PLoS Biology最新文献

{"title":"Distinct patterns of connectivity with the motor cortex reflect different components of sensorimotor learning.","authors":"Corson N Areshenkoff, Anouk J de Brouwer, Daniel J Gale, Joseph Y Nashed, Jonathan Smallwood, J Randall Flanagan, Jason P Gallivan","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002934","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sensorimotor learning is supported by multiple competing processes that operate concurrently, making it a challenge to elucidate their neural underpinnings. Here, using human functional MRI, we identify 3 distinct axes of connectivity between the motor cortex and other brain regions during sensorimotor adaptation. These 3 axes uniquely correspond to subjects' degree of implicit learning, performance errors and explicit strategy use, and involve different brain networks situated at increasing levels of the cortical hierarchy. We test the generalizability of these neural axes to a separate form of motor learning known to rely mainly on explicit processes and show that it is only the Explicit neural axis, composed of higher-order areas in transmodal cortex, that predicts learning in this task. Together, our study uncovers multiple distinct patterns of functional connectivity with motor cortex during sensorimotor adaptation, the component processes that these patterns support, and how they generalize to other forms of motor learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002934"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11644839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperspectral imaging in animal coloration research: A user-friendly pipeline for image generation, analysis, and integration with 3D modeling.","authors":"Benedict G Hogan, Mary Caswell Stoddard","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002867","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperspectral imaging-a technique that combines the high spectral resolution of spectrophotometry with the high spatial resolution of photography-holds great promise for the study of animal coloration. However, applications of hyperspectral imaging to questions about the ecology and evolution of animal color remain relatively rare. The approach can be expensive and unwieldy, and we lack user-friendly pipelines for capturing and analyzing hyperspectral data in the context of animal color. Fortunately, costs are decreasing and hyperspectral imagers are improving, particularly in their sensitivity to wavelengths (including ultraviolet) visible to diverse animal species. To highlight the potential of hyperspectral imaging for animal coloration studies, we developed a pipeline for capturing, sampling, and analyzing hyperspectral data (here, in the 325 nm to 700 nm range) using avian museum specimens. Specifically, we used the pipeline to characterize the plumage colors of the King bird-of-paradise (Cicinnurus regius), Magnificent bird-of-paradise (C. magnificus), and their putative hybrid, the King of Holland's bird-of-paradise (C. magnificus x C. regius). We also combined hyperspectral data with 3D digital models to supplement hyperspectral images of each specimen with 3D shape information. Using visual system-independent methods, we found that many plumage patches on the hybrid King of Holland's bird-of-paradise are-to varying degrees-intermediate relative to those of the parent species. This was true of both pigmentary and structurally colored plumage patches. Using visual system-dependent methods, we showed that only some of the differences in plumage patches among the hybrid and its parent species would be perceivable by birds. Hyperspectral imaging is poised to become the gold standard for many animal coloration applications: comprehensive reflectance data-across the entire surface of an animal specimen-can be obtained in a matter of minutes. Our pipeline provides a practical and flexible roadmap for incorporating hyperspectral imaging into future studies of animal color.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002867"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11614258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling minor outbreaks is necessary to prepare for major pandemics.","authors":"Adam J Kucharski","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002945","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ongoing influenza H5N1 outbreaks highlight the need for timely, scalable interventions that draw on lessons from COVID-19. In particular, successful pandemic preparedness requires early outbreak management, including effective responses targeting spillovers before there is evidence of human-to-human transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002945"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11630576/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melanocortin 1 receptor mediates melanin production by interacting with the BBSome in primary cilia.","authors":"Xiaoyu Tian, Hanyu Wang, Song Liu, Wei Liu, Kaiyue Zhang, Xiaohan Gao, Qingchao Li, Huijie Zhao, Liangran Zhang, Peiwei Liu, Min Liu, Youjun Wang, Xueliang Zhu, Rutao Cui, Jun Zhou","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002940","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Production of melanin pigments is a protective mechanism of the skin against ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage and carcinogenesis. However, the molecular basis for melanogenesis is still poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate a critical interplay between the primary cilium and the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) signaling. Our data show that UV and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) trigger cilium formation in human melanocytes and melanoma cells. Deficiency of MC1R or the presence of its red hair color (RHC) variations significantly attenuates the UV/α-MSH-induced ciliogenesis. Further investigation reveals that MC1R enters the cilium upon UV/α-MSH stimulation, which is facilitated by the interaction of MC1R with the BBSome and the palmitoylation of MC1R. MC1R interacts with the BBSome through the second and third intercellular loops, which contain the common RHC variant alleles (R151C and R160W). These RHC variants of MC1R exhibit attenuated ciliary localization, and enforced ciliary localization of these variants elevates melanogenesis. Ciliary MC1R triggers a sustained cAMP signaling and selectively stimulates Sox9, which appears to up-regulate melanogenesis-related genes as the transcriptional cofactor for MITF. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized nexus between MC1R and cilia and suggest an important mechanism for RHC variant-related pigmentary defects.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002940"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial TonB-dependent transducers interact with the anti-σ factor in absence of the inducing signal protecting it from proteolysis.","authors":"Sarah Wettstadt, Francisco J Marcos-Torres, Joaquín R Otero-Asman, Alicia García-Puente, Álvaro Ortega, María A Llamas","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002920","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Competitive bacteria like the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can acquire iron from different iron carriers, which are usually internalized via outer membrane TonB-dependent receptors (TBDRs). Production of TBDRs is promoted by the presence of the substrate. This regulation often entails a signal transfer pathway known as cell-surface signaling (CSS) that involves the TBDR itself that also functions as transducer (and is thus referred to as TBDT), a cytoplasmic membrane-bound anti-σ factor, and an extracytoplasmic function σ (σECF) factor. TBDTs contain an extra N-terminal domain known as signaling domain (SD) required for the signal transfer activity of these receptors. In the current CSS model, presence of the signal allows the interaction between the TBDT and the anti-σ factor in the periplasm, promoting the proteolysis of the anti-σ factor and in turn the σECF-dependent transcription of response genes, including the TBDT gene. However, recent evidence shows that σECF activity does not depend on this interaction, suggesting that the contact between these 2 proteins fulfills a different role. Using the P. aeruginosa Fox CSS system as model, we show here that the SD of the FoxA TBDT already interacts with the C-terminal domain of the FoxR anti-σ factor in absence of the signal. This interaction protects FoxR from proteolysis in turn preventing transcription of σFoxI-dependent genes. By structural modeling of the FoxR/FoxASD interaction, we have identified the interaction sites between these 2 proteins and provide the molecular details of this interaction. We furthermore show that to exert this protective role, FoxA undergoes proteolytic cleavage, denoting a change in the paradigm of the current CSS model.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002920"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142773999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing co-expression in human neural organoids reveals their high variability in recapitulating primary tissue.","authors":"Jonathan M Werner, Jesse Gillis","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002912","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human neural organoids offer an exciting opportunity for studying inaccessible human-specific brain development; however, it remains unclear how precisely organoids recapitulate fetal/primary tissue biology. We characterize field-wide replicability and biological fidelity through a meta-analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data for first and second trimester human primary brain (2.95 million cells, 51 data sets) and neural organoids (1.59 million cells, 173 data sets). We quantify the degree primary tissue cell type marker expression and co-expression are recapitulated in organoids across 10 different protocol types. By quantifying gene-level preservation of primary tissue co-expression, we show neural organoids lie on a spectrum ranging from virtually no signal to co-expression indistinguishable from primary tissue, demonstrating a high degree of variability in biological fidelity among organoid systems. Our preserved co-expression framework provides cell type-specific measures of fidelity applicable to diverse neural organoids, offering a powerful tool for uncovering unifying axes of variation across heterogeneous neural organoid experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002912"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The thalamus encodes and updates context representations during hierarchical cognitive control.","authors":"Xitong Chen, Stephanie C Leach, Juniper Hollis, Dillan Cellier, Kai Hwang","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002937","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive flexibility relies on hierarchically structured task representations that organize task contexts, relevant environmental features, and subordinate decisions. Despite ongoing interest in the human thalamus, its role in cognitive control has been understudied. This study explored thalamic representation and thalamocortical interactions that contribute to hierarchical cognitive control in humans. We found that several thalamic nuclei, including the anterior, mediodorsal, ventrolateral, and pulvinar nuclei, exhibited stronger evoked responses when subjects switch between task contexts. Decoding analysis revealed that thalamic activity encodes task contexts within the hierarchical task representations. To determine how thalamocortical interactions contribute to task representations, we developed a thalamocortical functional interaction model to predict task-related cortical representation. This data-driven model outperformed comparison models, particularly in predicting activity patterns in cortical regions that encode context representations. Collectively, our findings highlight the significant contribution of thalamic activity and thalamocortical interactions for contextually guided hierarchical cognitive control.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002937"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature cues are integrated in a flexible circadian neuropeptidergic feedback circuit to remodel sleep-wake patterns in flies.","authors":"Xin Yuan, Hailiang Li, Fang Guo","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organisms detect temperature signals through peripheral neurons, which relay them to central circadian networks to drive adaptive behaviors. Despite recent advances in Drosophila research, how circadian circuits integrate temperature cues with circadian signals to regulate sleep/wake patterns remains unclear. In this study, we used the FlyWire brain electron microscopy connectome to map neuronal connections, identifying lateral posterior neurons LPNs as key nodes for integrating temperature information into the circadian network. LPNs receive input from both circadian and temperature-sensing neurons, promoting sleep behavior. Through connectome analysis, genetic manipulation, and behavioral assays, we demonstrated that LPNs, downstream of thermo-sensitive anterior cells (ACs), suppress activity-promoting lateral dorsal neurons LNds via the AstC pathway, inducing sleep Disrupting LPN-LNd communication through either AstCR1 RNAi in LNds or in an AstCR1 mutant significantly impairs the heat-induced reduction in the evening activity peak. Conversely, optogenetic calcium imaging and behavioral assays revealed that cold-activated LNds subsequently stimulate LPNs through NPF-NPFR signaling, establishing a negative feedback loop. This feedback mechanism limits LNd activation to appropriate levels, thereby fine-tuning the evening peak increase at lower temperatures. In conclusion, our study constructed a comprehensive connectome centered on LPNs and identified a novel peptidergic circadian feedback circuit that coordinates temperature and circadian signals, offering new insights into the regulation of sleep patterns in Drosophila.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002918"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11611155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axons compensate for biophysical constraints of variable size to uniformize their action potentials.","authors":"János Brunner, Antónia Arszovszki, Gergely Tarcsay, János Szabadics","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002929","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Active conductances tune the kinetics of axonal action potentials (APs) to support specialized functions of neuron types. However, the temporal characteristics of voltage signals strongly depend on the size of neuronal structures, as capacitive and resistive effects slow down voltage discharges in the membranes of small elements. Axonal action potentials are particularly sensitive to these inherent biophysical effects because of the large diameter variabilities within individual axons, potentially implying bouton size-dependent synaptic effects. However, using direct patch-clamp recordings and voltage imaging in small hippocampal axons in acute slices from rat brains, we demonstrate that AP shapes remain uniform within the same axons, even across an order of magnitude difference in caliber. Our results show that smaller axonal structures have more Kv1 potassium channels that locally re-accelerate AP repolarization and contribute to size-independent APs, while they do not preclude the plasticity of AP shapes. Thus, size-independent axonal APs ensure consistent digital signals for each synapse within axons of same types.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002929"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracellular polarization of RNAs and proteins in the human small intestinal epithelium.","authors":"Roy Novoselsky, Yotam Harnik, Oran Yakubovsky, Corine Katina, Yishai Levin, Keren Bahar Halpern, Niv Pencovich, Ido Nachmany, Shalev Itzkovitz","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002942","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestinal epithelium is a polarized monolayer of cells, with an apical side facing the lumen and a basal side facing the blood stream. In mice, both proteins and mRNAs have been shown to exhibit global basal-apical polarization; however, polarization in the human intestine has not been systematically explored. Here, we employed laser-capture microdissection to isolate apical and basal epithelial segments from intestinal tissues of 8 individuals and performed RNA sequencing and mass-spectrometry proteomics. We find a substantial polarization of mRNA molecules that largely overlaps polarization patterns observed in mice. This mRNA polarization remains consistent across different zones of the intestinal villi and is generally correlated with the polarization of proteins. Our protein analysis exposes streamlined intracellular nutrient transport and processing and reveals that mitochondria and ribosomes are less polarized in humans compared to mice. Our study provides a resource for understanding human intestinal epithelial biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"22 12","pages":"e3002942"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}