Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"Linking permafrost to the abundance, biomass, and energy density of fish in Arctic headwater streams","authors":"Michael P. Carey,&nbsp;Joshua C. Koch,&nbsp;Jonathan A. O'Donnell,&nbsp;Brett A. Poulin,&nbsp;Christian E. Zimmerman","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70270","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Permafrost thaw alters groundwater flow, river hydrology, stream-catchment interactions, and the availability of carbon and nutrients in headwater streams. The impact of permafrost on watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry of headwater streams has been demonstrated, but there is little understanding of how permafrost influences fish in these ecosystems. We examined relations among permafrost characteristics, the resulting changes in water temperature, stream hydrology (e.g., discharge flashiness), and macroinvertebrates, with the abundance, biomass, and energy density of juvenile Dolly Varden (<i>Salvelinus malma</i>) and Arctic Grayling (<i>Thymallus arcticus</i>) across 10 headwater streams in northwestern Alaska. Macroinvertebrate density was driven by concentrations of dissolved carbon and nutrients supporting stream food webs. Dolly Varden abundance was primarily related to water temperature with fewer fish in warmer streams, whereas Dolly Varden energy density decreased with the flashiness of the headwater streams. Dolly Varden biomass was related to both temperature and bottom-up food web effects. The energy density of Arctic Grayling decreased with warmer temperatures and discharge flashiness. These relations demonstrate the importance of terrestrial–aquatic connections in permafrost landscapes and indicate the complexity of landscape effects on fish. Because permafrost thaw is one of the most impactful changes occurring as the Arctic warms, an improved understanding of how stream temperature, hydrology, and bottom-up food web processes influence fish populations can aid forecasting of future conditions across the Arctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reef fish movement and community assemblages associated with a newly deployed artificial reef","authors":"Jade M. Carver,&nbsp;Brett J. Falterman,&nbsp;Stephen R. Midway,&nbsp;Christian Walker,&nbsp;Creed C. Branham,&nbsp;Michael A. Dance","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70250","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Artificial reefs provide critical habitat for fish in areas lacking benthic structure, yet our understanding of how artificial reefs function and develop is limited. Here, changes in fish community assemblages were monitored using baited remote underwater video (BRUV) surveys before and after a new artificial reef was deployed in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Movement of red snapper (<i>Lutjanus campechanus</i>) and gray snapper (<i>Lutjanus griseus</i>) between nearby oil and gas platforms (<i>n</i> = 3) and the new artificial reef was examined using acoustic telemetry, and residency was calculated for fish associated with both structure types. Fish community development at the artificial reef site was slow despite close proximity to existing habitat, and fish communities at the artificial reef site did not differ from control sites (unconsolidated substrate) one year after reef deployment. Residency of red snapper and gray snapper at the artificial reef was surprisingly low, with most tagged fish emigrating rapidly, and no tagged fishes from the surrounding platforms were detected moving to the artificial reef during the initial eight months following artificial reef deployment. While residency was much higher at the platforms, a major hurricane (Hurricane Ida) passed directly over the sites and led to large numbers of tagged fishes emigrating from the study area. Results highlight an artificial reef with limited fish community development and low residency after one year despite close proximity to existing habitats. Considering the presence of seasonal benthic hypoxia in this region, findings suggest that artificial reefs with limited vertical relief may offer sub-optimal habitat for reef fish in comparison with the substantial vertical relief offered by standing platforms, reducing the potential benefits to reef fish. Given the rapid decommissioning of oil and gas infrastructure in the Gulf of Mexico, this study has significant implications for rigs-to-reefs programs as well as artificial reef siting and design.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns in the chaos: Scale and the spatiotemporal dynamics of coral reef fish assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef","authors":"Daniela M. Ceccarelli,&nbsp;Michael J. Emslie,&nbsp;Murray Logan,&nbsp;Andrew Cole,&nbsp;Makeely I. Blandford,&nbsp;Tane H. Sinclair-Taylor","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70227","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the Anthropocene, understanding and managing ecological communities requires the characterization of natural spatiotemporal ecosystem dynamics. Complex ecosystems may appear chaotic and unstructured, making long-term monitoring programs with hierarchical sampling designs ideal for investigating ecological patterns at multiple scales. Here, we use a dataset spanning the entire Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and multiple decades to determine the spatial patterns of distribution and abundance, and how these change through time, in 233 reef-associated fish species. Community composition was strongly structured by position across the continental shelf, with distinct inner and outer shelf assemblages. Latitudinal differences were smaller, except for the distinctive assemblages of the southernmost Swain and Capricorn-Bunker regions. GBR-wide summaries of total density and species richness did not show directional shifts, and it was only after analyzing these metrics at the subregional scale that a wider range of temporal oscillations was identified, indicating that responses of fish assemblages to perturbations require examination of smaller than GBR scales. Within most subregions (65%), fish species composition has undergone a clear and ongoing directional shift away from the community identified in the 1990s. These changes were generally due to a reduction in the numbers of coral-dependent species and an increased dominance of grazers and generalists. Among the 233 species, there have been more “winners” than “losers” across the whole GBR, but this masks a tendency for inner shelf reefs of the central GBR to have a dominance of “losers” over time. Reef fish assemblages on the GBR are dynamic and show clear recovery potential from disturbance events. Despite some pervasive community-level shifts in the last decades, the clear biogeographic characteristics of each subregion remain intact. We pose the question of whether it is reasonable to expect these highly dynamic assemblages to reach a relatively stable “climax community,” and posit that the answer is scale-dependent and, on the GBR, is currently resolved at the subregional scale, which is the scale at which most stakeholders and decision-makers operate.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing the EcoVeg approach as a terrestrial ecosystem typology: From global biomes to local plant communities","authors":"Don Faber-Langendoen,&nbsp;David A. Keith,&nbsp;Javier Loidi,&nbsp;Eileen H. Helmer,&nbsp;Wolfgang Willner,&nbsp;Gonzalo Navarro,&nbsp;John Hunter,&nbsp;Changcheng Liu,&nbsp;Reginald T. Guuroh,&nbsp;Patricio Pliscoff","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70237","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The goal of the EcoVeg approach is to fully describe and classify the diversity of the Earth's terrestrial ecosystems based on vegetation and ecological processes. The EcoVeg approach was used to develop the International Vegetation Classification (IVC) and various national classifications, which integrate patterns of vegetation growth form, structure, and floristics with ecological and biogeographic drivers at multiple spatial scales, from global formations to local plant communities. The approach remains unique among terrestrial ecological classifications in providing types at these scales. However, as a terrestrial typology, lack of context with respect to freshwater, marine and subterranean realms limited its clarity. Further, growth forms and structure were limited to readily observable features, which excluded important functional traits. The release by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) of the Global Ecosystem Typology (GET) presented an opportunity to revisit the EcoVeg approach because GET has a conceptually robust, scalable, and spatially explicit functional approach for all of earth's ecosystems (terrestrial, freshwater, marine, subterranean). Here, we briefly introduce the EcoVeg approach and the GET, and then outline a biome-based revision to EcoVeg and the IVC that builds on the strengths of GET for global terrestrial types and the IVC for continental to local terrestrial types. The outcome is a revised IVC that we rename the ecosystem-based International Vegetation Classification (eIVC). As with GET, the eIVC has a conceptual foundation based on realms and transitional realms, but it focuses on the terrestrial and transitional terrestrial (wetland) realms. It then fully implements terrestrial biome concepts across all the upper levels based on the integration of vegetation with global ecosystem processes and properties. Interoperable compatibility with GET is reflected in the fact that 84% of the global ecosystem types are largely equivalent, which facilitates the linkage of GET with the continental to local ecosystem types of the eIVC. The revisions that now form the eIVC will enhance collaborative development of ecosystem types across the globe and provide more robust opportunities for co-application of the eIVC and GET in the terrestrial realm for management, conservation, and restoration.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70237","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neither source nor trap: Urban gardens as habitat for nonmigratory monarch butterflies in Northern California","authors":"E. Erickson,&nbsp;C. B. Schultz,&nbsp;E. E. Crone","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70259","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Urban ecosystems can act as hotspots for diverse taxa, especially pollinators. However, it is not clear whether urban environments function as high-quality habitat as opposed to demographic sinks or ecological traps. In recent years, a nonmigratory, winter-breeding population of monarch butterflies has established in urban gardens in Northern California, and there are conflicting hypotheses about whether these urban populations are beneficial or detrimental to the larger migratory monarch population. We tested whether the winter-breeding monarch butterfly population was primarily supported by the larger migratory one using monthly surveys of monarchs and milkweeds throughout urban gardens in the California East Bay. If the winter-breeding population were a trap, we expected increases in abundance and decreases in parasite prevalence to be timed with monarch migration into our study area. Demographic patterns of winter-breeding monarchs were not consistent with an influx from the migratory population. Population size was highest during summer months, when milkweed density was most abundant, not during monarch migration. Parasite loads were consistently high but increased during fall migration, in direct opposition to our prediction. During summer, monarch butterfly larva:egg ratios were lower than in other months, possibly due to predation by synanthropic species such as wasps, but predation did not prevent population growth. These demographic patterns contrast with recent studies of monarch butterflies in eastern North America. They also illustrate the importance of understanding mechanistically how species persist in urban environments and the potential of urban communities to function in novel ways as opposed to replicating natural habitat.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of a large herbivore to predation risk are modulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors","authors":"Michael S. Muthersbaugh,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Saldo,&nbsp;Alex J. Jensen,&nbsp;Jay Cantrell,&nbsp;Charles Ruth,&nbsp;Beth E. Ross,&nbsp;John C. Kilgo,&nbsp;David S. Jachowski","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70252","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Prey species can perceive and respond to spatiotemporal variation in predation risk to increase survival. In addition to adjusting spatial and temporal activity patterns to avoid predation, prey employ other antipredator behaviors, such as vigilance and fleeing, and these behaviors can be further modulated by intrinsic, environmental, and anthropogenic factors. However, few studies simultaneously examine multiple potential antipredator behavioral responses of prey or examine prey responses to multiple scales of risk. In the southeastern United States, coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) have become established as the top predator of white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) populations mainly through fawn predation, and deer adjust behaviors in response to coyotes. Using passive camera trap data from summer 2019 to 2021, we simultaneously tested for evidence that deer adjust spatial activity patterns, diel activity patterns, and vigilance behavior in response to various abiotic and biotic factors including long-term and short-term coyote encounter risk. Overall, our results suggest that deer are unable to eliminate the risk of encountering coyotes by modifying their spatial activity and thus employ other demographic-specific behavioral adaptations to reduce coyote encounter risk. Deer nursery groups were significantly more diurnal than adult males or adult female deer traveling alone, likely in an attempt to reduce predation risk for fawns. Deer nursery groups increased spatial activity but decreased vigilance at sites the day following increased wild pig (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) activity, suggesting invasive competitors have impacts on maternal behaviors in deer. Adult female deer collectively increased vigilance at sites with greater long-term coyote encounter risk, and in support of the “many-eyes” hypothesis, were less vigilant when in larger groups. Spatial activity of adult female deer traveling alone was positively related to short-term coyote encounter risk, potentially indicating coyotes seek areas with increased doe activity to help locate fawn prey. The results of our study show that behavioral responses to predators and competitors are modulated by individual state (demography), grouping behavior, and habitat features. Our study highlights the need to analyze multiple potential antipredator behaviors and multiple scales of risk to gain a more complete understanding of prey responses to risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do olive ridley turtles select mates based on size? An investigation of mate size preference at a major arribada rookery","authors":"Ashis Kumar Das,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar Mohapatra,&nbsp;Basudev Tripathy,&nbsp;Anshuman Swain,&nbsp;Anil Mohapatra","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70264","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated mate size preferences in olive ridley sea turtles (<i>Lepidochelys olivacea</i>), one of the world's smallest and most abundant sea turtle species, using data from two years near a single mass nesting site. Even though past research has focused on many aspects of the reproductive biology of these turtles, not much is known about their mate preference and related behaviors. Our study focused on the large number of turtles that congregated for mating in nearshore waters before mass nesting. We captured, tagged, and measured 268 individuals (134 mating pairs), analyzing the correlation between male and female carapace length to test for assortative mating and found a significant positive correlation. Larger females produce more eggs, and larger males can have physical advantages during mating, and we think that these factors drive size-based assortative mating. We also observed frequent biting scar marks on females and multiple males attempting to mate with individual females, suggesting competition during mating. These findings enhance our understanding of olive ridley sea turtle mating behavior, specifically mate choice related to size.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Native and exotic Juglans nigra seedlings recruit distinct mycobiomes that differentiate with emergent disease variation","authors":"Geoffrey M. Williams,&nbsp;Matthew D. Ginzel","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Under global change, the transformation of landscapes and anthropogenic movement of organisms lead to novel biotic interactions that affect ecosystem health. A prior field-based metabarcoding survey revealed that <i>Juglans nigra</i> harbors a novel, low-diversity mycobiome outside of its native range that may contribute to the severity of thousand cankers disease (TCD), a destructive insect–disease complex affecting walnut in the western United States and Europe. The previous metabarcoding study also identified differences in mycobiome composition among plant genotypes and between naturally infected TCD-positive trees and healthy trees. In this study, seeds were germinated in the field in two locations: Martell Forest, Indiana (TCD negative) and Walla Walla, Washington (TCD positive). After one season, seedlings were transplanted to a greenhouse and inoculated with <i>Geosmithia morbida</i>, the fungal pathogen component of TCD. Fungi were isolated from roots and cankers and identified morphologically and with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of rDNA to test the extent to which trees in the two locations recruited different mycobiomes from their environment. Stem necrosis around inoculation points was measured to assess the extent to which necrosis was influenced by distinct mycobiomes and to examine covariation between necrosis and the mycobiome. Additionally, seedlings from Walla Walla were control inoculated to evaluate the effect of inoculation on the mycobiome. Root–shoot ratio was also measured to investigate the relationship between necrotic area and belowground versus aboveground investment. Canker area was marginally higher in Walla Walla, and covariation with the root–shoot ratio was generally negative but positive in one plot in Walla Walla. Roots from inoculated seedlings from Martell Forest had distinct and marginally more diverse mycobiomes than those from Walla Walla. Root and canker mycobiomes from inoculated seedlings differed between locations and with necrotic area. Mycobiome differences between seedlings with large and small cankers were higher in Martell Forest plots with greater variability in necrotic area, whereas in Walla Walla, plots with more variable necrotic area showed smaller mycobiome differences between seedlings with large and small cankers. These findings suggest that plants in novel habitats recruit low-diversity mycobiomes that influence disease etiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperspectral leaf reflectance of grasses varies with evolutionary lineage more than with site","authors":"Stephanie Pau,&nbsp;Ryan Slapikas,&nbsp;Che-Ling Ho,&nbsp;Shannon L. J. Bayliss,&nbsp;Ryan C. Donnelly,&nbsp;Adam Abdullahi,&nbsp;Brent R. Helliker,&nbsp;Jesse B. Nippert,&nbsp;William J. Riley,&nbsp;Christopher J. Still,&nbsp;Emily R. Wedel,&nbsp;Daniel M. Griffith","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70257","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To predict ecological responses at broad environmental scales, grass species are commonly grouped into two broad functional types based on photosynthetic pathway. However, closely related species may have distinctive anatomical and physiological attributes that influence ecological responses, beyond those related to photosynthetic pathway alone. Hyperspectral leaf reflectance can provide an integrated measure of covarying leaf traits that may result from phylogenetic trait conservatism and/or environmental conditions. Understanding whether spectra-trait relationships are lineage specific or reflect environmental variation across sites is necessary for using hyperspectral reflectance to predict plant responses to environmental changes across spatial scales. We measured hyperspectral leaf reflectance (400–2400 nm) and 12 structural, biochemical, and physiological leaf traits from five grass-dominated sites spanning the Great Plains of North America. We assessed if variation in leaf reflectance spectra among grass species is explained more by evolutionary lineage (as captured by tribes or subfamilies), photosynthetic pathway (C₃ or C₄), or site differences. We then determined whether leaf spectra can be used to predict leaf traits within and across lineages. Our results using redundancy analysis ordination (RDA) show that grass tribe identity explained more variation in leaf spectra (adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.12) than photosynthetic pathway, which explained little variation in leaf spectra (adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.00). Furthermore, leaf reflectance from the same tribe across multiple sites was more similar than leaf reflectance from the same site across tribes (adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.12 and 0.08, respectively). Across all sites and species, trait predictions based on spectra ranged considerably in predictive accuracies (<i>R</i>² = 0.65 to &lt;0.01), but <i>R</i>² was &gt;0.80 for certain lineages and sites. The relationship between Vc_max, a measure of photosynthetic capacity, and spectra was particularly promising. Chloridoideae, a lineage more common at drier sites, appears to have distinct spectra-trait relationships compared with other lineages. Overall, our results show that evolutionary relatedness explains more variation in grass leaf spectra than photosynthetic pathway or site, but consideration of lineage- and site-specific trait relationships is needed to interpret spectral variation across large environmental gradients.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are type 3 functional responses just statistical apparitions?","authors":"John P. DeLong,&nbsp;Kyle E. Coblentz,&nbsp;Stella F. Uiterwaal","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70247","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Type 3 (sigmoidal) functional responses can protect rare prey from predation, but such functional responses are not often described. It is also not clear that factors that are hypothesized to promote type 3 functional responses, such as predator–prey size ratios and higher temperatures, are actually associated with type 3 curves, especially given experimental design concerns. Here, we assess support for type 2 or type 3 functional responses for a compilation of functional response experiments and evaluate the role of experimental design and biology in generating type 3 functional responses. We find that experimental design considerations generate support for type 3 models more than biological factors, and after accounting for experimental effects, both predator–prey size ratio and temperature increase the support for type 3 models, in line with predictions. However, no factor explains much variation in support for functional response type (full model <i>R</i>² = 0.08). We also show that the standard model selection cutoff for support for one model over the other is inconsistent across bootstrapped samples, indicating that support for type 3 models may emerge stochastically due to noise in foraging trial data. Finally, we suggest a more conservative approach is needed for assessing support for type 3 models.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70247","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}