Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology最新文献

{"title":"Regional variability in craniofacial stiffness: a study in normal and Crouzon mice during postnatal development.","authors":"Marius Didziokas, Miranda Steacy, Tengyang Qiu, Arsalan Marghoub, Ali Alazmani, Erwin Pauws, Mehran Moazen","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01962-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-025-01962-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Craniosynostosis (CS) is the premature closure of craniofacial joints known as sutures. Typically, this condition is treated by numerous invasive surgical interventions. Previously we investigated the level of mechanical strain induced due to frontal bone loading on a mouse model of this condition in light of a minimally invasive cyclic bone loading, showing success in retaining coronal suture patency in the Crouzon mouse model. Here we expanded on the previous investigations and characterised the response to external loading on the anterior part of the parietal bone, posterior part of the parietal bone and interparietal bone in addition to the previously investigated frontal bone loading. The results highlighted the significantly higher deformation of the skull and cranial joints during loading of the posterior skull compared to anterior skull loading. These results suggest that loading-based treatment requires different loading regimes depending on location. Additionally, the response of the coronal suture was investigated directly at postnatal day 7 (P7) in both mutant and wild-type animals. The wild-type mice exhibited significant deformation of the coronal suture across all loading locations, whereas no significant deformation was observed in the mutants. Finally, the experimental results were utilised to develop and analyse computational models of WT mice at three ages: P7, P14, and P21. This underscored the challenges in accurately capturing the highly variable response of the mouse craniofacial system to external loading. In summary, this work provided more details on the mechanics of the mouse craniofacial system and its variable overall stiffness across the different anatomical regions of the skull.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1207-1222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12246019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reduced 3D-0D fluid-structure interaction model of the aortic valve that includes leaflet curvature.","authors":"Ivan Fumagalli, Luca Dede', Alfio Quarteroni","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01960-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-025-01960-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We introduce an innovative lumped-parameter model of the aortic valve, designed to efficiently simulate the impact of valve dynamics on blood flow. Our reduced model includes the elastic effects associated with the leaflets' curvature and the stress exchanged with the blood flow. The introduction of a lumped-parameter model based on momentum balance entails an easier calibration of the model parameters: Phenomenological-based models, on the other hand, typically have numerous parameters. This model is coupled to 3D Navier-Stokes equations describing the blood flow, where the moving valve leaflets are immersed in the fluid domain by a resistive method. A stabilized finite element method with a BDF time scheme is adopted for the discretization of the coupled problem, and the computational results show the suitability of the system in representing the leaflet motion, the blood flow in the ascending aorta, and the pressure jump across the leaflets. Both physiological and stenotic configurations are investigated, and we analyze the effects of different treatments for the leaflet velocity on the blood flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1169-1189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12245969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of the structural design influence on cartilage cell differentiation in mechanically stimulated hydrogel scaffolds using an FSI-based model.","authors":"Pedram Azizi, Christoph Drobek, Hermann Seitz","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01976-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-025-01976-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel scaffolds show considerable promise for the regenerative treatment of cartilage and bone defects. Within tissue engineering, these scaffolds can be mechanically stimulated to specifically promote cartilage formation. While in vitro experiments are traditionally used to study the influence of scaffold structure on cell differentiation, in silico studies offer a complementary, cost-effective, and powerful approach. This numerical study employs a transient fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model to modify the structural design of a mechanically stimulated hydrogel scaffold for enhanced cartilage cell differentiation. The study involved two key modification steps applied to scaffolds under 5% compression. In the first step, scaffold porosity was adjusted by altering the number of strands per layer. The scaffold designed with 38% porosity, consisting of 9 strands per layer across 9 layers, improved cartilage differentiation by approximately 15%. The second step focused on scaling the selected scaffold from step 1 by adjusting the number of layers while keeping the porosity constant, aiming to optimize pore dimensions. This led to a slight improvement in cartilage differentiation of about 2.3%. The results indicate that porosity exerts a more significant influence on cell differentiation than pore size in the structured scaffolds investigated. The FSI-based model demonstrates strong potential for analyzing the impact of pore architecture on cell differentiation, although manufacturing challenges of hydrogel scaffolds may limit the practical application of these modification strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1417-1433"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12246015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of coronary outflow and non-Newtonian fluid property on aortic valve haemodynamics.","authors":"Zhongjie Yin, Chlöe Armour, Harkamaljot Kandail, Declan P O'Regan, Toufan Bahrami, Saeed Mirsadraee, Selene Pirola, Xiao Yun Xu","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01975-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-025-01975-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The normal healthy aortic valve (AoV) has three leaflets, two of which have outflows to the coronary arteries. Blood flow through the coronary ostia will have an impact on AoV dynamics and the surrounding haemodynamics, leading to differential shear stress distributions at the aortic side of the three leaflets. In addition, aortic root haemodynamics may also be influenced by the non-Newtonian behaviour of blood which is known as a shear-thinning fluid due to the aggregation of red blood cells at low shear rate. However, the combined effect of coronary and non-Newtonian flow on AoV haemodynamics has not been studied in an anatomically realistic setting. In this study, strongly coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analyses were performed on a natural, healthy AoV, with and without accounting for coronary outflows and non-Newtonian properties of blood. Our results showed that the influence of coronary outflow is more pronounced than employing a non-Newtonian model, and their combined effect is non-negligible, particularly on wall shear stress. Incorporating coronary outflow and non-Newtonian properties increased time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) in the aortic sinus by up to 108.45%; it also increased TAWSS on the aortic side of valve leaflets by 41.04%, 44.76%, and 54.91% on the left, right and non-coronary leaflet, respectively. These results highlight the importance of incorporating coronary outflow and non-Newtonian properties when accurate predictions of wall shear stress and its related parameters are critical.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1401-1416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12245955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144293162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) surgical strategies: a computational fluid dynamics perspective.","authors":"Baopeng Wu, Hao Han, Jing Yao, Lingyu Jiang, Jian Yang, Ying Xin, Runxin Fang, Lingling Wei, Shicheng He, Zhiyong Li, Qiang Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01970-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-025-01970-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) surgery is commonly employed to treat the portal hypertension (PH), and an appropriate surgical strategy is crucial to balance the surgical outcome and post-TIPS complications. This study numerically explored the effects of six TIPS surgical strategies on the shunt outcome and PV stenosis risk by considering three stent insertion positions with two in-vessel covered lengths from the perspective of the hemodynamics. Sequential CT images of 21 PH subjects were used to reconstruct the six kinds of virtual TIPS surgical models with 6 mm stent and further to compare their five post-TIPS hemodynamic indexes. According to four of the five indexes, it was found that although there was no significant difference between the six surgical strategies, the stent insertion into the main portal vein (MPV) with in-vessel covered length 0 cm was slightly better to reduce the PV pressure, improve the shunt outcome, and potentially decrease the post-TIPS PV stenosis risk. The current findings could be helpful for clinical applications in the aspect of selecting TIPS surgical strategy to treat the PH.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1327-1341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the biomechanical effects of severe anterior disc displacement on the temporomandibular joint and occlusion.","authors":"Chunxin Yang, Tinghui Sun, Bingmei Shao, Zhan Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01965-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-025-01965-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and occlusion, as critical load-bearing components of the stomatognathic system, exhibit complex interdependence. While occlusal abnormalities contribute to internal joint disorders, their reciprocal effects remain poorly understood. This study investigates how severe anterior disc displacement (ADD) alters the stress distribution within the TMJ and the occlusion, aiming to elucidate the TMJ-occlusion relationship and inform clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies. Refined finite element models of the masticatory system of the normal, bilaterally severe ADD, and unilaterally severe ADD groups were developed. Stress distributions were analyzed under maximum voluntary intercuspal clenching (MIC) and maximum voluntary unilateral molar clenching (MUC) with corresponding muscle force intensities. Results showed that under high-intensity clenching, the contact stress on the second molars in the severe ADD groups (48.4-50.3 MPa) exceeded that in the normal group (37.7-38.4 MPa). The condylar contact stress of the severe ADD group was more than 40 times greater than that of the normal group. The ranking of peak stresses on the condyles with unilateral severe ADD under different high-intensity tasks was as follows: MUCI (336.97 MPa) > MUCC (206.54 MPa) > MIC (169.19 MPa). In conclusion, severe ADD under high-intensity clenching induces anterior slippage of discs, resulting in abnormal stress concentrations on the condyles and second molars, particularly during ipsilateral clenching. To mitigate potential biomechanical risks, patients are encouraged to adopt balanced mastication habits.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1267-1277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A three-dimensional computational study of critical pressures of dissection propagation in the aorta.","authors":"Sathish Kumar Marimuthu, Giulia Luraghi, Craig Maclean, Robbie Brodie, Francesco Migliavacca, Sean McGinty, Nicholas A Hill","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01991-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-025-01991-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aortic dissection is a life-threatening disease with high mortality rates. The degradation of the layers of the aorta wall causes tears, which then propagate further due to high-pressure blood penetrating the vessel wall, creating a false lumen. The intimal flap separating the true and false lumen can either bulge inwards constricting the true lumen's blood flow or bulge outwards leading to catastrophic rupture and internal bleeding. Therefore, to understand the role of critical pressure on tear propagation, a computational study of the initiation and propagation of tears of various sizes and at multiple depths and locations in three-dimensional aortas was conducted. Tears were modelled using the extended finite element method, and the wall of the aortas is an anisotropic hyperelastic material. Blood-pressure-loaded aorta geometries were obtained from the corresponding unloaded geometries using an iterative procedure to match the in vivo geometries. Pressure-driven tear initiation and propagation were studied. Our results show that when the tear surface's normal is perpendicular to the blood flow, the critical pressure required to cause further propagation is higher for the shorter and deeper tears and reduces when the initial tear size increases. When the normal is parallel to the blood flow, the difference in critical pressure with an increase in tear depth is small and is more likely to propagate transversely. Also, the critical pressure decreases with an increase in the diameter of the aorta for all the tear orientations. This study concludes that tear size, depth inside the medial layer and the diameter of the aorta near the tear location are critical parameters in assessing the risk of further propagation.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential effects of demographics and risk factors on the nonlinear orthotropic mechanical properties of human femoropopliteal arteries.","authors":"Majid Jadidi, Sayed Ahmadreza Razian, Alireza Zarreh, Ramin Shahbad, Alexey Kamenskiy","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01981-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-025-01981-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how demographics and risk factors differentially affect the nonlinear orthotropic mechanical properties of human femoropopliteal arteries (FPAs) is critical for improving computational models of device-artery interactions. However, directly assessing these effects is challenging due to their intricate interrelationships and multifaceted impact on arterial mechanics. This study aimed to quantify the independent and combined effects of aging, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and coronary artery disease on the mechanical behavior of human FPAs using machine learning (ML). FPAs from 450 tissue donors 12-99 years old (average age 51 ± 18 years, 66% male) were evaluated using multi-ratio planar biaxial extension. ML models, optimized through hyperparameter tuning and cross-validation, were used to describe subject-specific nonlinear orthotropic arterial properties based on demographics and risk factors. Age accounted for 60% of the variability in arterial mechanics and had a stronger influence longitudinally than circumferentially. The presence of diabetes and coronary artery disease each added 13 and 11 years to vascular age circumferentially but < 3 years longitudinally. Obesity and hypertension each added 4 years to vascular age circumferentially and less than 3 years longitudinally. Compound effects of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity aged the artery more than 21 years circumferentially and 7 years longitudinally. These findings highlight the differential impact of risk factors on orthotropic arterial mechanics and demonstrate the potential of our approach for predicting subject-specific vascular properties. Incorporating these findings into computational models can enhance the accuracy of device-artery interaction simulations by accounting for individual-specific vascular characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of tracheal stent with J-shaped load-deformation behavior.","authors":"Shiliang Chen, Tianming Du, Yuxuan Tao, Hanbing Zhang, Wei Wu, Yanping Zhang, Yunzhi Zhou, Yuan Cheng, Makoto Ohta, Aike Qiao","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01994-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-025-01994-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tracheal stent is one of the treatment modalities for tracheal stenosis. However, the mismatch of mechanical properties between the tracheal stent and the trachea may lead to stent migration. The aim of this study is to design a tracheal stent with J-shaped load-deformation behavior based on a multi-objective optimization method. Four design parameters were selected as optimization variables. The optimization objectives were the loads at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% deformation during uniaxial tensile test. The optimal Latin hypercube sampling was used to generate training samples, and Kriging surrogate model was constructed between tracheal stent design parameters and mechanical properties. An optimized stent model was established after obtaining the optimal stent design parameters by NSGA-II algorithm. Additionally, a commercial silicone stent model was established as the control. The results indicate that ligament angles and the width of circular arc connected ligaments play a prominent role in the load-deformation curve of the stent. The radial supporting performance (39.79 MPa vs. 4.63 MPa) and anti-migration properties (16.1 N vs. 13.7 N) of the optimized stent are superior to those of the silicone stent. This work demonstrates that a tracheal stent exhibiting a J-shaped load-deformation behavior was designed, which could reduce stent migration.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-informed reconstruction of a bipennate muscle's aponeurosis and its fibre distribution for performing continuum-mechanical simulations.","authors":"A Ranjan, O Avci, O Röhrle","doi":"10.1007/s10237-025-01989-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-025-01989-w","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternatives to Diffusion-Tensor-Imaging tractography methods for determining fibre orientation fields in skeletal muscle include Laplacian flow simulations. Such methods require flux boundary conditions (BCs) at the tendons and/or along the inner aponeuroses, which can significantly influence the gradients of the resulting Laplacian flow. Herein, we propose a novel method based on solving the 3D steady-state thermal heat equations to determine the fibre architecture in a bi-pennate muscle, specifically the m. rectus femoris. Additionally, we propose a semi-automated algorithm that provides the geometrical representation of the anterior aponeurosis, which, along with the thermal-based fibre field, is particularly well suited for Finite Element (FE) simulations. The semi-automated reconstruction of the aponeurosis shows a good correlation with manual segmentation, yielding a dice coefficient (DSC) of 0.83. The metamodel-based approach resulted in fluxes with a mean angular deviation of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;14&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;25&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;36&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; and a fibre inclination from the muscle's longitudinal axis of &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;44&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;48&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; . Comparing the mechanical output of the same m. rectus femoris muscle geometry informed by the two respective fibre architectures showed that the most significant contributing factor was the relative fibre inclination. Compared to the standard deviation in the undeformed configuration ( &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;44&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;48&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ), the standard deviation of relative fibre inclination during passive stretching at low applied loads, for instance, at &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;30&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; of the maximum applied load, showed a significant decrease ( &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;49&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;24&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ). Similarly, at maximum isometric contraction, the relative fibre inclinations at &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; initial fibre pre-stretch are &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;19&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;23&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , indicating a drop in standard deviation from the undeformed configuration ( &lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;44&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt; &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt; &lt;msup&gt;&lt;mn&gt;48&lt;/mn&gt; &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ). The current study ","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}