Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"Spatially dynamic abundance patterns for a rare fish species","authors":"Valerie A. Steen,&nbsp;James T. Peterson,&nbsp;Adam Duarte","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70326","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recovery of rare and imperiled species is often supported by targeting the dynamic drivers of abundance patterns. However, knowledge of these drivers can be obscured by challenges stemming from species detectability and autocorrelated data. Longfin Smelt (<i>Spirinchus thaleichthys</i>) in the San Francisco Bay-Delta have become rare as the result of dramatic declines in abundance. Abundance indices from a multitude of surveys in the Bay-Delta have documented these declines, but utilizing survey data to support recovery has been more challenging. To elucidate the spatiotemporal drivers of Longfin Smelt abundance patterns, we employed spatial multistate (“abundant”) dynamic occupancy models that integrated surveys across seasons from three fish monitoring programs. We found that species occupancy may be driven by broad-scale temporal and spatial processes not accounted for in the environmental covariates we used given the relative importance of day of year and spatial and year random effects. However, we also found that relatively high abundance may be driven in part by local habitat conditions. Our analysis approach allowed us to capture various sources of heterogeneity in the data and map seasonal distribution and abundance patterns for this rare species that can be used to inform policy and management decisions in the Bay-Delta.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat characteristics and nest of the ladybird spider, Eresus kollari (Araneae: Eresidae) in South Korea","authors":"Jin Hyeok Choi,&nbsp;Daegeun Oh,&nbsp;Na Hyeon Kim,&nbsp;Kil Won Kim","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Eresus kollari</i> is typically found in dry grasslands and stony steppes; however, in South Korea, it has been primarily found in the humid environments of cemeteries. These spiders have highly localized habitats, and their burrowing and nest-building habits make them difficult to find and observe in the field. This study investigated the cemetery habitat environment, which has not been well-researched previously. Because direct observation without separating the spiders from their nests is difficult, the relationship between nest size and individual size was studied to estimate the size of the spiders based on their nests. The cemeteries are open and sunny, with loess-like soil. The ground surface is mainly covered with Korean lawn grass, lacking trees or shrubs, and the herbaceous layer consists of low-growing plants. The nests of <i>E. kollari</i> consist of an aboveground web canopy and an underground retreat, and they were found just below the grass. The height of the web canopy and the depth of the retreat were not correlated with the individuals' body size. However, the overall nest diameter exhibited a positive exponential relationship with both cephalothorax and abdomen size. In particular, the product of cephalothorax width and length was the most informative parameter for predicting nest diameter. Remains of beetles and ants were found in the web canopy, suggesting that these insects constitute the primary prey of <i>E. kollari</i>. However, in the case of very small ants, it seems that <i>Plagiolepis manczshzurica</i> may be a predator of <i>E. kollari,</i> as ants were found alongside <i>E. kollari</i> remains within the nest. In South Korea, <i>E. kollari</i> is not designated as an endangered species, but its habitat and population have reportedly been in decline. Notably, the habitat observed during the study period was destroyed by construction activities. Therefore, research and conservation measures for this species are necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home range size, habitat selection, and mycophagy of sympatric North American flying squirrels","authors":"Rebekah Persad,&nbsp;Samantha M. Stead,&nbsp;Ryan B. Stephens,&nbsp;Jeff Bowman","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The northern flying squirrel (<i>Glaucomys sabrinus</i>) is a mycophagous specialist (i.e., having a fungi-dominated diet) which might be displaced following northward range expansion by the congeneric southern flying squirrel (<i>Glaucomys volans</i>). Loss of the northern flying squirrel could, in turn, limit fungi spore dispersal in forest communities. To understand the potential implications of squirrel species turnover on fungal dispersal, we investigated the home ranges, habitat selection, and fungi consumption of the two flying squirrel species living in sympatry in Ontario, Canada. We live-trapped flying squirrels for more than one year (2020–2021), deployed 31 radio collars (northern, <i>n</i> = 13; southern, <i>n</i> = 18), and radio-tracked individuals to investigate home range size. We also collected fecal pellets to quantify fungi in the squirrels' diet. Both squirrel species had similar home range sizes, and there was evidence of considerable home-range overlap between the species. Habitat selection analysis using a binomial generalized linear model of mean selection ratios indicated that southern flying squirrels selected deciduous-dominated habitats more than northern flying squirrels did within their home ranges and that both species selected pine-oak-barren habitats. Finally, we identified that northern flying squirrels had significantly higher spore loads and spore richness in their scat than their southern counterparts. Nevertheless, southern flying squirrels consumed fungi during each season. We conclude that the two squirrel species share many aspects of the landscape but habitat partitioning and differences in diet between species facilitated sympatry. Southern flying squirrels do make a contribution to spore dispersal at this location through fungus consumption and relatively large home ranges.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landsat-based remote sensing of surface water dynamics in southern African wetlands in drylands from 1986 to 2022","authors":"Alexis Roy,&nbsp;Florence D. Hulot,&nbsp;Kamel Soudani","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70332","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wetlands in drylands represent distinct ecosystems characterized by unique assemblages of fauna and flora that coexist in a fluctuating hydrological regime. These habitats provide essential resources, including water and vegetation, which support fauna and thus concentrate a complex web of ecological interactions that rely on the presence of water, especially during the dry season. Understanding the alternating dynamics of recharge and drying is therefore critical, as these processes directly affect the ecological interactions that depend on water availability. To better understand these dynamics, we developed a Landsat-based remote sensing methodology using a 37-year-long time series of images to assess the frequency of water presence in known wetlands in drylands in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, in relation to climate data obtained from ERA5. Annual and monthly frequency of water presence was calculated using a thresholding single water index based on the modified normalized detection water index. We assessed inter- and intra-annual variations in water presence. This methodology provides a month-by-month assessment of water presence and anomalies from the average between 1986 and 2022. The filling and drying of wetlands showed a temporal lag of 2 months between precipitation and water presence, thus allowing the assessment of the ecological drought intensity in the dry season. Overall, the results allow us to evaluate the drying and filling dynamics of wetlands in drylands as well as their surface variability, giving crucial insights into the water availability dynamics and their resilience to climate forcing and variations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental gradients strongly affect functional composition and biomass C stocks within aquatic plant meadows","authors":"Roel Lammerant,&nbsp;Jenna Hölttä,&nbsp;Janina Pykäri,&nbsp;Nishant Nishant,&nbsp;Anna Villnäs,&nbsp;Sofia A. Wikström,&nbsp;Alf Norkko,&nbsp;Camilla Gustafsson","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70327","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ecological succession provides a critical framework to evaluate and predict the effects of successional dynamics within plant communities on ecosystem functions, which has become increasingly relevant in recent years as humans adapt to a world that is progressively shaped by anthropogenic disturbances. To date, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how environmental gradients shape succession of functional diversity within aquatic plant communities, complicating our ability to predict the C sink potential of aquatic plant meadows. This makes it imperative to explore the factors underlying shifts in functional community structure and associated functions provided by aquatic plants across broad environmental gradients. We conducted a field survey in August–September 2023, where we sampled 20 soft-bottom sites along a strong (50 km) gradient of environmental variables (i.e., exposure and salinity) in the northern Baltic Sea. Spatial differences in the functional community structure and biomass-bound C stocks were influenced by an interplay between wave exposure, depth and salinity. The functional community structure of aquatic plant meadows shifted from more conservative strategies under high hydrodynamic forces to more acquisitive strategies under relatively benign environmental conditions. Functional trait variation across meadows was driven by both intraspecific variation (ITV) and species turnover, but their relative role was highly variable. Biomass-bound C stocks were mainly influenced by light availability. Overall, our study illustrates the importance of addressing ITV and that the functional community structure and biomass-bound C stocks of aquatic plant meadows were shaped by an interplay between wave exposure, depth, and salinity. This highlights the complexity in assessing ecosystem services provided by vegetated coastal ecosystems and the need to improve our understanding of the relationships among the environment, species traits, and ecosystem functioning for developing effective measures of ecosystem conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA metabarcoding and video camera collars yield different inferences about the summer diet of an arctic ungulate","authors":"Heather E. Johnson,&nbsp;Gabrielle L. Coulombe,&nbsp;Layne G. Adams,&nbsp;Colleen Arnison,&nbsp;Perry Barboza,&nbsp;Martin Kienzler,&nbsp;William B. Leacock,&nbsp;Michael J. Suitor","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70319","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The diets of wild ungulates are a foundational component of their ecology, influencing their behavior, body condition, and demography. With changing environmental conditions, there is a significant need to identify important forage items for ungulates, but this has often proved challenging. Declines in several barren-ground caribou herds across the North American Arctic have raised concerns about the influence of climate change on caribou forage conditions. Shifts in plant phenology, biomass, quality, and composition may be influencing caribou diets and subsequently affecting their body condition and demographic rates. Although forage is a primary driver of barren-ground caribou behavior and population dynamics, there is limited recent information about the specific foods they consume, and uncertainty about appropriate methods for identifying those foods. Investigators are increasingly using fecal DNA metabarcoding and video camera collars to assess ungulate diets, but comparative studies of these approaches are lacking. To examine the summer diets of barren-ground caribou, we used both fecal metabarcoding and video camera collars to identify forage used by the Porcupine caribou herd, which spans the Alaska–Yukon border. In 2021, we sampled the diets of adult females by collecting fecal samples and observing collar videos during 4 sampling occasions. We found that caribou consumed very specific forage items, and those items varied markedly across the growing season. Caribou predominantly consumed graminoids and lichens during early summer, and shrubs and forbs later in the season. Metabarcoding and video data provided significantly different estimates of diet for all taxonomic levels we evaluated, and inferences from the two approaches were often disparate. Metabarcoding failed to detect some items frequently consumed in videos, such as lichens, and indicated high use of other items rarely consumed, such as mosses. We found that video data provided greater taxonomic diversity and resolution for vascular plants and lichens, and more closely aligned with past research and biological expectations than data from fecal metabarcoding. Additional research is needed to be able to use these methods to identify the biomass of different forage items consumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using masking metrics as a means to quantify effect and guide mitigation measures of underwater anthropogenic noise","authors":"R. E. Burnham,&nbsp;S. Vagle","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70314","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic noise in oceanic soundscapes is increasing, as is concern for its impacts on marine life. Until now, the potential effects have been considered by the comparison of sound levels to defined thresholds. Here, the influence of acoustic masking on a species is considered, quantifying the proportional reduction in range for acoustic signals as one means to characterize the impact of acoustic disturbance. The use of this metric is demonstrated by calculating the potential for masking communication calls and echolocation signals of southern resident killer whales (<i>Orcinus orca</i>) in the Salish Sea, British Columbia, subjected to significant commercial vessel traffic noise. The use of thresholds facilitates an empirical interpretation of changes in the sound field over space and time, whereas a masking metric determines when and where a whale's ability to send and receive acoustic information will be most obstructed. By considering the level of masking, the severity of a response might be distinguished. For example, a 0%–24% range reduction may be overcome by adaptive signaling, but this may not be possible when communication or echolocation range is reduced by 75% or more. This degree of masking was found in known foraging areas for southern residents, suggesting consequences to their success in finding and capturing food. Masking metrics will be useful to managers and policy makers to better understand acoustic disturbance of marine species and determine individual- to population-level consequences of anthropogenic noise additions to soundscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the abundance and distribution of rorqual prey in the Northeast United States over four decades","authors":"Julia E. F. Stepanuk,&nbsp;Janet A. Nye,&nbsp;Nicholas R. Record,&nbsp;Lesley H. Thorne","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70303","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The distribution, phenology, and population dynamics of species at multiple trophic levels have been impacted by climate change across a range of spatial scales. Upper trophic level species may be uniquely impacted through changes to prey species and foraging habitats in space and time. Improving our understanding of how known changes in the abundance and distribution of prey species influence prey availability for marine predators is key to understanding climate impacts on upper trophic level species. Rorquals, a group of baleen whales, are generalist feeders that employ lunge feeding to engulf large volumes of water and prey, thereby requiring dense aggregations of prey for efficient feeding. While climate-driven changes have been well documented for some species of fish and invertebrates consumed by rorquals, changes to the distribution of rorqual prey in aggregate and the implications of these changes for rorqual foraging habitat have received little attention. We used a 40-year time series of prey data to assess spatial and temporal shifts in key prey groups for four rorqual species in the rapidly warming Northeast United States. We found notable changes to the distribution and biomass of prey groups for rorquals through space and time. The center of biomass of key large-bodied prey showed significant poleward shifts and biomass increased in the northern portion of the Northeast United States. Accordingly, we found significant increases in the biomass of large-bodied humpback, minke, and fin whale prey in the northerly Gulf of Maine and George's Bank regions, with concurrent decreases in the biomass of large-bodied humpback whale prey in more southernly Mid-Atlantic Bight and Southern New England regions. In contrast, there was little evidence of change in the distribution and biomass of smaller prey groups, which are of key importance for sei and fin whales. Our results suggest that rorquals that primarily consume large-bodied prey, humpback and minke whales, may be more likely to be impacted by climate-driven shifts in prey than sei and fin whales that feed on smaller prey. Assessments of changing prey distributions are needed for proactive management in light of climate-driven impacts on whale foraging habitat.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling consequences of spatial closures for offshore energy: Loss of fishing grounds and fishery-independent data","authors":"M. Campbell,&nbsp;J. F. Samhouri,&nbsp;J. W. White","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70336","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many jurisdictions are currently pursuing renewable sources of energy from the ocean, including offshore wind farms (OWFs). While these could have direct positive effects for global climate change by reducing fossil fuel consumption, there could be unintended consequences for fisheries and conservation. These include the potential loss of fishing grounds (and the consequent spatial displacement of fishing effort) and the potential loss of fishery-independent survey data in OWF areas. Because fishing and other types of vessel traffic are often limited in the OWF area, OWFs may also serve as other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs), an important type of spatial protection in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity 30 × 30 initiative. We used spatially explicit population models of groundfish fisheries on an idealized coastline in a management strategy evaluation to investigate the effects of OWF placement on conservation objectives (increased fish biomass) and fishery objectives (maintaining fishery yield). We simulated the loss of fishing grounds on 10% of the coastline, and the concurrent loss of 10% of fishery-independent survey data, introducing uncertainty and bias into stock status estimates. This produced two effects in the model: initial loss of fishery yield due to the closure and reductions in fishing effort when the loss of data triggered precautionary measures in the harvest control rule. Additionally, we assessed scenarios with different placements of the OWF relative to high-quality fish habitat, as OWFs could be placed without fish habitat considerations in mind. As expected (given the sustainable harvest rates we simulated), we found that placing the OWF on high-quality habitat produced the greatest negative effects of fishing grounds and fishery-independent data on fishery yields, but placing the OWF on low-quality habitat caused it to be ineffective as an OECM (in terms of increasing fish population biomass). Additionally, the loss of survey data had a greater effect for less mobile fish species. Our findings highlight the expected trade-offs between the fishery and conservation (i.e., OECM) consequences of OWF expansion and the need to compensate for the loss of fishery-independent data by accounting for species distributions relative to habitat in survey indices.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate sensitivity and restoration trajectories: Insights from tidal marsh restoration in Elkhorn Slough, California","authors":"Kerstin Wasson,&nbsp;Monique C. Fountain,&nbsp;Margaret A. Zimmer,&nbsp;Karen E. Tanner,&nbsp;Seth A. Robinson,&nbsp;Wesley P. Moore,&nbsp;Zeanna Graves,&nbsp;Rikke Jeppesen,&nbsp;Susanne K. Fork,&nbsp;Bethany J. Lee,&nbsp;Michael Wilshire,&nbsp;John C. Haskins,&nbsp;Charlie Endris,&nbsp;Sean B. McCollum,&nbsp;Levi D. Robbins,&nbsp;Anna E. Braswell","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70318","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding restoration trajectories and their sensitivity to climate is critical for designing effective adaptation strategies for restoration projects. Tidal marsh restoration often involves initial bare earth conditions that may be stressful to colonizing plants, especially on high elevation marsh platforms built to be resilient to sea-level rise. Under these circumstances, stressors such as soil salinity may increase over time, but can be mitigated by strong rainfall. At Hester Marsh, a large tidal marsh restoration site in Elkhorn Slough, California, we evaluated passive restoration success, tracking colonization by plants whose seeds arrived naturally on tides, and active restoration success, monitoring greenhouse-grown transplants. Our investigation revealed nonlinear restoration trajectories with high climate sensitivity, at the scale of the entire landscape and of individual plants. We found strong effects of drought on marsh restoration success indicators. Plant colonization rate decreased dramatically over time in the first area to be completed, which experienced more drought conditions following construction. In contrast, it declined more slowly in the second area, which experienced more rainy years following construction. Both passive and active restoration showed strong differences across these areas and across dry and rainy years. Facilitation can sometimes improve conditions for later-arriving plants, but we found higher mortality of seedlings under existing vegetation than in bare areas. Thus, plant colonization may slow over time both due to increasing abiotic stress and through competition by early colonizers. Our findings lead to recommendations for climate adaptation strategies for tidal marsh restoration. Since we found that the first year following construction appeared to have the least stressful conditions, we recommend managers invest especially heavily in supporting plant colonization during this early window of opportunity. We also found plant size and species affected drought tolerance and recommend larger plant sizes and hardy species be incorporated into active tidal marsh restoration. Furthermore, we recommend planning for phased completion of restoration projects to generate a mosaic of areas with different trajectories and increase the probability that some areas will be completed during optimal climate conditions. We thus illustrate how an understanding of climate sensitivity of restoration trajectories can enhance restoration success.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}