Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology最新文献

{"title":"Computational modeling of tissue damage preceding aortic dissection: a coupled biphasic and reactive viscoelastic framework","authors":"Laura Pellerito,&nbsp;Stéphane Avril,&nbsp;Elisabetta Morici,&nbsp;Giuseppe Sancataldo,&nbsp;Massimiliano Zingales","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02114-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02114-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aortic dissection is a life-threatening pathology characterized by the progressive delamination of adjacent lamellar units within the aortic media. Because this internal damage propagates predominantly along the radial direction of the arterial wall, radial tensile testing has emerged as a particularly relevant experimental configuration to reproduce the mechanical conditions associated with dissection. Several experimental studies have reported the mechanical response of arterial tissues under radial tension, highlighting pronounced viscoelasticity, fluid-driven effects, and progressive damage. However, despite these advances, a coherent constitutive framework capable of reproducing the full mechanical response of arterial tissue subjected to radial tensile loading is still lacking. In this study, we propose a computational model specifically designed to describe arterial tissue behavior under radial tensile testing. The model combines a biphasic formulation, accounting for fluid–solid interactions, with a reactive viscoelastic damage framework to capture time-dependent response and progressive mechanical degradation. Implemented within the FEBio environment, the model is calibrated using experimental radial tensile tests on aortic tissue. The proposed formulation accurately reproduces key experimental features, including stress relaxation, nonlinear stiffening, and damage progression. These results demonstrate that the model provides a physically consistent description of arterial tissue behavior under radial tension and represents a relevant tool for investigating the mechanical mechanisms preceding aortic dissection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13391696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148547579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of wall distensibility on local hemodynamics at the normal carotid bifurcation: a fluid–structure interaction study","authors":"Sara Zambon,&nbsp;Valentina Mazzi,&nbsp;Karol Calò,&nbsp;Mariachiara Arminio,&nbsp;Sabrina Nocerino,&nbsp;Claudio Chiastra,&nbsp;David A. Steinman,&nbsp;Umberto Morbiducci,&nbsp;Diego Gallo","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02103-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02103-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The role of local hemodynamics on atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation has been the subject of study by computational fluid-dynamics (CFD) simulations for over three decades. Nevertheless, questions still swirl about the inherent rigid-wall assumption, especially with the introduction of increasingly predictive—but also increasingly intricate—hemodynamic parameters. Two-way-coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations were performed on a cohort of 10 carotid bifurcations with ostensibly normal lumen geometries, along with CFD simulations assuming rigid arterial walls. In FSI simulations, carotid wall mechanical properties were assumed to be anisotropic via a fiber-reinforced hyperelastic material model, also accounting for prestress and external tissue support. Three-element Windkessel models were used to impose pressure conditions consistent with patient-specific measured inflow rates and outflow divisions. Maximum cross-sectional area changes over the cardiac cycle were generally less than 21%. Qualitatively, only small-to-moderate differences were observed between FSI and CFD simulations in terms of wall shear stress (WSS) and intravascular flow patterns. Quantitatively, median differences in the surface areas exposed to low time-averaged WSS (TAWSS), high oscillatory shear index (OSI) and topological shear variation index (TSVI) were 4.1%, 1.4%, and 2.3%, respectively, and co-localized satisfactorily (median similarity index: 0.83, 0.79, and 0.68, respectively). CFD simulations assuming arterial rigid walls are generally sufficient to adequately capture hemodynamic features of biological/clinical relevance, even for sensitive quantities like TSVI. However, the benefits of FSI for computation of structural quantities and the ability to explore the synergistic relationship between these quantities and hemodynamic stresses on the endothelium should not be overlooked.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13388534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational investigation of mechanical mechanisms underlying diverse cerebellar lobular morphologies","authors":"Yoshitaka Kameo,&nbsp;Ikkei Hanatani,&nbsp;Haruki Nakamura,&nbsp;Nozomi Shimbata,&nbsp;Taiji Adachi","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02109-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02109-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mammalian cerebellum is a densely folded structure composed of lobules separated by deep fissures, while individual lobules display striking diversity in shape and size. Although multicellular processes such as granule cell proliferation and migration drive cerebellar morphogenesis, mechanical mechanisms that generate diverse lobular morphologies after initial folding remain poorly understood. Spatially heterogeneous cortical growth arising from multicellular dynamics is considered critical for the formation of characteristic lobular morphologies. In this study, we employed mathematical modeling and computer simulations to investigate how heterogeneous cortical growth influences cerebellar lobular morphology. We developed a mathematical model of cerebellar cortical growth based on continuum mechanics and simulated lobular deformation under spatially heterogeneous cortical growth using the finite element method. Our simulations indicated that heterogeneous cortical growth modulates the rates of increase in lobular height and width; however, under most conditions, lobules elongate during cortical growth, forming columnar morphologies because of the strong constraints imposed by anchoring centers, i.e., the bases of the initial fissures. In contrast, fan-shaped lobules emerged only when relatively large cortical growth occurred in a flat cortical region at the lobular apex, resulting in expansion along the anterior–posterior axis. These results confirm that the interplay between spatially heterogeneous cortical growth and initial lobular morphology is a key mechanical requirement for generating diverse cerebellar lobular morphologies, highlighting the utility of computational approaches for dissecting complex morphogenetic processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13388354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid phenomenological finite element model of transcatheter aortic valve leaflet behaviour under non-circular annular deployment: in vitro validation and biomechanical insights","authors":"David Agudo,&nbsp;Pablo Comesaña,&nbsp;Sofía Suárez,&nbsp;Irea Lopez-Garcia,&nbsp;Abraham Segade,&nbsp;Enrique Casarejos,&nbsp;Cesar Veiga,&nbsp;Laura Busto,&nbsp;Victor Alfonso Jimenez-Díaz,&nbsp;Maximilian Kütting,&nbsp;Andres Iñiguez","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02112-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02112-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transcatheter aortic valves (TAVs) typically operate on non-circular rings, but the impact of annular ellipticity on valve mechanics remains insufficiently quantified. In this study, we present a finite element (FE) framework of a 27 mm Allegra TAV that reproduces the complete model, including stent and pericardial skirt and leaflets. The leaflets were represented using a general shell formulation that decouples the in-plane and bending responses, leading to a hybrid shell–membrane finite element model. A linear elastic constitutive law was calibrated through inverse FE analysis based on cantilever bending experiments performed on bovine pericardium. The model was validated against in vitro pulse duplicator tests for circular and highly elliptical geometries, reproducing distinctive features such as full systolic opening and the asymmetric ‘pinwheel’ pattern during diastolic closure. Once validated, the model is used to investigate the impact of annular ellipticity across six annular aortic geometries. Each geometry was evaluated in two limiting orientations of the ellipse’s major axis (0<span>(^circ)</span> and 90<span>(^circ)</span>) to analyse the model response in terms of valve coaptation. These results identify annular geometry and alignment as major factors in valve leaflet coaptation asymmetry and this asymmetry was found to correlate with increased stress concentration, which could compromise long-term valve function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13388641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haemodynamic and biomechanical biomarker analysis of carotid fibromuscular dysplasia via fluid–structure interaction","authors":"Kaveh Moghadasi,&nbsp;Mergen H. Ghayesh,&nbsp;Eric Hu,&nbsp;Shahid Hussain,&nbsp;Marco Amabili,&nbsp;Robert Fitridge,&nbsp;Jiawen Li","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02099-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02099-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to investigate the biomechanical behaviour of the carotid artery in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) disease. Carotid FMD is an arterial disease lacking either inflammatory or atherosclerotic pathology, which is characterised by segmental disruptions in arterial wall architecture. It is of considerable interest to examine carotid FMD haemodynamics for the identification of clinically meaningful biomechanical biomarkers. Thus, a two-way coupled three-dimensional (3D) fluid–structure interaction (FSI) model was developed that integrates patient-specific vascular geometries, non-Newtonian turbulent blood flow, an orthotropic hyperelastic representation of the arterial wall, and a Windkessel boundary formulation, with emphasis on characterising haemodynamic biomarkers and biomechanical wall responses. The results showed distinct severity-dependent trends among healthy, focal, non-focal, and severe non-focal carotid geometry types. FMD cases exhibited increased velocities and wall shear stresses, while their pressure gradients at the distal end decreased. Additionally, elevation of OSI (oscillatory shear index) and RRT (relative residence time) values was observed in each FMD model indicating higher levels of flow disruption, oscillatory shear, and localised flow stagnation. Non-focal phenotypes showed the largest radial deformation, whereas the focal configuration displayed the highest von-Mises stresses. These findings indicate that as FMD progresses through increasing complexity in its morphological structure, it will be subjected to increasingly adverse haemodynamics and mechanical forces, which are likely to promote endothelial dysfunction and further progression of the disease.Kindly check and confirm the corresponding author of the article and the first/last name of the authors are correctly identified.All others' names and affiliations have been checked.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13388523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global sensitivity analysis through causal discovery for an electromechanical cardiac model","authors":"Safaa Al-Ali,&nbsp;Jairo Rodríguez-Padilla,&nbsp;Maxime Sermesant,&nbsp;Irene Balelli","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02098-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02098-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid development of advanced cardiac imaging and modeling technologies has significantly increased the number of parameters required to accurately characterize cardiac function, thereby improving model accuracy at the cost of increased complexity. Identifying and understanding the relationships between model parameters and clinically relevant outputs has therefore become a central challenge in both cardiac modeling and pathology-specific personalization. In this work, we propose a new approach to perform interpretable global sensitivity analysis by leveraging causal discovery. More precisely, causal discovery is employed to disentangle and quantify the joint effect of multiple parameters of an electromechanical cardiac model on some clinical biomarkers, enabling a robust multi-output global sensitivity analysis. We further explore how these parameter–biomarker relationships vary across cardiac geometries, comparing a healthy heart with two pathological conditions: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The resulting causal impacts highlight geometry-dependent sensitivities and identify a reduced subset of influential parameters for each biomarker, providing actionable guidance for model calibration under pathological conditions, and supporting the definition of pathology-informed priors for personalization workflows. Finally, compared to classical global sensitivity analysis techniques such as Sobol and Pawn, our proposed approach yields more stable and interpretable results, even when only a limited number of simulations is available. Overall, this study demonstrates that causal discovery offers a powerful and reliable alternative to perform sensitivity analysis in complex cardiac models, particularly in data-limited settings where biological constraints alone are insufficient. The proposed workflow is made publicly available on GitLab. This work extends our previous study (Al-Ali et al. 2025) by broadening the sensitivity analysis beyond the classical biomarkers–ejection fraction (EF) and the maximum rate of pressure change in the left ventricular cavity (max(dP/dt))–to include two additional clinically relevant outputs: the isovolumic relaxation time (iso_r), as an indicator of diastolic function, and the early passive filling of the left ventricle (QRS_E). Moreover, we considered two pathological cases to study the variability of parameters-outputs impacts, and we employed an additive noise model (ANM) to further support and validate our causal based global sensitivity analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite element musculoskeletal modelling of cruciate ligament contact and its effect on knee joint kinematics and biomechanics","authors":"Dangdang Wang,&nbsp;Jinghao Xu,&nbsp;Liang Liu,&nbsp;Dongsheng Li,&nbsp;Wenhao Ke,&nbsp;Zhongmin Jin,&nbsp;Junyan Li","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02104-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02104-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate modelling of knee joint biomechanics is essential for understanding ligament function, joint degeneration, and musculoskeletal (MSK) adaptations. However, conventional MSK models often oversimplify the knee as a rigid joint and neglect the three-dimensional (3D) interactions between the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL). In this study, a novel finite element (FE) MSK model of the lower extremity was developed and validated. The model incorporated detailed 3D geometries and contact definitions for cartilage, menisci, and ligaments, enabling simultaneous estimation of muscle forces, joint kinematics, and tissue contact stresses under dynamic loading conditions. Model predictions indicated good agreement with experimental data for cartilage and ligament mechanics, joint axial contact forces, muscle forces, and kinematics. The model revealed that ACL–PCL contact was both activity- and phase-dependent, occurring during walking, stair ascent, and stand-to-sit movements, with peak contact pressure reaching 0.32 MPa during stand-to-sit. Although this contact had limited effects on overall joint loading, it markedly influenced tibial internal–external rotation, highlighting its biomechanical relevance. Furthermore, the model identified distinct gait-specific loading patterns: the ACL was the primary load-bearing ligament during walking, whereas the PCL was dominant during stair ascent and stand-to-sit. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating cruciate ligament contact mechanics in MSK modelling to accurately capture dynamic knee function. The proposed FE MSK model provides a robust platform for analyzing cruciate ligament behaviour and load-sharing mechanisms during functional activities, with applications in orthopedic research, injury prevention, rehabilitation, and surgical planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell wall-driven mechanisms underlying emergent growth in phycomyces","authors":"Behnam Rezaei,&nbsp;Joseph K. E. Ortega,&nbsp;Franck J. Vernerey","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02085-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02085-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Expansive growth and morphogenesis of plant and fungal cells are controlled by the mechanical properties of their cell wall. Despite extensive research, how the cell wall translates biochemical and environmental cues into anisotropic growth remains poorly understood. The sporangiophore (aerial hypha) of the filamentous fungus, <i>Phycomyces blakesleeanus</i>, exhibits remarkable behaviors, including rapid helical tip growth, light-stimulated growth responses, and handedness inversion during development. We present a mechanical model, informed by cell wall structure and experimental data, to account for these phenomena. The model incorporates anisotropic elasticity, viscoelastic creep from reversible bond dynamics, and tip extension via material deposition. Using this framework, we predict sporangiophore behavior in passive mechanical tests, including uniaxial stress relaxation and loading–unloading, and attribute features such as rotational inversion and light-stimulated growth responses to the interplay between fibril–tether network stiffness and bond kinetics. We further predict how changes in helical growth elements under altered turgor pressure correlate with the cell wall dynamics. Overall, our results show that fungal morphogenesis emerges from the mechanical properties of the cell wall rooted in its molecular organization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10237-026-02085-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure-informed biphasic-osmotic modeling of intervertebral disc degeneration","authors":"Ugo Cachot,&nbsp;Karim Kandil,&nbsp;Fahmi Zaïri,&nbsp;Fahed Zaïri","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02093-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02093-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The intervertebral disc (IVD) plays a fundamental role in load absorption and redistribution during daily activities. Its mechanical behavior arises from the intricate interplay between the structural anisotropy of the annulus fibrosus (AF) and osmotic swelling driven by fixed charge density in the nucleus pulposus (NP). This behavior is further governed by fluid redistribution through the porous matrix and across its boundaries, including interactions with the adjacent endplates and the surrounding physiological environment. Despite advances in IVD modeling, few computational tools accurately capture these coupled mechanisms while accounting for progressive degeneration under realistic loading conditions. This study introduces a microstructure-informed and degeneration sensitive finite element model of the human IVD, integrating regional fiber architecture, biphasic fluid–solid interactions, and osmotic swelling within a unified mechanistic framework. A multiscale calibration strategy is employed to identify the solid, osmotic, and fluid transport parameters, based on targeted mechanical experiments. Degenerative changes are incorporated at both macroscopic (e.g., IVD height loss) and microscopic (e.g., fiber uncrimping, proteoglycan depletion, and increased matrix porosity) levels. Model predictions are compared against physiological loading scenarios representative of everyday life—including lying down, standing upright, and trunk motions—revealing the evolving contribution of each mechanism with degeneration, while model robustness is assessed through a parametric sensitivity analysis. This framework provides a mechanistic understanding of the evolving roles of IVD constituents across degeneration and defines representative parameter sets for different degenerative states, providing a basis for future patient-adapted modeling approaches. It also enables the exploration of degeneration-dependent mechanical responses and loading sensitivities, offering perspectives for improved mechanobiological understanding of IVD degeneration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Including anisotropy in homogenised inverse remodelling algorithms for habitual load case estimation in bone","authors":"Gabriela Gerber,&nbsp;Philippe Zysset","doi":"10.1007/s10237-026-02106-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10237-026-02106-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bone architecture, including local bone volume fraction and fabric anisotropy, is optimised to resist forces and moments induced by long-term average loading patterns. Finite element (FE)-based inverse bone remodelling allows to estimate a habitual load case using high-resolution computed tomography images. Homogenised FE models use less computational resources than micro-FE approaches but have so far been limited to density-based remodelling. This study aims to include fabric anisotropy in homogenised inverse bone remodelling algorithms for the estimation of long-term habitual loading conditions in bone. The newly developed theoretical framework was applied to 24 human distal tibia samples, and the influence of fabric anisotropy, St. Venant effect, and load case complexity on predicted forces, moments and objective function outcomes was analysed. Physiologically plausible forces and moments were obtained for all analysis types. Although the distal tibia is predominantly loaded in axial compression, the inclusion of additional forces and moments improved the optimisation quality by reducing the overall objective function (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). In contrast, global optimisation outcomes were not significantly affected by the exclusion of boundary layer elements from the optimisation scheme despite the occurrence of relatively high stress discrepancies in these regions. Including microstructural orientation into the inverse bone remodelling algorithm led to a significant increase in the predicted load magnitude (<i>p</i>  &lt; 0.001) and a reduction in objective function values by approximately 50 %, suggesting improved agreement between the predicted load case and bone architecture. These findings underline the relevance of considering both bone volume fraction and fabric anisotropy for habitual load case estimation in bone using homogenized FE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10237-026-02106-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}