Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"Micronutrients are drivers of abundance, richness, and composition of soil insect communities in tropical rainforests","authors":"Miquel Ferrín,&nbsp;Dolores Asensio,&nbsp;Albert Gargallo-Garriga,&nbsp;Oriol Grau,&nbsp;Joan Llusià,&nbsp;Laura Màrquez,&nbsp;Jérôme Murienne,&nbsp;Romà Ogaya,&nbsp;Jérôme Orivel,&nbsp;Jordi Sardans,&nbsp;Ivan A. Janssens,&nbsp;Josep Peñuelas,&nbsp;Guille Peguero","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Communities of soil insects in tropical rainforests are among the richest and most complex, but the mechanisms structuring them remain mostly unknown. Identifying whether nutrient availability plays a relevant role in the assembly of these communities poses several challenges due to the diverse nutritional requirements of insects. We investigated the importance of nutrient availability accounting for the abundance, richness, and composition of soil insect communities in tropical rainforests. We sampled soil insects in 72 1-m² sampling points at two sites in French Guiana, counted all specimens, and characterized each assemblage using DNA metabarcoding. We then determined the importance of nutrient availability by measuring 19 nutrient concentrations and collected 18,000 specimens from 2634 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Despite an extraordinary diversity and spatial heterogeneity, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and magnesium positively correlated with either the abundance or the richness of the communities. These micronutrients were also important predictors of the composition of the assemblages. However, we found different relationships when analyzing the data separately for Blattodea, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera, the most abundant insect orders with the most OTUs. Our results demonstrated that the availability of micronutrients played a large role in species selection during the assembly of the soil insect communities in these tropical rainforests, in contrast to the null impact of macronutrients. By accounting for the response at lower taxonomic levels, we argue that part of the unexplained variance might arise from contrastingly different responses to micronutrient availability among the most diverse orders. The high unexplained variance, however, also suggests that processes such as stochastic population drift and biotic interactions likely play complementary roles in structuring insect communities in the soils of tropical rainforests.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143950099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revelation of native vegetation succession on tropical coral island ecological restoration","authors":"Zhiyuan Shi,&nbsp;Jianting Cao,&nbsp;Ziyi Wang,&nbsp;Lin Zhang,&nbsp;Shasha Niu,&nbsp;Wenqing Wang","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70245","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropical coral island vegetation poses formidable challenges, particularly in elucidating the determinants of vegetation species richness. In response, our study compared the differences in plant species biodiversity and soil physicochemical properties on seven adjacent coral islands at different stages of vegetation succession, from bare land to 100% vegetation coverage in the South China Sea, all of which were less than 0.3 km². Contrary to the established island ecological theories, our results indicated that soil nutrients significantly govern the species diversity of tropical coral islands. However, the timing of soil development, island area, distance from larger islands, and island altitude were not significantly correlated. Cluster analysis showed that the diverse islands of Qilianyu Island (Seven Sisters) represent distinct stages of tropical coral island succession: pioneer vegetation, shrub and grass communities, and coral island forest vegetation. As island vegetation underwent succession, plant species increased from 6 to 57, and organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus content significantly increased, accompanied by increasing salinity and decreasing pH. Our findings revealed a nested structure in the vegetation of tropical coral islands, primarily dominated by environmental filtering on a small scale, at least on Qilianyu Island. This indicates that the restoration of damaged island vegetation can begin with soil rehabilitation. We contend that improving soil nutrient conditions and development status contribute to the establishment of island vegetation, with careful consideration of interspecific combinations that expedite the restoration process on tropical coral islands. This study addresses the lack of clarity surrounding the determinants of vegetation species richness on tropical coral islands, thus providing a novel perspective grounded in soil nutrient-driven succession.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupancy of roe deer, water deer, and wild boar in wind farm-integrated forest ecosystems: A case study in Korea","authors":"Seong-Hyeon Kim,&nbsp;Thakur Dhakal,&nbsp;Ki Hwan Cho,&nbsp;Tae-Su Kim,&nbsp;Seung-Hyeon Woo,&nbsp;Jun-Young Kim,&nbsp;Do-Hun Lee,&nbsp;Gab-Sue Jang","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70258","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the impact of anthropogenic structures on wildlife is essential for balancing ecosystem services. This study explored the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances, particularly wind farms, on South Korean Forest ecosystems using spatial occupancy models and camera trap survey data. We examined the occupancy probability of mammals (roe deer, water deer, and wild boar) around wind farms and identified the influencing factors. The results revealed that roe deer exhibited the highest occupancy probability (0.936), water deer exhibited the lowest (0.503), and wild boar exhibited intermediate values (0.657). For roe deer, the occupancy probability increased with distance from the wind turbine, whereas a high canopy height had a negative impact. Water deer showed a positive correlation with decreasing distance to agricultural land and increasing distance to residential land. Canopy height also contributed positively. Similarly, wild boar displayed a positive association with increased canopy height. Analyzing the impact of wind farm construction time, water deer exhibited a decrease in occupancy probability with more recent construction, whereas wild boars showed the opposite trend. The predicted occupancy probability indicated that roe deer and water deer had the lowest probability near the recently built wind farms, whereas wild boar had the highest probability. The findings of this study contribute to an ecologically informed conservation approach alongside the expansion of wind energy infrastructure. This study serves as a reference for future studies exploring the complex interactions between anthropogenic disturbances and for sustainable wildlife management.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untangling the effects of water availability on flower size: Insights from the largest tropical wetland","authors":"Layla M. A. Rodrigues,&nbsp;Thais B. Zanata,&nbsp;Camila Aoki,&nbsp;Alberto L. Teixido","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70244","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flower size plays a crucial role in the reproduction of animal-pollinated plants. Larger flowers usually increase pollinator visitation and reproductive success, but they are also associated with higher water investment for production and maintenance. Thus, water availability is a relevant factor in determining flower size, which may be consequently reduced in hot and dry environments. However, the phylogenetic relationships across plants may limit the variation in flower size, a strongly conserved trait among closely related species. We tested this hypothesis across 97 animal-pollinated species in the Pantanal, the world's largest tropical wetland. To determine how phylogeny and water availability affect community-level flower size, we quantified the variation of this trait between seasons (dry and rainy), substrates (terrestrial and aquatic), and species (phylogenetic signal). We observed a high variability in flower size, which showed a significant phylogenetic signal. Conversely, we did not detect a significant influence of season and substrate on flower size, although we observed a trend toward larger flowers in aquatic species, especially during the rainy season. Our results demonstrate that phylogeny mostly determines flower size variation in the Pantanal. Our findings also suggest that water availability may still exert evolutionary pressures on flower size, even in a context of phylogenetic conservatism. This study highlights the need to investigate the multiple interacting factors shaping flower size and contributes to a deeper understanding of its variation in response to environmental factors and phylogeny.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental exposure of terrestrial biomes to global climate change: An n-dimensional approach","authors":"Carlos Luna-Aranguré,&nbsp;Francisco Estrada,&nbsp;Julián A. Velasco,&nbsp;Oscar Calderón-Bustamante,&nbsp;Constantino Gonzalez-Salazar","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70262","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Terrestrial biomes, defined by unique climatic conditions and evolutionary histories, are increasingly vulnerable to global climate change. This study evaluates the exposure of Earth's 14 terrestrial biomes to climate change by characterizing their climatic boundaries using <i>n</i>-dimensional probabilistic methods. We analyzed precipitation and temperature data from the Global 200 project, combined with bioclimatic variables and climate models, to assess changes across historical, present, and future scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5). Using NicheROVER and NicheA, we quantified climatic overlap and projected non-overlapping regions under future climate scenarios. Our results reveal significant climatic specificity in temperature and precipitation ranges, with Flooded Grasslands &amp; Savannas, Tropical &amp; Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests, and Mangroves identified as the most exposed biomes. Geographic projections for 2040 highlight high-exposure regions near the equator, including the Neotropics, Central and Northern Africa, Southern Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica. These regions intersect with 2230 and 9091 protected areas under the SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. This study underscores the importance of characterizing climatic boundaries to enhance ecosystem resilience estimates and inform biodiversity conservation strategies. By integrating niche modeling approaches, we provide a framework for identifying regions most vulnerable to climate change. Our findings emphasize the need for targeted conservation efforts, policy interventions, and fine-scale analyses to mitigate climate impacts on biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. We conclude that understanding biome-specific climatic boundaries is critical for addressing the global climate crisis and guiding adaptive management in the most exposed regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70262","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trophic disruption by an invasive species linked to altered energy fluxes","authors":"Peter J. Flood,&nbsp;Bradley A. Strickland,&nbsp;William F. Loftus,&nbsp;Joel C. Trexler","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70266","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Trophic Disruption Hypothesis (TDH) predicts that invasive species may cause native species to undergo trophic dispersion (change in trophic-niche area) and trophic displacement (diet switching), predictably altering food-web structure and biodiversity. In Everglades National Park, Florida, USA, African Jewelfish (<i>Rubricatochromis letourneuxi</i>) density has recently (2012–2017) undergone a boom-bust cycle, linked to declines of native taxa and altered aquatic-community composition that persist after the bust. Everglades restoration efforts seek to restore historic hydrologic conditions that may contribute to food-web changes unfolding coincidentally with the jewelfish boom. We used complementary datasets of stomach contents and stable isotopes (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) to quantify pre- and post-invasion consumer diets, trophic positions, trophic niches, basal energy use (autotrophic vs. heterotrophic), and energy fluxes to test assumptions of the TDH. The direction of change for these metrics from dry season to wet-season post-invasion (i.e., effect of adding water) was used as a proxy for the direction of effects from restored water delivery. For trophic shifts attributable to jewelfish invasion, we tested assumptions of the TDH. Comparing pre- versus post-invasion for native consumers, we observed trophic displacement in 42% of species size classes (based on stomach contents), trophic dispersion for 57% of species (based on stable isotopes) and 54% of species size classes (based on stomach contents), and overall greater reliance on autotrophic energy. Altered trophic dynamics were more frequent pre- versus post-invasion than among habitats or between seasons, and the direction of those responses was in the opposite direction of dry-season to wet-season differences and/or occurred at a higher frequency. Post-invasion food-web structure and function revealed increased relative abundance of mesopredators (including African Jewelfish) and reduced biomass and energy fluxes into and out of small fishes (e.g., Cyprinodontiformes). Our results show that African Jewelfish invasion is linked to altered spatiotemporal trophic dynamics and energy fluxes through declines in native fishes and invertebrates, which indirectly affected trophic relationships at the regional scale in the Everglades. As a result, we suggest extending the TDH to explicitly include the potential for invasive species to alter basal energy use, spatiotemporal trophic dynamics, and energy fluxes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trophy constrains the temperature effect on ciliate species turnover rates","authors":"J. L. S. Hansen,&nbsp;A. Altenburger,&nbsp;L. Haraguchi,&nbsp;J. Carstensen,&nbsp;H. H. Jakobsen","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70261","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We applied FlowCam analysis cross-validated by 18S rDNA sequences and taxonomic literature to study seasonal and short-term population dynamics and species turnover in ciliate plankton during 15 months with high-frequency samplings in a shallow temperate estuary in Denmark. FlowCam imagery identified 27 phenotypic ciliate entities, and 8 genotypes were identified. The analyses showed strong seasonality in biomass, abundance, diversity, trophy, and species turnover. The abundance of mixotrophic ciliates increased 30-fold from winter to summer, whereas that of heterotrophic ciliates increased only five times. The two trophic groups also displayed contrasting seasonal diversity patterns. Heterotrophic ciliates increased in richness from 5.5 species in winter to 10.5 species in summer in 10 mL, whereas species richness of the mixotrophic community, dominated by <i>Mesodinium rubrum</i>, remained relatively constant with three species per 10 mL sample. Daily species turnover calculated from the decay of similarity was highest for heterotrophic ciliates, and community change rates of 3.1, 15.8, and 30.6% day⁻¹ were significantly related to ambient temperatures of 4.8, 8.4, and 16°C, respectively. Oscillating species-specific growth rates due to prey–predator interactions can explain faster species turnover rates in heterotrophic ciliates. By contrast, the mixotrophic ciliate community harvests a common supplementary energy source, which may dampen their species-specific population oscillations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model evaluation of Stage 0 river treatment on juvenile spring Chinook in the South Fork McKenzie River, Oregon","authors":"Aleah Hahn,&nbsp;Desiree D. Tullos,&nbsp;Steven F. Railsback","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70272","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-tech river habitat restoration techniques, including Stage 0 treatments, are increasingly applied but often lack robust evaluation of their effects and benefits. In 2018, 1 km of the South Fork McKenzie (SFMK) River, Oregon was modified to Stage 0 conditions for the benefit of ESA-listed Chinook salmon by raising the incised channel to the geomorphic grade line, reconnecting relic side channels, increasing floodplain connectivity, and distributing large wood throughout the reach. Field observations indicated depths and velocities were lower at the treated site than at the untreated site. To understand how these changes in physical habitat may translate into changes in juvenile Chinook length, abundance, and emigration timing, this study combined field observations with the individual-based model inSALMO. Model results indicated that the new habitat conditions can produce longer outmigrants, a result of rearing longer in the treated reach than in the untreated reach. The treated reach also produced more outmigrants at the end of the season in dry and wet water years, a result of more higher quality juvenile habitat conditions (i.e., lower velocities and depths, more cover) that favored fish remaining in the reach. No evidence of the treatment on spawning or incubation success was found. Numerical experimentation indicated that, under both treated and untreated conditions, outmigrant abundance was more sensitive to changes in temperature than to food resources due to the particularly low water temperatures released from an upstream dam impacting hatching success within this site. Mean outmigrant length was more sensitive to changes in food availability than to temperature. Collectively, the model results demonstrated that the Stage 0 activities at SFMK may increase juvenile length and number of reared individuals, though results should be evaluated across the diverse styles of Stage 0 projects. Further, the methods reflect the utility of moving beyond species-habitat indices as a tool in evaluating restoration practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70272","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special delivery: A hardwood-killing bark beetle vectors its unusual symbiote among host trees","authors":"Debra L. Wertman,&nbsp;Richard C. Hamelin,&nbsp;Allan L. Carroll","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70256","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In mutualistic symbioses with fungi, herbivorous insects such as bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) gain access to resources that are unavailable in the absence of fungal mutualists, while fungi benefit from insect-vectored dispersal. The most well-studied mutualists of tree-killing bark beetles in conifer systems are certain ophiostomatoid fungi (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales and Microascales) that benefit beetles through their nutritional and phytopathogenic activities. The alder bark beetle, <i>Alniphagus aspericollis</i>, is a hardwood-infesting bark beetle living with a non-ophiostomatoid associate, <i>Neonectria bordenii</i>, in its red alder, <i>Alnus rubra</i>, host. We evaluated the hypothesis that the alder bark beetle–<i>N. bordenii</i> association represents a symbiosis similar to tree-killing bark beetle–ophiostomatoid mutualisms in conifer systems by assessing the tree-killing ability of the alder bark beetle and testing the prediction that the beetle vectors the fungus among host trees. We tested this prediction according to Leach's postulates for an insect vector of a plant-associated microbe. Emergent alder bark beetles were collected across three dispersal flights and five locations throughout southwestern British Columbia, Canada, in a single season, and assessed for presence/absence of <i>N. bordenii</i> by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and culturing. Phloem samples (beetle-attacked and not attacked) collected from bolts from a laboratory transmission experiment and trees in situ were also analyzed by qPCR for presence/absence of <i>N. bordenii</i>. The alder bark beetle attacked apparently healthy red alders across sites and was determined to have caused mortality of 86% of colonized trees. <i>N. bordenii</i> was detected in 98% (<i>n</i> = 214/218) of individual beetles by qPCR, and viable <i>N. bordenii</i> was recovered from 46% (<i>n</i> = 103/223) of beetles by culturing. qPCR analysis of phloem samples originating from a transmission experiment and trees attacked under natural conditions revealed that alder bark beetles introduce <i>N. bordenii</i> into phloem from healthy red alders (laboratory transmission rate = 42%). Our results indicate that the alder bark beetle vectors <i>N. bordenii</i> among host red alders and that the association between these two organisms is thus symbiotic. The consistent presence of <i>N. bordenii</i> across samples and locations suggests that this symbiosis may represent a unique bark beetle–fungus mutualism in red alder.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the edge: Environmental characteristics of northwestern Eurasian primary forests contrast with surrounding areas","authors":"Maxence Martin,&nbsp;Niko Kulha,&nbsp;Tatiana Braslavskaya,&nbsp;Anna Komarova,&nbsp;Timo Kuuluvainen,&nbsp;Alexei Aleinikov,&nbsp;Osvaldo Valeria","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70235","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The area of primary boreal forest continues to decline due to anthropogenic disturbance, often targeting forests that provide the highest economic returns. This selective use of forests raises the question of whether the remaining primary forests occur within a subset of the environmental conditions present in their region of occurrence. We investigated whether and how the environmental conditions of primary boreal forests in Finland and northwestern Russia (Arkhangelsk, Karelia, Komi, and Murmansk) differ from those of their surrounding forests. To do this, we randomly selected 50 primary forests from each region and used openly available spatial data to quantify a set of variables describing topography, land cover, and accessibility for these primary forests and their surrounding forests. The remnant primary forests had different environmental characteristics compared with the surrounding forests in each study region. In terms of topography, the primary forests had either a higher absolute elevation or a higher topographic position than the surrounding forests. In Finland, the distance to rivers was also significantly higher in primary forests than in surrounding forests. The proportion of wetlands was high in the primary forests of Finland and Karelia, suggesting a high proportion of primary forests on organic soils. For all variables, the magnitude and occasionally even the direction of the difference between primary and surrounding forests varied between regions. In Finland and European Russia, the distribution of the remnant primary forests does not represent the full environmental variability present in their region of occurrence. This suggests that these forests do not only occur “high and far,” but within a subset of the environmental conditions present in these high and far regions. From a conservation perspective, primary forest attributes should be restored regionally, taking into account the diversity of environmental conditions that exist within the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}