PLoS Biology最新文献

{"title":"Nightjars trade off cruising speed efficiency for hovering capabilities and link upstroke thrust production with restricted wing folding.","authors":"L Christoffer Johansson, Gabriel Norevik, Sonja Friman, Anders Hedenström","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004023","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) is a long-distance migrant that also uses slow, hovering, flight as part of its feeding ecology. This reflects complex tradeoffs in aerodynamic mechanisms and makes studies of their flight performance, in relation to their wing shape, particularly interesting. Here we reveal, using wake visualization and aerodynamic measurements of nightjars flying in a wind tunnel, a unique double tip vortex phenomenon at cruising speeds. This correlates with reduced span efficiency at these flight speeds, suggesting relatively high costs of generating lift. Our interpretation is that the nightjar's broad, slotted wing tip shape promotes lift during slow flight while incurring reduced aerodynamic efficiency at faster speeds. In addition, we found outer wing upstroke thrust generation during cruising flight-a characteristic previously attributed to bats and hummingbirds-in nightjars. This challenges an existing paradigm that considers an active upstroke to primarily add weight support in birds. Our kinematic analysis suggests this phenomenon may stem from constraints on wing folding during the upstroke, something that may apply generally to flapping flight. Our results highlight the tradeoffs seen in animals engaged in multiple costly behaviors with different aerodynamics optimization criteria based on ecological demands and offer potential solutions applicable in bioinspired engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004023"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13645225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149117260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive introgression between two Drosophila species enhances heat tolerance despite barriers to gene flow.","authors":"Noora Poikela, Rhonda R Snook, Jonna Kulmuni, Michael G Ritchie","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004028","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As global temperatures rise and heat waves become more frequent, populations must adapt rapidly to avoid local extinctions. Adaptive introgression allows species to quickly acquire adaptive genetic material from close relatives. However, certain genomic regions, containing barrier loci, may resist introgression. We experimentally tested whether strong heat stress selection can overcome such barriers and facilitate the transfer of adaptive alleles to improve heat tolerance. We also examined whether chromosomal inversions, which can tightly link adaptive and barrier loci through reduced recombination, promote or prevent introgression. We conducted a hybridize, evolve, and re-sequence experiment by crossing the heat-sensitive D. flavomontana with the more heat-tolerant D. montana, exposing heat-selection lines to transient heat for three generations while maintaining control lines. We also mapped long-term barriers to gene flow between natural populations using a demographically explicit genome scan. The heat-selection lines exhibited approximately twice the introgression and higher male fertility under heat stress compared to control lines and the heat-sensitive parental D. flavomontana. This introgression was primarily located in colinear autosomal regions and correlated with improved heat tolerance. Some introgression occurred also in inverted autosomal regions in the heat-selection lines but not in the control lines. The X chromosome, with three overlapping inversions, resisted introgression in both heat-selection and control lines, thereby maintaining a strong species barrier. Finally, genetic barriers in the control lines significantly overlapped with long-term barriers, but this overlap was less pronounced in the heat-selection lines. Our study demonstrates that strong selection can lead to adaptive introgression despite long-standing genetic barriers. These findings highlight that introgression can serve as a rapid source of adaptive genetic material under stressful thermal conditions, potentially mitigating climate-induced population extinctions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004028"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149117236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Correction: Data-driven analyses of motor impairments in animal models of neurological disorders.","authors":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004030","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000516.].</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004030"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13623124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic timescale develops hierarchically from sensorimotor to association cortex in youth and stabilizes in adulthood.","authors":"Golia Shafiei, Joëlle Bagautdinova, Valerie J Sydnor, Dani S Bassett, Deanna M Barch, Matthew Cieslak, Yong Fan, Elizabeth Flook, Alexandre R Franco, Gregory Kiar, Audrey C Luo, Michael P Milham, Linden Parkes, Taylor Salo, Leah H Somerville, Tien T Tong, Russell T Shinohara, Theodore D Satterthwaite","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004037","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intrinsic timescale is a commonly used measure of spontaneous neural dynamics that quantifies the temporal window of processing of neuronal populations. Intrinsic timescale displays a hierarchical cortical organization across multiple species and imaging modalities, with shorter timescales in sensorimotor cortex compared to association cortex. However, less is known about how intrinsic timescale evolves during human brain development and whether its cortical maturation patterns generalize to independent developmental samples. Here we estimate the intrinsic timescale in two independent cross-sectional datasets of youth (HCPD: n = 565; HBN: n = 729; age range 8-22 years) and investigate its neurodevelopmental patterns. We find that developmental patterns in the intrinsic timescale follow a hierarchical pattern that recapitulates an axis spanning sensorimotor to association cortices (S-A axis). Our analysis of an independent healthy young adult dataset (HCPYA: n = 973, age range 22-37 years) underscores the specificity of these developmental findings, suggesting that the intrinsic timescale develops along the S-A axis in youth and stabilizes in adulthood. Together, these results reveal convergence between major axes of cortical organization and development, highlighting intrinsic timescale as a principled marker of hierarchical brain maturation in youth.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004037"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13638041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A trade-off between fungal biofilm formation and persistence in the host.","authors":"Shannon Esher Righi","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004027","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal biofilm formation has long been considered an important virulence trait. A new study on Candida parapsilosis outbreak isolates in PLOS Biology challenges this, finding that low biofilm-producing strains are better adapted for immune evasion and survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004027"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13623141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal lipid metabolism controls molecular and behavioral immunity through NHR-68 and gut-brain signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans.","authors":"Jie Ren, Yu Sang, Young-Mo Kim, Ernesto S Nakayasu, Alejandro Aballay","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004026","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animals must allocate limited energetic resources across competing defense programs in response to infection. Here, we show that the conserved nuclear hormone receptor NHR-68 integrates fatty acid metabolism with the neural control of molecular and behavioral immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Acting in parallel with NHR-10, NHR-68 controls genes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism. Loss of NHR-68 disrupts linoleic acid (LA) homeostasis, impairing pathogen avoidance behavior. Supplementation with LA restores avoidance, and fat-3 inhibition, which elevates LA, enhances pathogen avoidance, whereas loss of LA synthesis by fat-2 inhibition diminishes this behavior, indicating that LA promotes behavioral immunity. We further show that NHR-68 acts in the intestine to regulate linoleic acid homeostasis, and that changes in intestinal lipid metabolism influence an AWC-dependent pathogen-avoidance circuit through intestine-to-neuron communication. NHR-68 suppresses activation of the PMK-1/p38 MAPK and DAF-16/FOXO pathways, which mediate molecular immune responses. These findings identify a gut-brain transcriptional circuit that connects intestinal lipid metabolism to neural and immune outputs, revealing a mechanism by which the metabolic state coordinates behavioral and molecular defenses to optimize host protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004026"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epistasis and pleiotropy constrain the evolution of cross-reactive breadth in a broadly neutralizing influenza antibody.","authors":"Katrine E Dailey, Yiquan Wang, Qi Wen Teo, Chaoyang Wang, Huibin Lv, Ruipeng Lei, Meixuan Tong, Lucia A Rodriguez, Letianchu Wang, Nicholas C Wu","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004021","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The highly conserved influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) stem domain is a major target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). However, despite being discovered more than a decade ago, the IGHV1-69-encoded CR9114 remains the only HA stem bnAb that cross-reacts with both influenza A and B viruses. To investigate the constraints on the breadth evolution of CR9114, this study performs four deep mutational scanning experiments to compare the binding affinity landscapes of the germline and somatic CR9114 against H1 HA, H3 HA, and influenza B virus HA. Many mutations that minimally affect or even improve the H1 HA binding are detrimental for binding to H3 HA and influenza B virus HA. We further reveal the prevalence of epistasis in IGHV1-69 HA stem bnAbs. Overall, our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the scarcity of HA stem bnAbs with cross-reactivity against both influenza A and B viruses, and have important implications for developing broadly protective influenza vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004021"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13638050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole-organ single-cell mapping defines growth dynamics and clonal organization in developing and adult zebrafish livers.","authors":"Hsiao-Yuh Roan, Xuejiao Tian, Wei-Chen Chu, Chia-Ming Lee, Hsin Chen, Fiorency Santoso, Chung-Han Wang, Yu-Hsiu Liu, Uday Kumar, He-Yun Hsiao, Chiou-Hwa Yuh, Bi-Chang Chen, Chen-Hui Chen","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004007","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertebrate organs undergo massive growth during the post-embryonic period. Yet, our understanding of how this organ-wide process is organized at single-cell resolution has been limited by an inability to monitor individual cells of different types throughout intact adult organs. Here we establish an integrated workflow of whole adult-organ expansion microscopy (WAO-ExM) that enables in toto single-cell-resolved visualization of every hepatocyte within a complete adult vertebrate liver. Using transgenic reporters to label hepatocyte nuclei, we quantified cell expansion dynamics across the entire post-embryonic growth period, finding that an intact adult liver spanning ~5 mm thickness had an average of 1,265,206 hepatocytes. The data further revealed a non-linear growth regimen in which cell number increased by 538-fold, with a temporally concentrated burst that was not reflective of overall body growth. Integration of lineage tracing with WAO-ExM revealed that cell number increases were driven by a few hepatocytes undergoing drastic clonal expansion at the whole-organ scale. Disruption of extracellular matrix laminins decoupled liver shaping from total cell number increases, suggesting independent regulatory control of tissue architecture and cell proliferation. We also utilized WAO-ExM to monitor diseased livers and other adult organs, including heart and pancreas. Altogether, these findings bridge micrometer-scale cell behaviors with centimeter-scale organ growth, and establish a generalizable platform for adult vertebrate organs to be fully resolved at bona fide single-cell resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004007"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13641717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A developmental single-cell atlas of the Drosophila visual system glia reveals cell type diversification and subcellular mRNA compartmentalization.","authors":"Amanda A G Ferreira, Sergio Córdoba, Raghuvanshi Rajesh, Ben Jiwon Choi, Claude Desplan","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004015","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glial cells are essential for proper nervous system development and function. To understand glial development and function, we comprehensively annotated the glial cells from two large single-cell mRNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) atlases of the developing Drosophila visual system. This allowed us to identify all glial cell types from larval to adult stages and follow their developmental trajectories to understand how the diversity of glial types is generated during development. We show that whereas most glial types, such as chiasm glia, gradually change their transcriptome as they mature during development, neuropil glia that transcriptionally appear as a single-cell class in larvae, splits into ensheathing (EG) and astrocyte-like (ALG) glia types during pupal stages. We have experimentally validated these developmental trajectories and identified the genetic markers expressed through the differentiation between EG and ALG classes. Unexpectedly, our analysis of scRNA-seq datasets allowed us to discover that the transcriptome of glial cell bodies can be distinguished from that of their processes. We have identified that processes are enriched for distinct mRNAs that were validated in vivo. This work provides the most detailed transcriptomic analysis of optic lobe glia during development and helps explain the expansion of glial diversity observed in the adult visual system. We also present an innovative computational approach to identify mRNA species that are differentially localized to cell bodies or cellular processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004015"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient inversion polymorphisms associate with sexually selected traits across natural guppy populations.","authors":"Yuying Lin, Wouter van der Bijl, Judith E Mank","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004024","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3004024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the distribution, frequency, and long-term persistence of chromosomal inversions in natural populations is key to understanding population evolution and adaptive processes. Inversions often span multiple genes, are subject to strong selective pressures and can affect complex traits. Here, we used an unbiased method to identify inversions in guppies from three different Trinidadian rivers with paired high- and low-predation populations which differ in a wide range of morphological, behavioural and life-history traits. We identified 22 inversions, ranging in age from 1 to 6 million years, which are widespread across the genome and predate the colonisation of each river. We were able to verify the breakpoints for all but one of these inversions using linked reads. We find three inversions that are significantly associated with local adaptation syndromes in high- versus low-predation populations, however, none are reciprocally fixed throughout all three replicate rivers. Additionally, we observe seven additional inversions maintained in all three rivers without evidence of local adaptation. Simulations reveal that the level of inversion polymorphism that we observe is far greater than expected under a neutral model. We observed a significant overlap between polymorphic inversions and loci previously implicated in male ornament pattern variation in guppies, suggesting that negative frequency-dependent selection due to female preference for male pattern novelty explains the maintenance of inversion polymorphisms. Overall, our results show the role of sexual selection in the long-term maintenance of inversion polymorphisms, and an interplay between sexual and natural selection in frequency dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"24 9","pages":"e3004024"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13626464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149031662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}