Crystal Research and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing DC and RF Performance of Zigzag–Armchair–Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbon Field-Effect Transistors With Graded and Stacked Dielectrics","authors":"Himanshu Pundir,&nbsp;Gaurav Sapra,&nbsp;Preetika Sharma","doi":"10.1002/crat.70165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70165","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A dual-gate Zigzag–Armchair–Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbon FET (ZAZ-AGNRFET) is proposed employing metallic ZGNRs as source/drain electrodes and a semiconducting AGNR as the channel. This hybrid GNR ensures seamless material integration, minimizes lattice mismatch, and reduces contact resistance at the interfaces. Device performance is investigated using TCAD ATLAS and ATK-VNL considering three different dielectric arrangements. The results demonstrate substantial DC and RF performance enhancement through the combined benefits of GNR and dielectric engineering. Although high-κ dielectrics improve gate control but their use is often limited by increased short-channel effects. To overcome this, bi-dielectric structures employing lateral grading (LG) and vertical stacking (VS) are explored to improve electrostatic control, resulting in reduced leakage current and near-ideal subthreshold characteristics. The VS configuration achieves low I_OFF (∼ 10⁻⁹ A), high I_ON (7.05 × 10⁻³ A), and stable threshold voltage. The LG arrangement exhibits superior short-channel immunity with a low DIBL of 24 mV/V, near-ideal SS (∼ 60 mV/dec), and a high I_ON/I_OFF ratio of 3.59 × 10⁶. Furthermore, both bi-dielectric designs deliver high transconductance, low parasitic capacitance, terahertz-range cut-off frequency, high gain-bandwidth product and reduced transit time, demonstrating the effectiveness of using bi-dielectrics in optimising GNRFET for ultralow power applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Aging Time and PEG-400 on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization","authors":"Batuhan Yüksel,&nbsp;Özlem Dogan","doi":"10.1002/crat.70167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70167","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of experimental parameters on calcium oxalate crystallization, which is relevant to both biomineralization and industrial crystallization. The synthesized samples were characterized to evaluate the changes in crystal properties caused by varying the reactant ratio (<i>T</i>_Ca/<i>T</i>_Ox), the aging time applied to the precipitated phase, and the concentration of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400). Experimental results showed that the addition of the polymer to the crystallization solution introduced an induction period prior to the onset of precipitation but had no appreciable effect on the apparent rate of conductivity decrease. Characterization of the samples by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and BET analyses revealed that the prepared samples predominantly exhibited the monoclinic calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) structure. However, in the experiments carried out at a reactant ratio of <i>T</i>_Ca/<i>T</i>_Ox = 1.0 in the presence of 2 g/L PEG-400, extending the aging time to 2 days resulted in a mixed-phase product containing minor tetragonal calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) alongside dominant COM. Furthermore, the specific surface area of the samples decreased progressively with increasing aging time and polymer concentration.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Theoretical Analysis of Structural, Electronic, Optical, and Thermoelectric Properties of Sodium-Based Zinc Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Application","authors":"Pooja R.,&nbsp;D. S. Jayalakshmi,&nbsp;Mariyappan Raman,&nbsp;Srinivasan Manickam","doi":"10.1002/crat.70166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lead-free halide perovskites have attracted significant attention as next-generation materials for photovoltaic applications. In this work, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the structural, electronic, optical, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic performance of NaZnX₃ (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) in its bulk and novel layer phases. The structural optimization confirms the formation of the cubic bulk phase and tetragonal layer phase, while phonon calculations indicate dynamical instability in bulk NaZnBr₃ and NaZnI₃. The GGA-PBE electronic band structures, density of states, and electron density analyses reveal that all compounds exhibit indirect bandgap semiconducting nature with mixed ionic-covalent bonding. The optical properties exhibit a large dielectric response, strong absorption, high optical conductivity, enhanced refractive index, and reflectivity in the ultraviolet region (6–10 eV). The thermoelectric results indicate that the layered phase possesses the highest thermoelectric figure of merit zT of 0.354 at 700 K for NaZnI₃. SCAPS-1D device simulations show that the Ni /n-Si / a-Si: H / P3HT/ NaZnF₃/ Metal contact heterostructure achieves a maximum simulated power conversion efficiency of 32.58%.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in the Understanding of Protein Crystallization","authors":"Christo N. Nanev","doi":"10.1002/crat.70161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70161","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Due to its practical significance, the crystallization of proteins is the subject of extensive research. Especially in the pharmaceutical industry, crystalline proteins must conform to specifications, such as polymorphic form, crystal number, polydispersity, shape, and crystal size distribution (CSD). However, to direct crystallization towards obtaining products with the desired specifications, a detailed understanding of protein crystallization is a must. Unfortunately, though recent years have witnessed significant progress in the general theory of crystallization, there is still much to be desired concerning the explanation of the crystallization of biomolecules: In its present state, this explanation is based solely on general physicochemical principles, while the biochemical nature of protein molecules is largely ignored. Though, to increase its predictive power, the theory of protein crystallization must also take into account proteins‘ biochemistry. To this aim, rates of nucleation of protein crystals and their further growth are reconsidered in this paper. And in doing so, a new equation describing the rate of growth of the just-born crystals is conceived. Finally, due attention is paid to the role of water molecules in the crystallization of proteins.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Transition Metal Ions on the Reactive Crystallization and Morphology of Lithium Carbonate","authors":"Sevgi Polat,&nbsp;Behris Kılıç,&nbsp;Perviz Sayan","doi":"10.1002/crat.70163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries has intensified the importance of lithium carbonate, whose crystallization behavior, morphology, and filtration characteristics are influenced by crystallization conditions and transition-metal impurities, particularly Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, and Mn²⁺. In this study, the effects of these ions on the reactive crystallization of lithium carbonate were systematically investigated. Crystal morphology and phase composition were characterized using SEM, FESEM-EDS, XRD, and FTIR, while zeta potential measurements were performed to evaluate surface charge, and TGA was used to assess thermal decomposition behavior. The results showed that the presence of Co²⁺ promoted more compact, rounded crystals with smoother surfaces, whereas Ni²⁺ induced elongated, thin, plate-like structures with increased surface irregularity. Mn²⁺ resulted in intermediate shapes. Zeta potential measurements revealed a significant increase in surface charge in the presence of metal ions, enhancing electrostatic repulsion and reducing particle aggregation. Filtration behavior was also significantly influenced by crystal morphology: crystals formed in pure media exhibited the highest specific cake resistance, whereas Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺ substantially improved filterability by producing more permeable filter cakes, while Ni²⁺ showed a moderate effect. These findings highlight the critical role of transition-metal impurities in regulating lithium carbonate crystallization, crystal properties, and filtration performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid-State Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Large-Sized SnS2 Single Crystal","authors":"Rongtao Ji,&nbsp;Xiaofang Lai,&nbsp;Yongzhao Feng,&nbsp;Duan Zhao,&nbsp;Jikang Jian","doi":"10.1002/crat.70162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70162","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Two-dimensional layered metal dichalcogenide SnS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has garnered significant attention due to its outstanding electronic and optoelectronic properties, while large-sized SnS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; single crystals are essential for the successful preparation of such high-performance SnS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-based devices. Currently, chemical vapor transport (CVT) is the mainstream technique for growing SnS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; single crystals, but it heavily relies on transport agents. Moreover, the residual of these agents may introduce additional point defects, which could degrade crystal purity and the optoelectronic properties of the resulting material. In this work, a simple solid-state method was adopted to grow high-quality SnS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; single crystals without transport agents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that the crystal grows along the (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;001&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$hskip.001pt 001$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) plane. The Raman spectrum of the SnS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; single crystal exhibits a characteristic peak at 313 &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${mathrm{c}}{{mathrm{m}}^{ - 1}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, indicating that the crystal has a 2H-SnS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; configuration. The band gap of 2.12 &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;eV&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${mathrm{eV}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; was determined, and a single photoluminescence (PL) emission peak centred at 567 &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;nm&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${mathrm{nm}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, with an average PL lifetime of 3.73 &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;ns&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${mathrm{ns}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; was observed. Photoelectric measurements verify that the SnS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; single crystal possesses fast and stable response curves, with a response time (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;τ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${tau _r}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) of 47 &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;ms&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;${mathrm{ms}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; and a recovery time (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;τ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information: Crystal Research and Technology 9'2026","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/crat.70164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70164","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/crat.70164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sol–Gel Assisted Synthesis of Ca-Modified α- Fe2O3 Films for Enhanced Dye Photodegradation","authors":"Mouna Ghemid,&nbsp;Houda Far,&nbsp;Melia Hamici,&nbsp;Hadjer Nasrallah,&nbsp;Khelifa Haddadi","doi":"10.1002/crat.70160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the synthesis of Ca-modified hematite (Ca_X-Fe₂O₃) films via a sol–gel dip-coating method for visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications. The properties of the films were systematically characterized using comprehensive analytical techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a rhombohedral phase with a (104) preferred orientation and a maximum crystallite size of 65 nm, while SEM revealed increased grain agglomeration at higher Ca contents. Optical analyses showed a reduction in the bandgap from 2.10 to 1.96 eV with increasing Ca content, whereas photoluminescence revealed a marked decrease in emission intensity for the 5 wt.% Ca-modified film, indicating suppressed electron–hole recombination. The 5 wt.% Ca-modified hematite exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance, achieving 97% dye degradation within 120 min compared with 64.1% for Fe₂O₃. This enhanced activity is attributed to the combined effects of improved visible-light absorption and efficient charge separation arising from Ca-induced defect states within the bandgap. Reusability tests demonstrated that the photocatalyst retained approximately 85% of its degradation efficiency after three consecutive monthly photocatalytic cycles, while post-reaction analyses further confirmed its structural stability after repeated use. These results demonstrate that Ca-modified Fe₂O₃ is a promising visible-light photocatalyst for the sustainable removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the CO2/H2S Ratio on the Corrosion Performance of Ni-Sn-P Coating in Ultra-High Pressure","authors":"Kang Ren,&nbsp;Heping Wang,&nbsp;Bin Liu,&nbsp;Yongqiang Tian,&nbsp;Xiaohui Huang,&nbsp;Nongzhao Mao,&nbsp;Xue Han,&nbsp;Qingying Yuan,&nbsp;Weidong Wang,&nbsp;Hongbo Zhao,&nbsp;Aijun Niu,&nbsp;Minmin Xi,&nbsp;Boyu Wang,&nbsp;Shuai Jia,&nbsp;Hai Huang","doi":"10.1002/crat.70159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The effect of CO₂/H₂S pressure ratio on the corrosion behavior of Ni-Sn-P coating was investigated using weight loss measurements and surface chemical analysis. The results demonstrate that the corrosion mechanism and the product films are closely related to the ratio variations. At a lower ratio (CO₂/H₂S pressure ratio≈2.37), the corrosion process is dominated by H₂S. The interfacial pH remains higher, allowing the controlled formation of a dense and protective film consisting of Ni₃S₂, NiS and SnO₂, resulting in a lower corrosion rate (0.082 mm/a). When the ratio was increased to 11.28, CO₂ decreases the pH value, creating a lower S²⁻ and higher Ni²⁺ concentrations, promoting the formation of Ni₃S₂ with porous structures, and the corrosion rate rises to 0.1103 mm/a. The main reason was that the lower pH suppresses free S²⁻ formation while accelerating Ni anodic dissolution. This favors the excessive generation of sulfur-deficient Ni₃S₂ with a porous, needle-like structure that provides pathways for corrosive ions, leading to localized corrosion and a significantly higher corrosion rate. Throughout the process, Sn exists as SnO₂, providing partial protection that proves insufficient to offset the negative effects of excessive porous Ni₃S₂. A model is established to clarify the related mechanism.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of a High-Efficiency MASnI3/SWCNT Tandem Solar Cell Using SCAPS-1D","authors":"Shenggui Zhao,&nbsp;Lvjing Li,&nbsp;Lijun Zhou,&nbsp;Yihan Zhou,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Chen,&nbsp;Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/crat.70128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/crat.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is strongly related to their ability to absorb and utilize incident sunlight. In this work, we design and simulate a MASnI₃/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) tandem solar cell. Unlike conventional configurations using Si-based bottom cells, the proposed lead-free MASnI₃/SWCNT architecture employs SWCNT as a carbon-based bottom absorber to enhance utilization of long-wavelength photons transmitted through the MASnI₃ top sub-cell. The simulations were performed using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in one dimension (SCAPS-1D), where the top and bottom sub-cells were modeled separately and treated as two series-connected diodes under current-matching conditions. The top sub-cell adopts an FTO/TiO₂/MASnI₃/Au structure without a hole transport layer, while the bottom sub-cell uses an ITO/ZrS₂/SWCNT/Au structure. Key parameters, including electron transport layer properties, absorber thickness, defect density, and doping concentration, were optimized. Under the optimized configuration, with a 400 nm MASnI₃ layer and a 2 µm SWCNT layer with a 1.0 eV bandgap, the tandem cell achieves a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mi>oc</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{V}_{{mathrm{oc}}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> of 1.69 V, a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>J</mi>\u0000 <mi>sc</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{J}_{{mathrm{sc}}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> of 22.13 mA cm⁻², an FF of 84.68%, and a PCE of 31.67%. These results suggest that the MASnI₃/SWCNT architecture provides a promising numerical design strategy for high-efficiency lead-free tandem photovoltaic devices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48935,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Research and Technology","volume":"61 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}