PLoS Biology最新文献_第10页

Short-range human cortico-cortical white matter fibers have thinner axons and are less myelinated compared to long-range fibers despite a similar g-ratio. 尽管g比相似，但短距离人类皮质-皮质白质纤维与长距离纤维相比，轴突更薄，髓鞘较少。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-20 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002906

Philip Ruthig, David Edler von der Planitz, Maria Morozova, Katja Reimann, Carsten Jäger, Tilo Reinert, Siawoosh Mohammadi, Nikolaus Weiskopf, Evgeniya Kirilina, Markus Morawski

{"title":"Short-range human cortico-cortical white matter fibers have thinner axons and are less myelinated compared to long-range fibers despite a similar g-ratio.","authors":"Philip Ruthig, David Edler von der Planitz, Maria Morozova, Katja Reimann, Carsten Jäger, Tilo Reinert, Siawoosh Mohammadi, Nikolaus Weiskopf, Evgeniya Kirilina, Markus Morawski","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002906","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3002906","url":null,"abstract":"The size and complexity of the human brain require optimally sized and myelinated fibers. White matter fibers facilitate fast communication between distant areas, but also connect adjacent cortical regions via short association fibers. The difference in length and packing density of long and short association fibers pose different requirements on their optimal size and degree of myelination. The fundamental questions of (i) how thick the short association fibers are and (ii) how strongly they are myelinated as compared to long fibers, however, remain unanswered. We present a comprehensive two-dimensional transmission electron microscopic analysis of ~400,000 fibers of human white matter regions with long (corpus callosum) and short fibers (superficial white matter). Using a deep learning approach, we demonstrate a substantially higher fiber diameter and higher myelination thickness (both approximately 25% higher) in corpus callosum than in superficial white matter. Surprisingly, we do not find a difference in the ratio between axon diameter and myelin thickness (g-ratio), which is close to the theoretically optimal value of ~0.6 in both areas (0.54). This work reveals a fundamental principle of brain organization that provides a key foundation for understanding the human brain.","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"23 8","pages":"e3002906"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12410883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144975600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: MSP-tracker: A versatile vesicle tracking software tool used to reveal the spatial control of polarized secretion in Drosophila epithelial cells. 更正：MSP-tracker：一个多功能囊泡跟踪软件工具，用于揭示果蝇上皮细胞极化分泌的空间控制。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-19 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003343

引用次数: 0

Involuntary and voluntary memory retrieval relies on distinct neural representations and oscillatory processes. 非自愿和自愿记忆检索依赖于不同的神经表征和振荡过程。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-19 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003258

Malte Kobelt, Gerd T Waldhauser, Marie-Christin Fellner, Nikolai Axmacher

{"title":"Involuntary and voluntary memory retrieval relies on distinct neural representations and oscillatory processes.","authors":"Malte Kobelt, Gerd T Waldhauser, Marie-Christin Fellner, Nikolai Axmacher","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3003258","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3003258","url":null,"abstract":"Involuntary memory retrieval is a hallmark symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder and a frequent phenomenon in everyday autobiographical memory. However, the neural mechanisms that drive involuntary retrieval remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate how involuntary retrieval spontaneously initiates memory reactivation and how the reactivated neural representations differ in their content, distinctiveness and temporal compression from voluntary retrieval. Combining a visual half-field paradigm with electroencephalography recordings (EEG) in humans, we tracked reactivation of item-specific neural representations and sensory feature representations measured as representational similarity between different items sharing the same sensory feature - the visual field at encoding. We show that involuntary retrieval reactivated sensory feature-dependent yet item-unspecific representations via temporally extended memory replay, accompanied by rapid mid-frontal theta-power increases, indicating memory interference. This neural process differed from voluntary retrieval which recruited goal-directed memory search processes in prefrontal-medial temporal lobe theta-bands to reactivate temporally compressed item-specific representations devoid of visual field specific sensory feature representations at encoding. Our findings demonstrate that involuntary memories rely on distinct neural processes that access different representational formats compared to voluntary retrieval offering a nuanced understanding of episodic memory functioning relevant to psychological well-being.","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"23 8","pages":"e3003258"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cutting the defense budget: How allocation costs shape induced resistance in plants. 削减国防预算：分配成本如何在植物中形成诱导抗性。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-15 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003317

Ethan Bass

引用次数: 0

Key role of the default mode network in transfer of motor learning from previous experience. 默认模式网络在先前经验运动学习迁移中的关键作用。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-15 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003310

Hiroshi Imamizu, Toshiyuki Kondo

引用次数: 0

Teaching right from wrong: Developing a model of early immune education. 明辨是非：建立早期免疫教育模式。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-15 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003314

Parsa Ghadermazi, Matthew R Olm

引用次数: 0

Archaea appropriate weaponry to breach the bacterial cell wall. 古细菌是破坏细菌细胞壁的合适武器。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-15 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003323

Anna C Papageorgiou, Panagiotis S Adam

引用次数: 0

Archaea produce peptidoglycan hydrolases that kill bacteria. 古生菌产生肽聚糖水解酶，杀死细菌。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-14 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003235

Romain Strock, Valerie W C Soo, Pauline Misson, Georgia Roumelioti, Pavel V Shliaha, Antoine Hocher, Tobias Warnecke

{"title":"Archaea produce peptidoglycan hydrolases that kill bacteria.","authors":"Romain Strock, Valerie W C Soo, Pauline Misson, Georgia Roumelioti, Pavel V Shliaha, Antoine Hocher, Tobias Warnecke","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3003235","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3003235","url":null,"abstract":"The social life of archaea is poorly understood. In particular, even though competition and conflict are common themes in microbial communities, there is scant evidence documenting antagonistic interactions between archaea and their abundant prokaryotic brethren: bacteria. Do archaea specifically target bacteria for destruction? If so, what molecular weaponry do they use? Here, we present an approach to infer antagonistic interactions between archaea and bacteria from genome sequence. We show that a large and diverse set of archaea encode peptidoglycan hydrolases, enzymes that recognize and cleave a structure-peptidoglycan-that is a ubiquitous component of bacterial cell walls but absent from archaea. We predict the bacterial targets of archaeal peptidoglycan hydrolases using a structural homology approach and demonstrate that the predicted target bacteria tend to inhabit a similar niche to the archaeal producer, indicative of ecologically relevant interactions. Using a heterologous expression system, we demonstrate that two peptidoglycan hydrolases from the halophilic archaeaon Halogranum salarium B-1 kill the halophilic bacterium Halalkalibacterium halodurans, a predicted target, and do so in a manner consistent with peptidoglycan hydrolase activity. Our results suggest that, even though the tools and rules of engagement remain largely unknown, archaeal-bacterial conflicts are likely common, and we present a roadmap for the discovery of additional antagonistic interactions between these two domains of life. Our work has implications for understanding mixed microbial communities that include archaea and suggests that archaea might represent a large untapped reservoir of novel antibacterials.","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"23 8","pages":"e3003235"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12352652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HAPLN2 forms aggregates and promotes microglial inflammation during brain aging in mice. HAPLN2在小鼠脑衰老过程中形成聚集体并促进小胶质细胞炎症。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-14 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003006

Ayaka Watanabe, Shoshiro Hirayama, Itsuki Kominato, Sybille Marchese, Pietro Esposito, Vanya Metodieva, Taeko Kimura, Hiroshi Kameda, Terunori Sano, Masaki Takao, Sho Takatori, Masato Koike, Juan Alberto Varela, Taisuke Tomita, Shigeo Murata

{"title":"HAPLN2 forms aggregates and promotes microglial inflammation during brain aging in mice.","authors":"Ayaka Watanabe, Shoshiro Hirayama, Itsuki Kominato, Sybille Marchese, Pietro Esposito, Vanya Metodieva, Taeko Kimura, Hiroshi Kameda, Terunori Sano, Masaki Takao, Sho Takatori, Masato Koike, Juan Alberto Varela, Taisuke Tomita, Shigeo Murata","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3003006","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3003006","url":null,"abstract":"Protein aggregation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases and is also observed in the brains of elderly individuals without such conditions, suggesting that aging drives the accumulation of protein aggregates. However, the comprehensive understanding of age-dependent protein aggregates involved in brain aging remains unclear. Here, we investigated proteins that become sarkosyl-insoluble with age and identified hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 2 (HAPLN2), a hyaluronic acid-binding protein of the extracellular matrix at the nodes of Ranvier, as an age-dependent aggregating protein in mouse brains. Elevated hyaluronic acid levels and impaired microglial function reduced the clearance of HAPLN2, leading to its accumulation. HAPLN2 oligomers induced microglial inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, age-associated HAPLN2 aggregation was also observed in the human cerebellum. These findings suggest that HAPLN2 aggregation results from age-related decline in brain homeostasis and may exacerbate the brain environment by activating microglia. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying cerebellar aging and highlights the role of HAPLN2 in age-associated changes in the brain.","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"23 8","pages":"e3003006"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12407547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transfer of motor learning is associated with patterns of activity in the default mode network. 运动学习的转移与默认模式网络中的活动模式有关。

IF 7.2 1区生物学

PLoS Biology Pub Date : 2025-08-14 eCollection Date: 2025-08-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003268

Ali Rezaei, Corson N Areshenkoff, Daniel J Gale, Anouk J De Brouwer, Joseph Y Nashed, J Randall Flanagan, Jason P Gallivan

{"title":"Transfer of motor learning is associated with patterns of activity in the default mode network.","authors":"Ali Rezaei, Corson N Areshenkoff, Daniel J Gale, Anouk J De Brouwer, Joseph Y Nashed, J Randall Flanagan, Jason P Gallivan","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3003268","DOIUrl":"10.1371/journal.pbio.3003268","url":null,"abstract":"An often-desired feature of motor learning is that it generalizes to untrained scenarios. Yet, how this is supported by brain activity remains poorly understood. Here we show, using human functional MRI and a sensorimotor adaptation task involving the transfer of learning from the trained to untrained hand, that the transfer phase of adaptation re-instantiates a highly similar large-scale pattern of brain activity to that observed during initial adaptation. Notably, we find that these neural changes, rather than occurring at the level of sensorimotor regions, predominantly occur across distributed areas of higher-order transmodal cortex, specifically in regions of the default mode network (DMN). Moreover, we show that these learning-related neural changes relate to the structural properties of transmodal cortex (its myelin content and neurotransmitter receptor density), and that intersubject differences in DMN activity relate to both adaptation- and transfer-phase task performance. Together, these findings suggest that the transfer of learning across the hands is supported by the re-expression of the same activity patterns in the DMN as those that support initial learning. Collectively, these results offer a unique characterization of the whole-brain macroscale changes associated with sensorimotor learning and generalization, and establish a key role for higher-order brain areas, such as the DMN, in the transfer of learning to untrained scenarios.","PeriodicalId":49001,"journal":{"name":"PLoS Biology","volume":"23 8","pages":"e3003268"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12352662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0