Ecosphere最新文献

{"title":"Elevational ranges of pioneer marsh species are site specific and likely shaped by different abiotic and biotic factors","authors":"Charlotte S. Steinigeweg,&nbsp;Ole J. Siebeneicher,&nbsp;Boris Schröder,&nbsp;Michael Kleyer,&nbsp;Kertu Lõhmus,&nbsp;Swantje Löbel","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Salt marshes are dynamic systems whose landscape structure and resilience to disturbance depend on bio-geomorphological interactions. The ecological niches of salt marsh plants are asserted to be organized along an elevational gradient, determining the impact of abiotic factors such as soil aeration, flooding, and salinity, which generate the typical salt marsh zonation. In the foremost (pioneer) zone, vegetation must cope with nonoptimal environmental conditions due to strong impacts of hydrodynamic forces and sedimentation and is threatened by climate change–induced sea level rise or increased storminess. To test the hypothesis that species have different elevational ranges, which are shaped by local abiotic conditions and biotic interactions, salt marsh species occurrences and covers were recorded along 65 seaward–landward transects at two study sites on the back-barrier island Spiekeroog in the German Wadden Sea, differing in topography, site age, and history. Elevations were extracted from a digital terrain model. Zero-inflated beta regression models demonstrated that species occurrence and cover are mediated by elevation in a species-specific manner. The fast colonizer <i>Salicornia procumbens</i> occurred foremost at the lowest elevations, followed by the pioneer species <i>Spartina anglica</i> and <i>Salicornia europaea.</i> The higher marsh species <i>Limonium vulgare</i>, <i>Atriplex portulacoides</i>, and <i>Spergularia</i> spp. occurred at higher elevations, indicating varying species' vulnerability to local abiotic factors. Furthermore, the individual cover of species was negatively related to the total cover of other species, possibly indicating that species-specific elevational ranges are further modified by interspecific interactions. Especially, the cover of the ecosystem engineer <i>Sp. anglica</i> mostly had negative effects on individual species cover, although positive effects on the cover of <i>Sa. europaea</i> at the eastern site. Our results provide insights into plant species responses and interactions under highly dynamic conditions in the foremost marsh zone. Knowledge about species-specific responses to their abiotic and biotic environment is an important prerequisite for modeling and predicting future ecosystem shifts in salt marshes under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree mapping and carbon inventory on a university campus in South Korea: Case study and global review","authors":"Songhee Lee,&nbsp;Woo Bin Park,&nbsp;Seungmin Lee,&nbsp;Jeong-Min Lee,&nbsp;Yowhan Son,&nbsp;Tae Kyung Yoon","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Campus trees have significant potential for sequestering carbon in urban environments and improving civic life quality; however, few inventories of university campus trees have been constructed worldwide (excluding North America). This study briefly overviews the current status, challenges, and prospects of inventorying campus trees and provides a case study of a campus tree inventory and carbon assessment through a student participatory program in South Korea. Campus tree maps from 25 universities in eight countries were investigated. A campus tree inventory usually consists of various data on the tree species, dbh, and biomass, and it is often prepared through a capstone or student project in the university. This review identified the following challenges: (1) Few cases have been reported outside North America, (2) publications and data sharing are limited, and (3) participants' experiences have not been evaluated. The case study on inventorying and mapping campus trees was performed by integrating drone-based orthographic images and field censuses of tree data (species, diameter, GPS coordinates, etc.). A total of 2341 individual trees belonging to 73 species were surveyed over 28.7 ha of green spaces on campus, and various thematic maps were created online. In 2021, the aboveground carbon storage was 263.9 Mg C, and it increased annually by 5.62 Mg C. This study presents the first attempt to evaluate and report a campus tree carbon inventory at an East Asian university. Additional advancements in monitoring techniques and practices for campus trees may contribute to the sustainability of university campuses and local communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating biotic and abiotic drivers of avian community mobbing responses along urban gradients in Southern California","authors":"Benjamin Ewing,&nbsp;Eric M. Wood,&nbsp;Ari Martínez","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Urbanization is a significant pressure affecting wildlife and has the potential to greatly alter behavioral responses in animal communities. A behavioral response that is potentially affected by urbanization is the mobbing of predators by potential avian prey species. We tested three hypotheses concerning the effects of various abiotic and biotic factors in influencing avian mobbing responses along an urban–rural gradient. We conducted predator simulations by using playback of the vocalizations of the Western Screech-owl, <i>Megascops kennicottii</i>, which is a predatory species that elicits a mobbing response from other birds. These vocalizations, accompanied by stuffed models of the screech-owls, were broadcast at a variety of points along an urban–rural gradient in Los Angeles and Orange Counties in Southern California. We used an experimental approach using playback, that is, vocalization and models, to investigate whether mobbing responses of birds change in areas where predators may be naturally present (high vegetation density) or absent (high impervious cover). We recorded the number of individual birds and species that exhibited mobbing behavior at experimental sites, as well as various biotic and abiotic factors that may influence avian mobbing, including noise level, impervious surface cover, avian community turnover across the urban-to-rural gradient, and the structure of local vegetation, which we assumed may be important for either hosting roosting screech-owls or providing cover for mobbing bird species. For both the number of mobbing individuals and species, we showed that mobbing responses decreased with increasing noise levels and percentage of impervious surfaces and increased with increasing woody vegetation. There was some evidence that predator presence influenced mobbing responses. Our results show that the changes associated with urbanization can significantly alter antipredator behavior in birds, and that these changes can alter avian social eavesdropping networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living in fear: How experience shapes caribou responses to predation risk","authors":"Laurie Derguy,&nbsp;Mathieu Leblond,&nbsp;Martin-Hugues St-Laurent","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wild prey can reduce predation risk by avoiding areas used by their predators. As they get older, individuals should be able to fine-tune this avoidance based on their increased experience with predation risk. Such learning mechanisms are expected to play a key role in how individuals cope with risk during their life, particularly in altered landscapes where human disturbances have created habitat conditions distinct from those of the past. We studied the role of experience on the avoidance of risky areas by boreal caribou (<i>Rangifer tarandus caribou</i>) in a system where they are under high predation pressure from gray wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>) and black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>). Using telemetry data collected on 28 caribou, 31 wolves, and 12 bears, we investigated whether caribou adjusted their level of predator avoidance with passing monitoring years, a proxy of increasing experience. We observed an increase in the avoidance of areas suitable to wolves (during two study periods) and bears (during all study periods) with passing years. Periods during which caribou did not adjust their behavior toward wolves (winter and calving) were characterized by persistent—potentially innate—avoidance. Our results suggest that, in most circumstances, caribou became more efficient at avoiding areas selected by their predators as they gained experience. Future work should attempt to demonstrate whether such tactics are heritable; if so, our results would suggest that, given time, caribou living in disturbed environments would have the potential to adapt to changing levels of risk. This would give hope for the conservation of caribou, a species at risk in Canada, provided levels of risk do not surpass the limits of their behavioral plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impervious surface cover and number of restaurants shape diet variation in an urban carnivore","authors":"Tal Caspi,&nbsp;Monica G. Serrano,&nbsp;Stevi L. Vanderzwan,&nbsp;Janet Kessler,&nbsp;Christopher J. Schell,&nbsp;Benjamin N. Sacks","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past decade, studies have demonstrated that urban and nonurban wildlife populations exhibit differences in foraging behavior and diet. However, little is known about how environmental heterogeneity shapes dietary variation of organisms within cities. We examined the vertebrate prey components of diets of coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>) in San Francisco to quantify territory- and individual-level dietary differences and determine how within-city variation in land cover and land use affects coyote diet. We genotyped fecal samples for individual coyote identification and used DNA metabarcoding to quantify diet composition and individual niche differentiation. The highest contributor to coyote diet overall was anthropogenic food followed by small mammals. The most frequently detected species were domestic chicken, pocket gopher (<i>Thomomys bottae</i>), domestic pig, and raccoon (<i>Procyon lotor</i>). Diet composition varied significantly across territories and among individuals, with territories explaining most of the variation. Within territories (i.e., family groups), the amount of dietary variation attributed to among-individual differences increased with green space and decreased with impervious surface cover. The quantity of anthropogenic food in scats also was positively correlated with impervious surface cover, suggesting that coyotes consumed more human food in more urbanized territories. The quantity of invasive, human-commensal rodents in the diet was positively correlated with the number of food services in a territory. Overall, our results revealed substantial intraspecific variation in coyote diet associated with urban landscape heterogeneity and point to a diversifying effect of urbanization on population diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life stage hypothesis modeling determines insect vulnerability during developmental life stages to climate extremes","authors":"J. Simone Durney,&nbsp;Diane M. Debinski,&nbsp;Stephen F. Matter","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Butterflies are important bioindicators that can be used to monitor the effects of climate change, particularly in montane environments. Changes in butterfly population size over time, reflective of indicator life stages, can signal changes that have occurred or are occurring in their environment indicating ecosystem health. From the perspective of understanding butterflies as bioindicators in these systems, it is essential to identify influential environmental variables at each life stage that have the greatest effect on population dynamics. Life stage hypothesis modeling was used to assess the effects of multiple temperature and precipitation metrics on the population growth rate of a <i>Parnassius clodius</i> butterfly population from 2009 to 2018. Extreme maximum temperatures during the larval-pupal life stages were identified to have a significant negative effect on population growth rate. We speculate that higher temperatures during the spring ephemeral host plant's flowering, and <i>P. clodius</i>' larval stage, may lead to earlier plant senescence and lower <i>P. clodius</i> growth. Because <i>Parnassius</i> butterflies are well studied from a global perspective, results may aid in understanding the potential indicator life stages of other insect species in montane environments to climatic changes. Findings from this study demonstrate the value in assessing a butterfly species' response to short-term weather variation or long-term climatic changes <i>at each life stage</i> in order to protect and conserve insects and their interactions with other organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mosquito-derived ingested DNA as a tool for monitoring terrestrial vertebrates within a peri-urban environment","authors":"Christine Chivas,&nbsp;Adam Stow,&nbsp;Andrew Harford,&nbsp;Thomas J. Mooney,&nbsp;David Loewensteiner,&nbsp;Kate Montgomery,&nbsp;Anthony Chariton","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate. Consequently, there is a pivotal need to determine the occurrences and distributions of threatened species. Monitoring and detection approaches are traditionally reliant on capture (traps and cameras), as well as observations. However, these approaches are time-consuming and skewed toward the detection of large and/or common species. Invertebrate ingested DNA (iDNA) is being increasingly used as a novel approach for indirectly monitoring terrestrial vertebrates via their DNA in invertebrates with hematophagous, coprophagous, or saprophagous feeding strategies. This study aimed to examine the vertebrate diversity which could be retrieved using mosquito-derived iDNA in a peri-urban setting. Furthermore, the study also examined the influence of a human blocking primer and the application of multiple primers on the detection of the targeted taxa. Sampling was performed in Sydney, Australia, in a peri-urban environment adjacent to both urbanized and protected environments. As a means of ensuring that sampling could be performed by nonscientists, domestically available light traps were used. In total, 118 mosquitoes were captured. DNA was extracted from individual mosquitoes and amplified using four different primers, targeting vertebrates, mammals, and birds, with and without a human blocking primer (except for the bird polymerase chain reactions). The overall diversity retrieved reveals a broad diversity of species with 10 avian taxa and six mammalian taxa, including both native and non-native species of varying body sizes and behavioral characteristics. Both the multi-locus approach and the use of a human blocking primer revealed additional diversity. The use of iDNA offers the potential as an important tool for local land managers and citizen science projects for the monitoring of vertebrates.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen enrichment drives accelerative effect of soil heterogeneity on the flowering phenology of a dominant grass","authors":"Anna G. Krause,&nbsp;Ashley A. Wojciechowski,&nbsp;Sara G. Baer","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plant phenology is affected by both abiotic conditions (i.e., temperature, nitrogen enrichment, and drought) and biotic conditions (i.e., species diversity). The degree of spatial heterogeneity in soil resources is known to influence community assembly and dynamics, but the relationship between resource heterogeneity and phenology or the potentially interactive effects of soil resources on phenology are less understood. We leveraged a tallgrass prairie restoration experiment that has manipulated soil nitrogen availability and soil depth over 20 years to test the effects of environmental heterogeneity, nutrient enrichment, and potentially interactive effects of global change drivers (nutrient enrichment and a drought manipulation) on the phenology of a highly dominant prairie grass (<i>Andropogon gerardii</i>). We recorded the timing of major developmental stages of <i>A. gerardii</i> in plots containing four soil heterogeneity treatments (control, soil depth heterogeneity, nutrient/depth heterogeneity, and nutrient/precipitation heterogeneity). We found that the boot, first spikelet, and emerged spikelet stages of <i>A. gerardii</i> occurred earlier in treatments with greater heterogeneity of soil nitrogen, and this effect was driven by the accelerative effect of nitrogen enrichment on phenology. Reduced precipitation increased the flowering length of <i>A. gerardii</i> but did not otherwise affect developmental phenology. There were no interactive effects among any soil resource treatments on phenology. These results advance our understanding of the relationship between plant phenology and global change drivers, which is important for understanding and predicting the timing of plant resource use and the provision of resources to higher trophic levels by plants under varying levels of resource availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental influences on chorusing patterns in an Australian tropical savanna frog community","authors":"Sheryn Brodie,&nbsp;Slade Allen-Ankins,&nbsp;Lin Schwarzkopf","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70153","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ecoacoustic methods provide opportunities for ecological studies of vocalizing species within the context of the natural habitats and communities in which they occur. Continuous acoustic monitoring of species assemblages can reveal patterns in breeding phenology, behavior, and interactions. We used long-duration false-color spectrograms derived from acoustic indices to detect the nightly chorusing of a community of anurans in a tropical savanna in north Queensland. We described the chorusing patterns of each species over two wet seasons at three breeding sites, and used conditional random forest analysis to investigate the influence of various environmental factors. Frogs in these habitats form multispecies aggregations at water bodies during breeding periods when males form large choruses to attract females. The chorusing patterns revealed the species have different breeding periods, which could be broadly categorized as explosive or prolonged. While rain events were often a trigger for the commencement of the breeding period, species responded differently to environmental conditions. Choruses of explosive breeding species occurred only on the night of, or night after, the first high rainfall event of the wet season. The prolonged breeding species showed idiosyncratic patterns of chorusing, which were generally consistent across sites. Fine-grained nightly data on patterns of chorusing and the relationship with environmental conditions allow us to understand the detectability of the presence, or absence, of the frog species in these habitats, and provide baseline data for monitoring and management programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudogymnoascus destructans environmental reservoir decreases 11 years after an outbreak of white-nose syndrome","authors":"Karen J. Vanderwolf,&nbsp;Donald F. McAlpine,&nbsp;Caleb C. Ryan,&nbsp;Hugh G. Broders","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.70149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70149","url":null,"abstract":"<p>White-nose syndrome is a skin disease of bats caused by the fungus <i>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</i> (<i>Pd</i>). <i>Pd</i> has devastated populations of some bat species in North America, where environmental reservoirs of the fungus are considered a threat to the persistence of bat populations. However, long-term patterns of <i>Pd</i> environmental persistence in North American hibernacula are unknown. We swabbed hibernacula walls 11 years after the invasion of <i>Pd</i> into Maritime Canada in 2011. This is the first study to examine the persistence of <i>Pd</i> in North American hibernacula &gt;7 years after the first documentation of <i>Pd</i> at a site. The proportion of hibernacula wall swabs with viable <i>Pd</i> decreased over time, with 40.6% of wall swabs positive (<i>n</i> = 32) in 2012, 35.0% (<i>n</i> = 40) in 2015, and 1.7% (<i>n</i> = 120) in 2022. In early winter 2022, 41.18% (<i>n</i> = 17) of bats (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>, <i>M. septentrionalis</i>, and <i>Perimyotis subflavus</i>) were <i>Pd</i>-positive compared to 6.67% (<i>n</i> = 15) in late winter, a low prevalence and the opposite pattern compared to the first 4 years after <i>Pd</i> invasion to sites. Our results suggest that <i>Pd</i> loads in the environment naturally decrease to low or undetectable levels over time in our study region. Since attempts to reduce environmental reservoirs have a high likelihood of negative nontarget effects on hibernacula ecosystems, and a low likelihood of completely eradicating <i>Pd</i>, actions to reduce environmental reservoirs in hibernacula should consider deprioritizing sites where <i>Pd</i> has been present &gt;10 years. We urge the collection of further data across hibernacula sites with varied geochemistry, microclimates, organic matter availability, timing of <i>Pd</i> arrival, and surviving bat colony sizes. This will allow a more comprehensive assessment of this strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48930,"journal":{"name":"Ecosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecs2.70149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}