Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"Effects of severe weather on shorebirds: Evidence of disrupted refueling and delayed departure on southbound migration","authors":"Sophia M. Fraser,&nbsp;Devin R. de Zwaan,&nbsp;Hilary A. R. Mann,&nbsp;Julie Paquet,&nbsp;Diana J. Hamilton","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70329","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70329","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Severe weather events are more frequently impacting wildlife, especially in climate-sensitive ecosystems like coastal habitats. A particularly vulnerable stage for migratory species is juvenile movement between natal and non-breeding habitats. Globally, coastal habitats represent critical stopover or staging sites during postbreeding migration for many shorebird species. At these sites, individuals must accumulate necessary energy stores (i.e., fats and proteins) to fuel what are often long-distance, over-water flights to reach their final destination. Inexperienced juvenile shorebirds in unfamiliar habitats may be particularly susceptible to extreme weather events that alter habitat structure and resource availability, with potential implications for refueling efficiency and migration success. However, few studies have addressed the effects of extreme weather at staging sites, limiting our understanding of the capacity of birds to respond to or recover from acute disturbances. We used a before–after framework to investigate how Hurricane Fiona affected the staging behavior of juvenile semipalmated plovers (<i>Charadrius semipalmatus</i>) in Atlantic Canada during southbound migration. We combined morphometric analyses, automated radiotelemetry tracking, and invertebrate sampling to assess storm effects on relative fuel load, bivalve prey availability, and length of stay in the region. Birds captured poststorm lost an estimated 78% of their relative fuel load compared to prestorm birds, coinciding with an estimated 70% decline in bivalve availability. Individuals who experienced the storm approximately doubled their length of stay. Given that juvenile shorebirds undertake southbound migration later in the season than adults, we predict juveniles will be impacted disproportionately by late-season tropical storm patterns, with potentially substantial impacts on shorebird populations. We emphasize the need for a greater research focus on extreme weather during vulnerable life-history stages, like migration, for a broader understanding of how species will respond to increasingly intense storm events.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensembled evaluations of habitat suitability for prioritizing lesser prairie-chicken conservation","authors":"Morgan J. Solomon,&nbsp;Kent A. Fricke,&nbsp;Carter Kruse,&nbsp;Lance B. McNew","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70321","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70321","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Populations of lesser prairie-chickens (<i>Tympanuchus pallidicinctus</i>, hereafter “prairie-chickens”) in the Mixed-Grass Prairie Ecoregion of the southern Great Plains have been projected to go extinct in the next 100 years unless targeted conservation efforts are implemented to increase the size and connectivity of subpopulations through either translocation or habitat restoration. To expand on current conservation efforts, we used ensemble approaches to identify potential habitat and assist managers in accurately prescribing management actions for prairie-chicken conservation. We developed lek-based relative habitat suitability models within the Mixed-Grass Prairie Ecoregion using both resource selection function and Random Forest classification trees and calculated ensembled predictions of relative habitat suitability across all models. Next, we conducted a least-cost path analysis to identify potential corridors connecting potentially suitable, unoccupied habitat to current subpopulations. Ensembled predictions identified 4575 km² of potential prairie-chicken habitat both occupied and unoccupied. We identified three contiguous areas of potentially suitable and unoccupied habitat (28–74 km²) that could potentially harbor a self-sustaining population. Ensembled predictions can be used to strategically implement restoration projects to enhance the quality and connectivity of habitat within and adjacent to the species' current distribution. Least-cost path analyses revealed a low degree of connectivity between areas of occupied and unoccupied habitat, highlighting the importance of implementing habitat improvement projects to increase connectivity for prairie-chicken persistence. Our results provide information that professionals may use to prioritize conservation delivery for prairie-chickens in the Mixed-Grass Prairie Ecoregion.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unintended indirect effects limit elk productivity from supplemental feeding in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","authors":"Brian S. Dugovich,&nbsp;Emma M. Tomaszewski,&nbsp;Eric K. Cole,&nbsp;Sarah R. Dewey,&nbsp;Daniel R. MacNulty,&nbsp;Brandon M. Scurlock,&nbsp;Daniel R. Stahler,&nbsp;Paul C. Cross","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70320","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The widespread practice of supplemental feeding, a bottom-up forcing of resource availability, is intended to improve wildlife population health and survival. However, supplemental feeding could trigger indirect effects by altering predation rates and disease dynamics. We investigated the effects of feeding on three key elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>) population productivity metrics (calf:cow ratios, annual change in elk density, and harvestable surplus) across 13 regions in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) over 26 years. Incorporating previous population size, climate, predator, and harvest data in a Bayesian regression framework revealed new insights about elk productivity metrics in the GYE. Supplemental feeding was associated with increased calf:cow ratios (4.9%) but was not substantially related to changes in elk density and harvestable surplus, which are both management targets. Notably, the feeding effect on calf:cow ratios appeared to be offset by increased wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) and grizzly bear (<i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i>) predation. We hypothesize that increased elk productivity resulting from supplemental feeding is primarily transferred to predator and pathogen trophic levels in this system with limited observed effects on elk abundance and harvestable surplus. Anthropogenic food resources may have unintended indirect consequences on other trophic levels that potentially limit the direct impacts of feeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biotic interactions and stream network position affect body size of aquatic vertebrates across watersheds","authors":"Brooke E. Penaluna,&nbsp;Sherri L. Johnson,&nbsp;Amanda M. M. Pollock,&nbsp;Ivan Arismendi,&nbsp;Dana R. Warren","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70299","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70299","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The body size of aquatic vertebrates is declining across populations and ecosystems worldwide owing to warmer water temperature and changing streamflow. In freshwaters, the effects of stream network position and density-dependent factors on body size are less understood. We used an extensive dataset spanning 41 stream sites over 7 years to evaluate how density-dependent and density-independent factors influence the size of two top predators in small watersheds, Coastal Cutthroat Trout <i>Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii</i> and Coastal Giant Salamanders <i>Dicamptodon tenebrosus</i>. We tested three hypotheses of body-size variation for trout and salamanders, including intraspecific density dependence, interspecific density dependence, and resource availability, using empirical observations in hierarchical linear mixed models in a model-selection framework. In our best-supported models, the strongest predictors of size were conspecific negative density dependence, as expected, suggesting greater intraspecific interactions probably owing to conspecific individuals having similar requirements. We reveal a biogeographic pattern in which body size peaks in middle stream-network positions and plateaus or declines at lower and upper locations, proposing that stream network position also plays a role in determining body size in small watersheds. Salamander density also has a quadratic effect on adult trout size, with salamanders having a greater overall effect on the body size of both species than trout, suggesting that salamanders might be more dominant than trout in some interactions. Collectively, we found that biotic interactions, mainly conspecific but also interspecific, and stream-network position affect trout and salamander body sizes in small watersheds.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond predator and prey: First evidence of an association between ocelot and opossum individuals","authors":"Ettore Camerlenghi,&nbsp;Dumas Gálvez,&nbsp;Christopher Ketola,&nbsp;Angelo Piga,&nbsp;Nadine Holmes,&nbsp;José Luis Mena,&nbsp;Mathias W. Tobler,&nbsp;Fortunato Rayan,&nbsp;Isabel Damas-Moreira","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70322","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70322","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Interspecific associations can provide various benefits, including reducing predation risk, sharing information, or acquiring food. Studying these associations is key to understanding the drivers and mechanisms underlying non-kin cooperation. Here, we present the first evidence of single individuals of ocelot (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>) and common opossum (<i>Didelphis marsupialis</i>) associating and moving together in the rainforest. This association, unknown until now, was captured in four independent events, through camera-trap videos and photographs taken across different times and locations, suggesting a consistent pattern among different individuals. Additionally, we experimentally show that opossums are significantly more attracted to ocelot scent cues, on which they often rub their bodies, compared to control and puma scents. Both the ocelot and the common opossum are nocturnal, solitary species that share territories and can overlap diets; yet, ocelots can also prey on opossums. This puzzling association might emerge because both species could benefit from each other's presence, potentially improving foraging efficiency or safety. Such a newly discovered association offers insight into the complex dynamics of interspecific associations in tropical ecosystems. Future research investigating its prevalence and benefits will deepen our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary conditions driving this behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging wildfire to augment forest management and amplify forest resilience","authors":"Kristen L. Shive,&nbsp;Clarke A. Knight,&nbsp;Zachary L. Steel,&nbsp;Charlotte K. Stanley,&nbsp;Kristen N. Wilson","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70306","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70306","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Successive catastrophic wildfire seasons in western North America have escalated the urgency around reducing fire risk to communities and ecosystems. In historically frequent-fire forests, fuel buildup as a result of fire exclusion is contributing to increased fire severity. The probability of high-severity fire can be reduced by active forest management that reduces fuels, prompting federal and state agencies to commit significant resources to increase the pace and scale of fuel reduction treatments. However, lower severity areas of wildfires also have the potential to act as “treatments,” and even catastrophic fires with large areas of high severity can still have substantial areas of lower severity fire that may be improving forest conditions locally. We quantified active management and wildfire severity across yellow pine and mixed conifer (YPMC) forests in the Sierra Nevada of California over a 22-year period (2001–2022). We did not detect increases in the area treated through time, but the area of beneficial wildfire (low to moderate severity) increased substantially, exceeding active treatment area in 8 of 22 years. Overall, beneficial wildfire treated ~17% more area than all treatments combined, and roughly four times more area than fire-related treatments alone. We then used disturbance history to evaluate resistance to high-severity wildfire and forest loss across the YPMC range. Of the 2.3 million ha YPMC of forests in 2001, 20% lost mature forests due to high-severity fire by 2022, which is nearly half of all YPMC area burned. Most of the landscape (47%) remains at risk of high-severity fire because it had no restorative disturbances, but 33% of the study area has some level of resistance to high-severity wildfire. In these areas, resistance will need to be enhanced and maintained over time via active management or managed wildfire, but these treatment needs will likely outpace capacity even under optimistic implementation scenarios. Given limited resources for implementing active management and the likelihood of a more fiery future, incorporating beneficial wildfire into landscape-level treatment planning has the potential to amplify the impact of active management treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquatic habitat response to small dam removal demonstrates recovery in three years","authors":"Jeremy Dietrich,&nbsp;Alison Rickard,&nbsp;Suresh A. Sethi,&nbsp;Scott Cuppett,&nbsp;Patrick Sullivan","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70323","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dams disrupt river networks by interrupting longitudinal transport of sediment and nutrients and obstructing the movement of aquatic organisms. Increasingly, water resource managers are looking for dam removal as a solution to restore connectivity and improve aquatic habitats, water quality, and fish passage. Empirical studies on small dams (&lt;7.5 m) that incorporate both ecological and geomorphic monitoring over longer time periods (3 year+ post-removal) are rare, limiting the data available to restoration stakeholders to inform barrier removal prioritization decisions. To help address this gap, we implemented a suite of geomorphic, biological, and water quality monitoring efforts to assess the effect of a small dam (3.7 m) removal project in the Hudson River Estuary watershed, New York State (USA). We monitored the site prior to removal and continued observations for three years post-removal to assess differences in ecological conditions between the upstream impoundment and downstream tail-reach before and after dam removal. Instream sediment composition and mean particle size were highly disparate between upstream impoundment and downstream tail-reach areas prior to the dam removal but became more uniform and of higher habitat quality across the study site within two years after removal. Functional diversity, taxonomic diversity, and taxa richness of the macroinvertebrate community improved dramatically in upstream habitats within one year of the dam removal, and differences between the upstream and downstream reaches disappeared by the third year after removal, suggesting rapid recovery of stream conditions in the previously dammed upstream reach. Upstream aquatic habitat designations improved within two years from being “moderately impacted” to “slightly impacted,” rising above the biological impairment threshold according to New York State's Biological Assessment Profile score. This allowed both New York and the Environmental Protection Agency to document water quality improvements as a Type-3 nonpoint source success story. Combined, results from this temperate watershed show that dam removals may provide aquatic ecosystem recovery in relatively short time frames.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic environments generate geographic fluctuations in population structure of an inland shorebird","authors":"Andrea Contina,&nbsp;Scott W. Yanco,&nbsp;Allison K. Pierce,&nbsp;Hannah B. Vander Zanden,&nbsp;Craig A. Stricker,&nbsp;Gabriel J. Bowen,&nbsp;Michael B. Wunder","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70312","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70312","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Species distributions depend on fine-scale ecological processes and population growth trajectories and are influenced by climate and weather changes. However, the characterization of inter-population dynamics underlying the geographic distributions of migratory organisms remains challenging. We adopted a stable isotope approach to investigate the dynamic population geography of a terrestrial migratory bird across multiple generations. We found that the age-specific geographic source of Mountain Plovers sampled during winter shifted over four years across a latitudinal gradient. Moreover, our results show that differential effects of climate on the probability of occurrence at the wintering ground could be a driver of population turnover in a migratory species adapted to extreme environmental stochasticity (i.e., drought occurrence). We propose a framework for the identification of spatial and temporal climate and weather components and respective effects on population composition and recruitment into migratory wintering populations. Our approach is useful to reveal population compositional shifts through hydrogen stable isotope analysis while accounting for cumulative drought effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of a puma predation on endangered California condors: Implications for species recovery","authors":"Aidan B. Branney,&nbsp;Joseph C. Brandt,&nbsp;Joshua M. Felch,&nbsp;Jason V. Lombardi","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70255","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70255","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reintroduction of endangered species is wrought with many challenges, but one often overlooked challenge is the threat of predation of naïve individuals. Individuals lacking the insight to avoid predators can become easy prey and even showcase predators capitalizing on the lack of anti-predator behavior. In California, California condors (<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>) have slowly been recovering since the implementation of recovery actions and management. However, here we report an instance of where three California condors were preyed upon by a puma (<i>Puma concolor</i>) from 28 November to 30 December 2010 near Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge, Kern County, California, USA. The puma cached all three condor carcasses and was detected on a nearby camera trap revisiting the carcasses; scat was also identified nearby. This rare photographic documentation not only highlights the relatively unexplored ecological relationship between pumas and California condors but also showcases the need to understand the role predatory naïve behavior has on endangered species survivorship.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential effects of climate change on the threatened Malagasy poison frogs: A multispecies approach","authors":"Albert Carné,&nbsp;David R. Vieites,&nbsp;Neftalí Sillero","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70315","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70315","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is exposing ecosystems to novel conditions, and understanding its potential effects on species distributions is crucial. Those effects can significantly affect species with narrow environmental requirements inhabiting closed systems where dispersal is limited. Madagascar is a highly biodiverse island, boasting high levels of amphibian species richness and endemism. The impacts of climate change on Malagasy amphibians are scarcely addressed, with studies focusing on single species or localities. We assessed the potential impacts of climate change on the distributions of the endemic Malagasy poison frogs of the genus <i>Mantella</i>, one of the most threatened and best-studied frog genera in Madagascar, which contains species of global interest for the pet trade. We quantified each species' marginality, specialization, and tolerance and modeled their realized niches using the Maximum Entropy algorithm. We projected the models into current and future climates, using five Global Circulation Models, three socioeconomic scenarios, three future periods, and three dispersal scenarios. Our results suggest that 30% of <i>Mantella</i> species may gain habitat suitability extent, while 60% are predicted to lose it, with two threatened species forecasted to lose all suitable habitats island wide by 2100. Furthermore, 80% of species are forecasted to lose habitat suitability in currently occupied pixels, with losses exceeding 90%. Range shifts tracking their optimal niche conditions are expected for nearly all species, but the receptor areas are not always suitable. The current distribution extent is a good predictor of both tolerance and marginality, and tolerance can predict the conservation status in the genus <i>Mantella</i>. We found a linear relationship with higher marginality and tolerance linked to greater potential losses. We discuss the reliability and severity of the forecasts, the caveats of niche projections, and challenges in planning conservation based on them.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}