Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"Aquatic habitat response to small dam removal demonstrates recovery in three years","authors":"Jeremy Dietrich,&nbsp;Alison Rickard,&nbsp;Suresh A. Sethi,&nbsp;Scott Cuppett,&nbsp;Patrick Sullivan","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70323","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dams disrupt river networks by interrupting longitudinal transport of sediment and nutrients and obstructing the movement of aquatic organisms. Increasingly, water resource managers are looking for dam removal as a solution to restore connectivity and improve aquatic habitats, water quality, and fish passage. Empirical studies on small dams (&lt;7.5 m) that incorporate both ecological and geomorphic monitoring over longer time periods (3 year+ post-removal) are rare, limiting the data available to restoration stakeholders to inform barrier removal prioritization decisions. To help address this gap, we implemented a suite of geomorphic, biological, and water quality monitoring efforts to assess the effect of a small dam (3.7 m) removal project in the Hudson River Estuary watershed, New York State (USA). We monitored the site prior to removal and continued observations for three years post-removal to assess differences in ecological conditions between the upstream impoundment and downstream tail-reach before and after dam removal. Instream sediment composition and mean particle size were highly disparate between upstream impoundment and downstream tail-reach areas prior to the dam removal but became more uniform and of higher habitat quality across the study site within two years after removal. Functional diversity, taxonomic diversity, and taxa richness of the macroinvertebrate community improved dramatically in upstream habitats within one year of the dam removal, and differences between the upstream and downstream reaches disappeared by the third year after removal, suggesting rapid recovery of stream conditions in the previously dammed upstream reach. Upstream aquatic habitat designations improved within two years from being “moderately impacted” to “slightly impacted,” rising above the biological impairment threshold according to New York State's Biological Assessment Profile score. This allowed both New York and the Environmental Protection Agency to document water quality improvements as a Type-3 nonpoint source success story. Combined, results from this temperate watershed show that dam removals may provide aquatic ecosystem recovery in relatively short time frames.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic environments generate geographic fluctuations in population structure of an inland shorebird","authors":"Andrea Contina,&nbsp;Scott W. Yanco,&nbsp;Allison K. Pierce,&nbsp;Hannah B. Vander Zanden,&nbsp;Craig A. Stricker,&nbsp;Gabriel J. Bowen,&nbsp;Michael B. Wunder","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70312","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70312","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Species distributions depend on fine-scale ecological processes and population growth trajectories and are influenced by climate and weather changes. However, the characterization of inter-population dynamics underlying the geographic distributions of migratory organisms remains challenging. We adopted a stable isotope approach to investigate the dynamic population geography of a terrestrial migratory bird across multiple generations. We found that the age-specific geographic source of Mountain Plovers sampled during winter shifted over four years across a latitudinal gradient. Moreover, our results show that differential effects of climate on the probability of occurrence at the wintering ground could be a driver of population turnover in a migratory species adapted to extreme environmental stochasticity (i.e., drought occurrence). We propose a framework for the identification of spatial and temporal climate and weather components and respective effects on population composition and recruitment into migratory wintering populations. Our approach is useful to reveal population compositional shifts through hydrogen stable isotope analysis while accounting for cumulative drought effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wintering mallard survival is unaffected by brief anthropogenic disturbance on protected areas","authors":"Abigail G. Blake-Bradshaw,&nbsp;Nicholas M. Masto,&nbsp;Cory J. Highway,&nbsp;Allison C. Keever,&nbsp;Jamie C. Feddersen,&nbsp;Heath M. Hagy,&nbsp;Bradley S. Cohen","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70309","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70309","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human activities in natural areas can impose both lethal and non-lethal impacts on animals. Furthermore, anthropogenic disturbance is analogous to predation risk and can cause animals to adjust their behaviors to avoid humans. Quantifying whether disturbance-induced behavioral shifts affect individual fitness or population dynamics is needed to guide science-based conservation and management decisions. We experimentally disturbed GPS-marked mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) on sanctuaries weekly to evaluate the effects of brief pulses (1 h) of non-lethal anthropogenic disturbance on individual survival. We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine how single and cumulative disturbance affected survival and tested whether body mass or hunting season mediated the effects of disturbance. One hundred and eighty-eight mallards were disturbed ≥1 time resulting in 629 disturbance encounters. Only 3 individuals died immediately following disturbance, representing &lt;0.5% of encounters. Collectively, we found no effect of disturbance on daily survival, and our cumulative disturbance model showed undisturbed mallards had lower survival than disturbed mallards. Standardized body mass or hunting season did not mediate the effect of disturbance on survival. Together, we concluded there was no effect of our brief experimental disturbance treatments on mallard survival. Instead, diurnal sanctuary use and individual characteristics, including age, sex, and standardized body mass, affected survival. Diurnal sanctuary use was positively related to survival, and for every 20% increase in diurnal sanctuary use, the risk of mortality decreased by 15%. Additionally, female mallards were 2.7 times more likely to die compared to males, and juveniles had a 53% greater risk of mortality than adults. Lastly, for every 100 g heavier than average mallards were, we found a 23% lower risk of mortality during our study. If a primary goal of waterfowl sanctuary is including non-consumptive recreational use, our results suggest controlled access (e.g., ~1 h/week) may have minimal effects on survival and be consistent with multi-use objectives on public lands with waterfowl sanctuaries. If additional recreational access to support multiple public uses is a goal on public lands managed as sanctuaries, we recommend future work identify disturbance thresholds at which point survival or other fitness metrics are impacted by disturbance related to public uses of protected areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of a puma predation on endangered California condors: Implications for species recovery","authors":"Aidan B. Branney,&nbsp;Joseph C. Brandt,&nbsp;Joshua M. Felch,&nbsp;Jason V. Lombardi","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70255","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70255","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reintroduction of endangered species is wrought with many challenges, but one often overlooked challenge is the threat of predation of naïve individuals. Individuals lacking the insight to avoid predators can become easy prey and even showcase predators capitalizing on the lack of anti-predator behavior. In California, California condors (<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>) have slowly been recovering since the implementation of recovery actions and management. However, here we report an instance of where three California condors were preyed upon by a puma (<i>Puma concolor</i>) from 28 November to 30 December 2010 near Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge, Kern County, California, USA. The puma cached all three condor carcasses and was detected on a nearby camera trap revisiting the carcasses; scat was also identified nearby. This rare photographic documentation not only highlights the relatively unexplored ecological relationship between pumas and California condors but also showcases the need to understand the role predatory naïve behavior has on endangered species survivorship.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential effects of climate change on the threatened Malagasy poison frogs: A multispecies approach","authors":"Albert Carné,&nbsp;David R. Vieites,&nbsp;Neftalí Sillero","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70315","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70315","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is exposing ecosystems to novel conditions, and understanding its potential effects on species distributions is crucial. Those effects can significantly affect species with narrow environmental requirements inhabiting closed systems where dispersal is limited. Madagascar is a highly biodiverse island, boasting high levels of amphibian species richness and endemism. The impacts of climate change on Malagasy amphibians are scarcely addressed, with studies focusing on single species or localities. We assessed the potential impacts of climate change on the distributions of the endemic Malagasy poison frogs of the genus <i>Mantella</i>, one of the most threatened and best-studied frog genera in Madagascar, which contains species of global interest for the pet trade. We quantified each species' marginality, specialization, and tolerance and modeled their realized niches using the Maximum Entropy algorithm. We projected the models into current and future climates, using five Global Circulation Models, three socioeconomic scenarios, three future periods, and three dispersal scenarios. Our results suggest that 30% of <i>Mantella</i> species may gain habitat suitability extent, while 60% are predicted to lose it, with two threatened species forecasted to lose all suitable habitats island wide by 2100. Furthermore, 80% of species are forecasted to lose habitat suitability in currently occupied pixels, with losses exceeding 90%. Range shifts tracking their optimal niche conditions are expected for nearly all species, but the receptor areas are not always suitable. The current distribution extent is a good predictor of both tolerance and marginality, and tolerance can predict the conservation status in the genus <i>Mantella</i>. We found a linear relationship with higher marginality and tolerance linked to greater potential losses. We discuss the reliability and severity of the forecasts, the caveats of niche projections, and challenges in planning conservation based on them.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating novel resources: A field test of the effects of small mammal personality on dispersal of Quercus seeds","authors":"Ivy Yen,&nbsp;Alessio Mortelliti","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70268","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70268","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is shifting the habitable ranges of hundreds of species, and a greater understanding of the mechanisms driving migration velocity may make the difference between extinction and persistence for at-risk species. However, predicting migration velocity is particularly complicated for sessile organisms that rely on animals for the dispersal of their propagules. Extrinsic factors (e.g., seed availability, forest structure) and intrinsic factors of propagules and dispersers (e.g., seed mass, disperser species) interact to influence the seed dispersal process at multiple levels, complicating the conditions under which mutualism can occur. Small mammals are important seed predators and dispersers, and thus, their collective actions may modulate the migration velocity of seed-bearing plants. Recent studies have revealed the importance of disperser intraspecific variation, but the role of behavioral variation—animal personality—is infrequently studied and remains poorly understood. Personality may be critical to consider in the context of novel seeds as inexperienced individuals may default to specific behavioral tendencies and foraging strategies when deciding if and how to utilize resources. In a large-scale field experiment in central Maine (USA), we examined seed selection behavior in two species of small mammals (<i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i> and <i>Myodes gapperi</i>) for eight species of <i>Quercus</i> acorns—two of which are native to Maine and six of which are novel to our populations but expected to migrate northward. We found no discernible effects of seed novelty at any stage of the seed dispersal process, but we found evidence of personality-driven patterns in caching behavior. Docility positively predicted removal probability in voles and distance to burrow caches in mice. Lastly, individual antagonism–mutualism scores for voles were influenced by personality, where shy individuals were more antagonistic to acorns and bold individuals were more mutualistic. Put together, our results indicate that behavioral diversity may be important to consider for the maintenance of ecological function and provide a basis from where conservationists can work toward clarifying plant fitness in their novel ranges, species-specific extinction probabilities, and future trends in forest regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasite spatial distribution shapes parasite aggregation on host populations, but not at high parasite density","authors":"Chris Wojan,&nbsp;Allison K. Shaw,&nbsp;Meggan E. Craft","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70324","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70324","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spatial aggregation of environmental or trophically transmitted parasites has the potential to influence host–parasite interactions. The distribution of parasites on hosts is one result of those interactions, and the role of spatial aggregation is unclear. We use a spatially explicit agent-based model to determine how spatial aggregation of parasites influences the distribution of parasite burdens across a range of parasite densities and host recovery rates. Our model simulates the random movement of hosts across landscapes with varying spatial configurations of areas occupied by environmental parasites, allowing hosts to acquire parasites they encounter and subsequently lose them. When parasites are more spatially aggregated in the environment, the aggregation of parasite burdens on hosts is higher (i.e., more hosts with few parasites, fewer hosts with many parasites), but the effect is less pronounced at high parasite density and fast host recovery rates. In addition, the correlation between individual hosts' final parasite burdens and their cumulative parasite burdens (including lost parasites) is greater at higher levels of spatial parasite aggregation. Our work suggests that fine-scale spatial patterns of parasites can play a strong role in shaping how hosts are parasitized, particularly when parasite density is low-to-moderate and recovery rates are slow.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial effects and home-field advantage in holm oak (Quercus ilex) germination","authors":"Francisco I. Pugnaire,&nbsp;Elena Díaz-Santiago,&nbsp;Miguel Hurtado-Martínez,&nbsp;Christian Kindler,&nbsp;Esteban Manrique","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70251","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70251","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Germination is a critical process influenced by multiple abiotic and biotic factors and depends on the interaction between microorganisms and the environment. As plants select specific sets of microbes that evolve together in response to local conditions, we looked at the role of microorganisms on holm oak (<i>Quercus ilex</i>) germination to test whether soil microbial communities enhanced germination of seeds from its own habitat more than soil communities from other habitats, in accordance with the home-field advantage (HFA) hypothesis reported for litter decomposition. In a growth chamber experiment, we used sterilized seeds from two localities with contrasting environmental conditions sowed on a sterilized substrate, added inocula containing the microbiome extracted from the two soils with a factorial design, and recorded seed germination over two months. Fungi and bacteria extracted from Somiedo, the wet site, enhanced <i>Q. ilex</i> seed germination more than extracts from Ronda, the dry site, pointing to soil microbes as an important controlling factor. There was a significant difference in HFA between the two localities, being positive in Somiedo and negative in Ronda, suggesting that plant–soil coevolution was more difficult in harsher environment than in milder environment. Our results provide evidence of the critical role of soil microbial communities in <i>Q. ilex</i> germination.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional vertebrate group diversity differentially impacts vector-borne pathogen transmission and genetic diversity","authors":"Marie Lilly,&nbsp;Arielle Crews,&nbsp;Alexandra Lawrence,&nbsp;Jordan Salomon,&nbsp;Samantha Sambado,&nbsp;Liliana Cerna,&nbsp;Kacie Ring,&nbsp;Ceili Peng,&nbsp;Grace Shaw,&nbsp;Shannon Summers,&nbsp;Andrea Swei","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70292","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70292","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic land use change has led to considerable biodiversity loss, affecting ecosystem functions with unresolved consequences for zoonotic disease transmission. Functional diversity is understudied but potentially important for understanding the role of biodiversity because many zoonotic disease systems are maintained by species with different roles in disease transmission. Here, we explore how functional groups and pathogen genetic diversity influence transmission and human disease risk within the Lyme disease system. Our field and molecular ecology study examined ticks and vertebrates across a fragmented landscape and evaluated several metrics of disease risk. For predicting vector and infected vector density, rodent host richness had a positive effect and was most important, but vector infection prevalence was best predicted by rodent and predator richness together, reflecting how indirect effects may alter tick–host interactions and disease risk. These results indicate that examining species richness generally may obscure important interactions driven by richness within functional groups. Pathogen genotype richness was best predicted by overall vertebrate richness, providing support for the multiple niche polymorphism hypothesis. Our study offers an important perspective on the relationship between biodiversity and disease risk, suggesting that richness within functional groups may offer more nuanced insight into pathogen transmission dynamics than overall biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advance, steadfast, retreat? Growth and establishment of white spruce seedlings at treelines in Alaska","authors":"Andreas Burger,&nbsp;Mario Trouillier,&nbsp;Martin Wilmking","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70317","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecs2.70317","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Range dynamics of tree species are largely driven by seedling establishment and survival, mainly at and beyond current treelines. Although numerous studies document the growth of mature white spruce (<i>Picea glauca</i>) trees in Alaska, research on seedling establishment and growth, particularly dendroecological studies addressing climate sensitivity, remains limited. This study examines seedling densities and age distributions, growth performance, and climate–growth correlations of white spruce seedlings at five Alaskan sites: a “dry treeline” with potential drought limitations and the adjacent “dry forest,” a reference forest in Interior Alaska, and a “cold treeline” with expected cold temperature limitations and the adjacent “cold forest” in the Brooks Range. Seedling densities were highest at the cold treeline and especially the cold forest, moderate at the reference forest and dry forest, and very low at the dry treeline. Growth rates and height:diameter ratio were greatest at the dry treeline, with slightly lower growth at the cold treeline and cold forest. We found some evidence for drought sensitivity in spring at the dry treeline and in summer at the dry forest, while warm temperatures in fall positively influenced seedling growth at both sites. Notably, growth was more often significantly correlated with climate during the transitional seasons compared to only once in summer and not at all in winter. This pattern likely reflects that seedling growth, especially at the cold sites, is shaped less by direct macroclimatic influences and more by indirect effects on growing season dynamics, such as snow accumulation and melt. Despite growth peaking at the dry treeline, low seedling densities suggest a potential retreat of <i>Pi. glauca</i> at dry, low-elevation treelines in Alaska. In contrast, high seedling densities and growth rates at the cold treeline and cold forest indicate favorable conditions for seedling establishment and densification. The complexity of seedling growth and climate–growth correlations demands careful consideration, as growth is only partially influenced by macroclimate and is likely more strongly shaped by factors like competition, snowpack, soil moisture and temperature, and nutrient availability. Overall, our local data lend credibility to the hypothesized biome shift of white spruce, albeit unfolding at a slow pace.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}