Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"Hydrology and trophic flexibility structure alpine stream food webs in the Teton Range, Wyoming, USA","authors":"Karen L. Jorgenson,&nbsp;Scott Hotaling,&nbsp;Lusha M. Tronstad,&nbsp;Debra S. Finn,&nbsp;Sarah M. Collins","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding biotic interactions and how they vary across habitats is important for assessing the vulnerability of communities to climate change. Receding glaciers in high mountain areas can lead to the hydrologic homogenization of streams and reduce habitat heterogeneity, which are predicted to drive declines in regional diversity and imperil endemic species. However, little is known about food web structure in alpine stream habitats, particularly among streams fed by different hydrologic sources (e.g., glaciers or snowfields). We used gut content and stable isotope analyses to characterize food web structure of alpine macroinvertebrate communities in streams fed by glaciers, subterranean ice, and seasonal snowpack in the Teton Range, Wyoming, USA. Specifically, we sought to (1) assess community resource use among streams fed by different hydrologic sources, (2) explore how variability in resource use relates to feeding strategies, and (3) identify which environmental variables influenced resource use within communities. Average taxa diet differed among all hydrologic sources, and food webs in subterranean ice-fed streams were largely supported by the gold alga <i>Hydrurus</i>. This finding bolsters a hypothesis that streams fed by subterranean ice may provide key habitat for cold-water species under climate change by maintaining a longer growing season for this high-quality food resource. While a range of environmental variables associated with hydrologic source (e.g., stream temperature) were related to diet composition, hydrologic source categories explained the most variation in diet composition models. Less variable diets within versus among streams suggest high trophic flexibility, which was further supported by high levels of omnivory. This inherent trophic flexibility may bolster alpine stream communities against future changes in resource availability as the mountain cryosphere fades. Ultimately, our results expand understanding of the habitat requirements for imperiled alpine taxa while empowering predictions of their vulnerability under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term and landscape impacts of buffel grass on arid plant communities: Ecosystem shifts and acceleration by fire","authors":"Ellen Ryan-Colton,&nbsp;Kris French,&nbsp;Glenda M. Wardle,&nbsp;John L. Read,&nbsp;Peter D. Canty,&nbsp;Peter J. Lang,&nbsp;Doug C. Bickerton,&nbsp;Christine A. Schlesinger","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plant invasions drive biodiversity loss, transform ecosystems, and promote positive-feedback cycles between invasion and fire. However, the long-term impacts of invasive grasses across landscapes with diverse plant communities and interactions with fire are poorly known. Our objectives were to examine whether buffel grass (<i>Cenchrus ciliaris</i>), a globally significant plant invader, altered the abundance of understory and overstory plants, homogenized plant composition, and shifted ecosystems from woodlands to grassland and to explore interrelationships between invasion and fire. We combined two methodological approaches to assess invasion spread and impacts of buffel grass in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands of arid central Australia: a before-after-control-impact (BACI) experiment over 25 years at 15 sites and a paired-plot (randomized-block) experiment at 18 sites. Both experiments spanned two geographic regions and multiple vegetation communities situated on flat plains and rocky hills. We used generalized linear mixed models to analyze predictions about plant abundance and permutational multivariate ANOVA (PERMANOVA) and permutational multivariate analysis of dispersion (PERMDISP) to examine changes in community composition. Fire and invasion interactions were explored using fire history or the relative fire tolerance of plant species as covariates, predictors, or responses. Fire interacted with the invasion process in multiple ways. Invaded sites had burnt more frequently and recently than native sites in one region, and where propagules were present in 1995, buffel grass abundance increased most when fires ensued. Abundance of understory plant functional groups (native grasses, ferns, and vines) decreased with invasion, and understory shrubs decreased due to frequent fires in invaded sites. Overstory composition shifted from fire-sensitive species toward fire-tolerant species, but this was not directly attributable to invasion. Partial evidence for ecosystem regime shifts included homogenization of understory communities in invaded rocky hills, and an increase in woody shrub cover at native but not invaded sites over 25 years, resulting in a 5% cover difference by 2019. Impacts were detected across heterogeneous ecological communities at a scale not previously tested amongst high background community variability. Although invasion is not dependent on fire, the acceleration of invasion spread and impacts with fire is a critical consideration for future research and management of grass invaders.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic determinants of species presence in amphibian communities across a regional elevation gradient","authors":"Silvia Rodríguez,&nbsp;Pedro Galán,&nbsp;Alejandro Martínez-Abraín","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Identifying and quantifying the main factors that are jeopardizing amphibian communities worldwide is essential for planning effective amphibian conservation. We collected data on the presence/absence of salamanders and newts (Caudata) and frogs and toads (Anura) in &gt;3600 water points from a large region (30,000 km²) in NW Spain during a 10-year period (2004–2013). We contrasted a large set of hypotheses explaining presence/absence as a function of anthropogenic factors across the regional elevation gradient (1–2036 m). Logistic regression modeling revealed that salamanders and newts were mainly influenced by pollution and by land use changes, and that the effect of these factors changed with elevation. However, frogs and toads were affected by a larger set of factors acting synergistically, although not including land use changes, and their effect operated at all elevation ranges, except in the case of biological factors (invasive species and wild boar abundance) with higher effects at low elevation. Changes in land use was the most common factor at any elevation and included the abandonment of rural areas, which favors shrub and tree encroachment on former open land, and loss of water points. The most resilient species at any elevation were two frogs, <i>Pelophylax perezi</i> and <i>Rana parvipalmata</i>. The least resilient species were two salamanders, <i>Chioglossa lusitanica</i> and <i>Lissotriton helveticus</i>, followed closely by two toads, <i>Alytes obstetricans</i> and <i>Pelobates cultripes</i>. Unoccupied sites had higher frequencies of biological effects and of changes in land use in the first 5 years of study and lower frequencies of direct human influence factors in the second period. Overall, our results showed that the studied amphibian metacommunity was negatively influenced both by direct and indirect anthropogenic factors, but also that many amphibian species were not only capable of occupying sites which had been altered by human action, but were even favored by land uses generating open habitat, a habitat type that is increasingly uncommon in the region, in the entire Iberian Peninsula and in Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating variation of respiration:photosynthesis ratio in sagebrush species: Implications for carbon flux modeling","authors":"Harmandeep Sharma,&nbsp;Keith Reinhardt,&nbsp;Kathleen A. Lohse,&nbsp;Ken Aho","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plant respiration and photosynthesis are the two main processes influencing carbon (C) flux balance at leaf-to-ecosystem scales. The ratio of respiration to photosynthesis (<i>R</i>:<i>A</i>) or carbon use efficiency (CUE) is considered an important trait for determining global carbon storage in the near future. One school of thought assumes that <i>R</i>:<i>A</i> is constant in terrestrial productivity models, irrespective of biomass, climate, and species. Others believe it is variable, although within a limited range. Semiarid systems dominated by woody vegetation, such as sagebrush steppe, have been recognized as potentially important C sinks on regional to global scales in the context of future climate scenarios. Therefore, there is a critical need to study <i>R</i>:<i>A</i> over different organizational scales (i.e., at the leaf, whole plant, and ecosystem scales) to use this approach for future C flux predictions under climate change scenarios. The objective of this study was to compare leaf-, shrub-, and ecosystem-scale <i>R</i>:<i>A</i> among three sagebrush (<i>Artemisia</i> spp.) communities, and to determine how <i>R</i>:<i>A</i> varies throughout the growing season (i.e., early, mid-, and late summer) among these communities. We measured photosynthesis and respiration monthly in three sagebrush communities spanning a 685-m elevation gradient at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed and Critical Zone Observatory in southwestern Idaho. Consistent with our expectations, we found large seasonal variations in <i>R</i> and <i>A</i> at all scales, but with differences in <i>A</i> among the three sagebrush communities significant only at the leaf scale. The <i>R</i>:<i>A</i> ratio was not significantly different among the three species at all organizational scales. However, the <i>R</i>:<i>A</i> ratio did vary among months at the leaf level and there was a statistical interaction between species and month at both leaf and shrub levels. Our study indicates that the <i>R</i>:<i>A</i> ratio is generally conservative, although not tightly constrained (range: 0.12–0.77) among three sagebrush species. Therefore, approaches that assume conservative <i>R</i>:<i>A</i> ratios in terrestrial productivity models need to be considered carefully to evaluate the impact of projected climatic changes on future C cycling in shrub-dominated rangeland ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive ecology and egg parasitism of the Samoan swallowtail butterfly","authors":"Paul C. Banko,&nbsp;Mark A. Schmaedick,&nbsp;Robert W. Peck,&nbsp;Adam C. Miles,&nbsp;Niela P. Leifi","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated the reproductive ecology and effects of egg parasitism on the Samoan swallowtail butterfly (<i>Papilio godeffroyi</i>), which survives only on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, after having disappeared from the much larger islands of Upolu and Savai‘i in independent Samoa. During monthly surveys of its only known host plant, <i>Micromelum minutum</i>, across eight sites in 2013 and 2014, we collected eggs, eggshells, larvae, pupae, and pupal exuviae. Live specimens were reared under laboratory conditions to determine reproductive outcomes, developmental rates, and sex ratios, as well as parasitoid attack frequencies, brood sizes, and sex ratios. Sixty-six of 448 (14.7%) eggs produced larvae, 47 of which became adults. The sex ratio was approximately even overall and within each developmental stage. Eggs were slightly larger on individual host trees and in host tree stands that yielded more eggs per unit of foliage, indicating that ovipositing females responded to some features of host trees and stands. Eggs hatching female or male larvae were similar in size, and the sexes developed at similar rates. A newly described species of parasitoid wasp, <i>Ooencyrtus pitosina</i> (Encyrtidae), emerged from 73.6% of 382 butterfly eggs that failed to hatch in the laboratory (62.7% of 448 eggs overall). Forty-one other eggs contained dead parasitoid larvae. An additional, unidentified <i>Ooencyrtus</i> wasp species emerged from a single <i>P. godeffroyi</i> egg. No parasitoids were reared from <i>P. godeffroyi</i> larvae or pupae. Of 656 <i>P. godeffroyi</i> eggshells collected in the field and examined in the laboratory, 62.2% showed signs of having been parasitized by <i>O. pitosina.</i> There was no evidence that parasitism rates were density-dependent. <i>O. pitosina</i> brood sizes ranged from 1 to 5, with the sex ratio skewed toward females (2.40 F:1.00 M). Larger parasitoid broods were associated with slightly larger host eggs, indicating that female wasps may adjust brood size according to host egg size or that fewer wasp larvae are able to complete development in smaller eggs. Techniques used to rear both <i>P. godeffroyi</i> and <i>O. pitosina</i> in the laboratory could be applied to a captive-rear, wild-release program, which may facilitate reestablishment of the species in Samoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modified matrix model captures the population dynamics for the primary vector of Lyme disease in North America","authors":"John R. Foster,&nbsp;Shannon L. LaDeau,&nbsp;Kelly Oggenfuss,&nbsp;Richard S. Ostfeld,&nbsp;Michael C. Dietze","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lyme disease, the most prevalent tick-borne disease in North America, is caused by the bacterium <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>, and in the eastern and central United States, it is spread to humans by the black-legged tick (<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>). Due to the complex, multiyear and multihost life cycle of this species, a matrix modeling approach is needed to effectively estimate subseasonal, multistage survival and transition dynamics in order to better understand and predict when population growth is high. Of the three questing tick life stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults), nymphs are most often associated with transmitting the bacteria to humans, and previous work suggests a mix of abiotic and biotic drivers are associated with nymph abundance. However, understanding tick population growth requires understanding mortality and transition probabilities for each stage and each stage may be individually and uniquely impacted by climate and host availability. A larval tick, for example, may experience warming temperatures differently than nymph or adults, because they are present on the landscape at different times. Here, we describe and validate a model that accounts for field sampling design and evaluates abiotic (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) and biotic (host abundance) drivers of variation in tick population growth. To account for the drivers of subseasonal and interannual variability in demography, phenology, and population density, we built stage-structured population models that account for variability in meteorology and host population abundance throughout the full tick lifecycle. Our model is fit and validated with 11 years of tick and host data from the northeastern United States. In this context, we found that a four-stage model that includes unique transitions to and from a dormant, overwintering nymph state outperforms a model that only includes the three questing stages, and that incorporating the abundance of the predominant host species, <i>Peromyscus leucopus</i>, and weather variables improved predictions and model fit. Additionally, the model accurately predicted all three questing stages at sites different than where they were calibrated, showing that this model structure is generally transferable. Overall, this model lays a foundation for the real-time iterative forecasting of tick populations needed to effectively protect public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference vegetation for restoration? Three vegetation maps compared across 76 nature reserves in Uganda and Kenya","authors":"Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø,&nbsp;Davide Barsotti,&nbsp;James Kalema,&nbsp;Paulo van Breugel,&nbsp;Fabio Pedercini,&nbsp;Lars Graudal,&nbsp;Ramni Jamnadass,&nbsp;Roeland Kindt","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forest and landscape restoration are increasingly popular nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change and safeguard biodiversity. Restoration planning and monitoring implies that a reference ecosystem has been defined to which the restored site can be compared, but how to best select such reference? We tested three different potential natural vegetation (PNV) maps of the same areas in Kenya and Uganda for their utility as ecological references with independent data that were not used when those maps were made. These independent datasets included presence observations of woody species from 76 sites in forest reserves in Kenya and Uganda, and classification of surveyed species into a system that included “forest-only” and “nonforest-only” ecological types. Our tests show that (1) the three vegetation maps largely agree on the environmental envelopes/ranges within which forests occur. (2) There are large differences in how well the maps predict the presence of forest-only species. (3) Two maps, based on empirical observations (V4A and White), predict forest types well, whereas the third, based on climate envelopes only (NS), performs poorly. (4) A large area in Uganda is potentially in one of two alternative stable states. We conclude that it is possible to evaluate the utility of PNV maps at a more detailed scale than the level of biome and ecoregion. This indicates that it is possible to map PNV at scales required for reference for restoration and management of forest vegetation. We recommend that empirically based maps of potential natural vegetation are used in restoration planning (biome and PNV maps based on climate envelopes alone may be unreliable tools) as a baseline model for predicting the distribution of reference ecosystems under current and future conditions. It could conveniently be done by deconstructing the existing biome maps, supported by rapid botanical surveys.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disruption of natural disturbance regime decouples habitat and life stage in a keystone species","authors":"Joseph E. Merz,&nbsp;Rocko A. Brown,&nbsp;Kirsten Sellheim,&nbsp;Steven C. Zeug","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic disturbance of stream ecosystems, often chronic in nature, has been studied extensively. However, when disturbance is driven by more than one resource policy over many decades, feedback between habitat evolution and biological adaptation can be disrupted and ecological function affected in unforeseen ways. We analyzed over 100 years of Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) length frequency trends associated with fisheries management and changes in available spawning substrate (habitat) linked to flow regulation in a highly altered California river. Over time, salmon lengths generally decreased, fluctuating with exploitation (ocean harvest) and hatchery production rates. Female size reduction, coupled with a degrading and coarsening channel, and perching peripheral habitat related to past mining activity, indicates available spawning substrate may be too large to support the current salmon population. Assuming a salmon can move material ~10% of her body length, length frequency data and current substrate size distribution suggest that increasing salmon sizes to historic distributions could increase available spawning habitat by as much as 13%. Alternatively, decreasing spawning substrate size could support a greater portion of the current population. To test the latter hypothesis and inform future management actions, we monitored two spawning riffles where large and small gravel was placed on top of a cobble. We observed an immediate spawning activity increase that was more pronounced where smaller gravel was deposited. Following a decade of habitat decline, the two sites were both replenished with medium gravel. Elevated spawning use occurred immediately at both sites, commensurate with this intermediate size, further supporting our hypotheses. Sediment coarsening and habitat disconnect below dams, combined with reduced salmon size, indicate the natural spawning process may be decoupled from available habitat below dams in the foreseeable future without continuous intervention. Actively managing salmon population demographics through modified hatchery and size-selective harvest practices and developing a coarse sediment budget with size-appropriate material for regulated anadromous rivers could produce immediate benefits for ecosystem services, including salmon populations. However, these management actions will require continued maintenance and informed socio-ecological goals to remain successful.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of three global canopy height maps and their applicability to biodiversity modeling: Accuracy issues revealed","authors":"Vítězslav Moudrý,&nbsp;Lukáš Gábor,&nbsp;Suzanne Marselis,&nbsp;Petra Pracná,&nbsp;Vojtěch Barták,&nbsp;Jiří Prošek,&nbsp;Barbora Navrátilová,&nbsp;Jan Novotný,&nbsp;Markéta Potůčková,&nbsp;Kateřina Gdulová,&nbsp;Pablo Crespo-Peremarch,&nbsp;Jan Komárek,&nbsp;Marco Malavasi,&nbsp;Duccio Rocchini,&nbsp;Luis A. Ruiz,&nbsp;Jesús Torralba,&nbsp;Michele Torresani,&nbsp;Roberto Cazzolla Gatti,&nbsp;Jan Wild","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global mapping of forest height is an extremely important task for estimating habitat quality and modeling biodiversity. Recently, three global canopy height maps have been released, the global forest canopy height map (GFCH), the high-resolution canopy height model of the Earth (HRCH), and the global map of tree canopy height (GMTCH). Here, we assessed their accuracy and usability for biodiversity modeling. We examined their accuracy by comparing them with the reference canopy height models derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS). Our results show considerable differences between the evaluated maps. The root mean square error ranged between 10 and 18 m for GFCH, 9–11 m for HRCH, and 10–17 m for GMTCH, respectively. GFCH and GMTCH consistently underestimated the height of all canopies regardless of their height, while HRCH tended to overestimate the height of low canopies and underestimate tall canopies. Biodiversity models using predicted global canopy height maps as input data are sufficient for estimating simple relationships between species occurrence and canopy height, but their use leads to a considerable decrease in the discrimination ability of the models and to mischaracterization of species niches where derived indices (e.g., canopy height heterogeneity) are concerned. We showed that canopy height heterogeneity is considerably underestimated in the evaluated global canopy height maps. We urge that for temperate areas rich in ALS data, activities should concentrate on harmonizing ALS canopy height maps rather than relying on modeled global products.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do leaf traits shape herbivory in tropical montane rainforests? A multispecies approach","authors":"Jana E. Schön,&nbsp;Raya Keuth,&nbsp;Jürgen Homeier,&nbsp;Oliver Limberger,&nbsp;Jörg Bendix,&nbsp;Nina Farwig,&nbsp;Roland Brandl","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The co-evolutionary arms race between herbivores and plants forces plants to evolve protection strategies that reduce the palatability of the plant modules attacked by the herbivores. These characteristics of traits have consequences for both the survival of plant individuals and the composition of plant communities. Thus, correlating traits of for instance leaves with herbivory is an important step toward understanding the dynamics of plant populations and communities. Traits can either be measured using conventional lab methods or recently developed spectral sensing techniques. We examined whether leaf traits of trees are related to herbivory in a multispecies approach. Furthermore, we explored whether leaf traits characterized by spectral sensing provide similar relations to herbivory as lab-based leaf traits. We established nine 1-ha square plots evenly distributed over three different forest types in Ecuadorian tropical montane rainforests where we estimated herbivory as the leaf area loss (in square centimeters) of 20 (±5) leaves sampled from the canopies of 380 tree individuals belonging to 51 tree species (7 ± 1 individuals/species) using lab- and spectral-sensing-based methods. For each methodological approach, we ran 100 linear mixed-effects models with all respective leaf traits as predictor and herbivory as response variables for data subsets containing one randomly selected tree individual of each species to estimate the range of the regression coefficients for each trait. Automated stepwise backward selections determined the frequency of each trait having an important influence on herbivory. We found no clear relations between leaf traits and herbivory for neither lab- nor spectral-sensing-based traits. A nested variance component analysis demonstrated that the observed variability was mainly due to the variation in trait concentrations between tree individuals of a species. Our results suggest that snapshot data lead to a mismatch between herbivory and the concentrations of traits during the peak of herbivory. Another explanation could be that environmental conditions or processes along the food web are more important in structuring herbivory than leaf traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}