar pitch for high-softening-point pitch: a comparative study","authors":"Chenguang Jiang, Yong Liu, Cuiqing Zhang, Shengzhen Zhang, Deting Kong, Jingdong Yang, Yang Dong, Luo Liu","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01117-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01117-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a controllable co-oxidative polymerization strategy was proposed to prepare high-softening-point pitch using coal direct liquefaction pitch (DCLP) and coal tar pitch (CTP) as raw materials. DCLP and CTP were mixed in the ratios of 0:10, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, and 10:0 for co-oxidation polymerization. Elemental analysis, FTIR, XPS, XRD, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, and MALDI-TOF were used to analyze the functional group composition, crystal structure, aromaticity, and molecular weight of the solid products. For the liquid products, the composition was analyzed using elemental analysis, GC-MS, and ¹H NMR. At the same time, the gas products were analyzed by GC test. Through the analysis of solid, liquid, and gaseous products, the oxidation mechanism and the interaction law between the two products were further elucidated. The results show that the coking value and softening point of modified pitch products increase with increasing DCLP proportion, with the coking value exceeding 80% and the softening point exceeding 240 ℃. The oxidative cross-linking reaction of the two mixtures was not inhibited, thus, the coking value of the modified pitch products could be increased by adding DCLP. During the formation of methylene-bridged products, ether-bridged, carbonyl-bridged, and anhydride-bridged products are aslo generated. More alkyl side chains will increase the probability of the formation of ether bond-bridged products in the reaction system, and peroxide will lead to the formation of carbonyl group and anhydride group-bridged products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2185 - 2205"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon LettersPub Date : 2026-07-29DOI: 10.1007/s42823-026-01118-2
Young Nam Kim, Chetna Tewari, Yebom Kim, Dawon Jang, Somi Yoon, Jun-Wei Zha, Yong-Seok Choi, Sungho Lee, Yong Chae Jung
{"title":"Upcycling waste cotton fabrics into carbonized reinforcements for epoxy biocomposites via sulfuric acid treatment and tannic acid curing","authors":"Young Nam Kim, Chetna Tewari, Yebom Kim, Dawon Jang, Somi Yoon, Jun-Wei Zha, Yong-Seok Choi, Sungho Lee, Yong Chae Jung","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01118-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01118-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waste cotton textiles are an abundant cellulose-rich bioresource, yet their high-value utilization in functional composite materials remains limited. In this study, waste cotton fabrics were upcycled into carbonized reinforcing phases for epoxy composites through sulfuric acid pretreatment followed by heat treatment. To further improve interfacial integration and fire performance, a plant-derived tannic acid (TA) curing system was introduced into the epoxy matrix. The sulfuric acid treatment promoted the formation of thermally stable carbonaceous structures from the cotton fabrics, while the TA-based curing contributed to a reinforced interfacial network within the composites. As a result, the TA-cured composite exhibited a tensile strength of 34.61 MPa, representing an approximately 114% increase compared with the amine-cured composite prepared under the same pretreatment condition. In addition, micro combustion calorimetry revealed an approximately 37% reduction in total heat release. Cone calorimetry further demonstrated delayed ignition, reduced smoke and toxic gas release, and increased char residue. These findings indicate that the combined use of waste cotton-derived carbonized reinforcements and tannic acid curing provides an effective route for producing multifunctional epoxy composites with improved mechanical performance and flame retardancy. This work offers a promising strategy for the valorization of waste cellulose textiles into high-performance bioresource-derived composite materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2279 - 2288"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon LettersPub Date : 2026-07-27DOI: 10.1007/s42823-026-01104-8
Chaoyang Zhang, Jianbing Zang, Lixiang Zhao, Yingke Zhou, Menghui Zhao, Shengyao Su, Wenyu Xia, Yanhui Wang
{"title":"Air-processed TiN coatings on diamond grits via a sacrificial metal strategy","authors":"Chaoyang Zhang, Jianbing Zang, Lixiang Zhao, Yingke Zhou, Menghui Zhao, Shengyao Su, Wenyu Xia, Yanhui Wang","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01104-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01104-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diamond abrasives suffer from severe oxidation and interfacial degradation at elevated temperatures, particularly in Fe-based bonding systems, which significantly limits their service reliability. Surface metallization is an effective strategy for mitigating these problems. However, the development of a scalable and economically viable process for the mass fabrication of coated diamond grits remains challenging. Herein, a simple and cost-effective method is proposed for fabricating titanium nitride (TiN) coatings on diamond grits in air. A localized oxygen-deficient environment around the diamond surface is created through the oxidation of Mn, which acts as a sacrificial agent to consume oxygen. This mechanism eliminates the need for vacuum systems or protective atmospheres. In this process, diamond grits are blended with titanium and Mn powders and then heat-treated at 800℃ for 2 h in air. The results confirm the formation of a uniform TiN layer with a thickness of 233 nm on the diamond surface. This coating enhances the impact toughness and oxidation resistance of diamond grits in air, while also improving their corrosion resistance in Fe-based bonding systems. The proposed strategy offers a practical solution for the large-scale, cost-effective production of coated diamond abrasives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2241 - 2249"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon LettersPub Date : 2026-07-27DOI: 10.1007/s42823-026-01120-8
Youngho Jeong, Young Seok Son, Dipali Pravin Upare, Chul Wee Lee, Young Soo Kang
{"title":"Differential Coats–Redfern analysis for thermolysis of carbon-relevant polymers","authors":"Youngho Jeong, Young Seok Son, Dipali Pravin Upare, Chul Wee Lee, Young Soo Kang","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01120-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01120-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermolysis of plastic waste is increasingly explored both as an end-of-life route and as a precursor step for producing carbonaceous materials, but most thermogravimetric (TG) data for polymers are collected under single heating rates with limited data resolution and are not optimized for kinetic analysis. In this study, we use the recently developed differential Coats–Redfern (d-CR) framework to extract conversion-resolved kinetic information from open-source TG curves of eight technologically important polymers (PP, PS, PET, PMMA, PC, PA, PUR, PTFE) recorded at 10 °C·min⁻¹. Classical Coats–Redfern (CR) analysis of these single-rate datasets yields curved ln[g(α)/T²] versus 1/T plots and conversion-averaged activation parameters that can misrepresent the underlying degradation behavior. In contrast, d-CR converts the same thermogravimetry into conversion-resolved Eₐ(α) and ln A(α), while rate-parity and conversion-variant compensation tests for an effective mechanistic model selection. The resulting profiles reveal systematic differences in thermolysis energy demand between commodity and engineering polymers and provide a kinetic baseline for assessing whether catalytic routes genuinely reduce process severity in plastic recycling schemes from future works.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2207 - 2218"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon LettersPub Date : 2026-07-24DOI: 10.1007/s42823-026-01112-8
Qasim Raza, Gul Fatima, Shamil Mahmudov, Khaled Alsaikhan, Atef El Jery, Sherzod Khikmatov, Sooman lim, Alim Asamatdinov, Muhammad Jamshaid
{"title":"Ultrasonication-assisted fabrication of MnFe2O4@TiO2@MWCNTs ternary nanocomposite for enhanced supercapacitor applications","authors":"Qasim Raza, Gul Fatima, Shamil Mahmudov, Khaled Alsaikhan, Atef El Jery, Sherzod Khikmatov, Sooman lim, Alim Asamatdinov, Muhammad Jamshaid","doi":"10.1007/s42823-026-01112-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42823-026-01112-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The design and fabrication of high-performance supercapacitors requires innovative materials with unique energy storage capabilities. Herein, a novel Nucleosome like MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@TiO<sub>2</sub>@MWCNTs composite is fabricated and considered for its potential in energy storage applications. The synthesis and structural parameters of composite materials are inspected through XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (Transmission elctron microscopy). High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses are also used as further confirmation tools. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques are used to estimate the electrochemical properties. The composite delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 786.26 F g<sup>− 1</sup> at 2.5 mA in a two-electrode configuration. The assembled MnFe₂O₄@TiO₂@MWCNTs device showed maximum energy density of 33.03 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 458.47 W kg⁻¹. These results demonstrate the composite potential for advance energy storage devices.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":506,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Letters","volume":"36 5","pages":"2325 - 2337"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149098705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}