Zoological Research最新文献

{"title":"Effects of targeted deletion of a 284 bp avian-specific highly conserved element within the <i>Sim1</i> gene on flight feather development in chickens.","authors":"Keiji Kinoshita, Kumiko Tanabe, Muhammad Ameen Jamal, Momoko Kyu-Shin, Kai-Xiang Xu, Yan-Hua Su, Xiong Zhang, Takayuki Suzuki, Hong-Jiang Wei","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.343","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flight feathers represent a hallmark innovation of avian evolution. Recent comparative genomic analyses identified a 284 bp avian-specific highly conserved element (ASHCE) located within the eighth intron of the SIM bHLH transcription factor 1 ( <i>Sim1</i>) gene, postulated to act as a <i>cis</i>-regulatory element governing flight feather morphogenesis. To investigate its functional significance, genome-edited (GE) primordial germ cell (PGC) lines carrying targeted ASHCE deletions were generated using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing, with germline chimeric males subsequently mated with wild-type (WT) hens to obtain GE progeny. The resulting GE chickens harbored 257-260 bp deletions, excising approximately half of the <i>Sim1</i>-ASHCE sequence. Reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed an average 0.32-fold reduction in <i>Sim1</i> expression in the forelimbs of GE embryos at day 8 (E8) compared to WT counterparts. Despite this, GE chickens developed structurally normal flight and tail feathers. <i>In situ</i> hybridization localized <i>Sim1</i> expression to the posterior mesenchyme surrounding flight feather buds in E8 WT embryos, but not within the buds themselves. These results suggest that partial deletion of <i>Sim1</i>-ASHCE, despite diminishing <i>Sim1</i> expression, does not disrupt flight feather formation. The excised region appears to possess enhancer activity toward <i>Sim1</i> but is dispensable for flight feather development. Complete ablation of the ASHCE will be necessary to fully resolve the regulatory role of <i>Sim1</i> in avian feather morphogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 3","pages":"608-617"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-cell sequencing reveals alterations in the ovarian immune microenvironment regulated by 17β-estradiol in neonatal mice.","authors":"Yu-Tong Yan, Yan-Xue Li, Yi-Ting Meng, Qian Li, Xiao-E Zhao, Qiang Wei, Meng-Hao Pan, Sha Peng, Bao-Hua Ma","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.355","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immunomodulatory function of estrogen within the ovary remains a subject of ongoing debate, and the neonatal ovarian immune microenvironment, particularly its modulation by estrogen, has not been comprehensively characterized. In this study, the effects of 17β-estradiol (E ₂), a key regulator of immune function, were investigated using single-cell transcriptomic profiling of C57BL/6J neonatal mouse ovaries after E ₂ treatment. Results revealed dynamic alterations in the proportion of immune cell types after E ₂ treatment, accompanied by changes in cytokine and chemokine expression. Detailed analyses of gene expression, cell states, and developmental trajectories across distinct cell types indicated that E ₂ treatment influenced cell differentiation and development. Notably, E ₂ treatment reduced the abundance of macrophages and promoted a phenotypic transition from M1 to M2 macrophages. These findings demonstrate that the neonatal mouse ovarian immune microenvironment is sensitive to estrogenic modulation, which governs both the distribution and functional specialization of resident immune cells, offering novel mechanistic insights into the immunomodulatory roles of estrogen across various immune cell types.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 3","pages":"618-633"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Zic3</i> represses anterior digit development in tetrapods.","authors":"Shan-Shan Li, Shi-Bin Bai, Xiao-Fei Sun, Cheng-Hua Yu, Yi-Ning Tang, Zi-Qiu Jia, Xiao-Ping Li, Song-Yang Shang, David M Irwin, Jun Li, Zhe Wang","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.360","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pentadactyl limbs represent a conserved morphological feature among tetrapods, with anterior digits considered more important than posterior digits for refined movement. While posterior digit formation is governed by graded expression of the <i>Shh</i> and 5' <i>Hox</i> genes, the regulatory mechanisms underlying anterior digit development, especially digit I (DI), remain poorly defined. This study identified an anterior expression pattern of <i>Zic3</i> in the limb buds of representative tetrapods, including humans, which exerted an inhibitory effect on skeletal development. <i>Zic3</i> was highly expressed in the anterior region of limb buds at early developmental stages, with species-specific divergence emerging during later development. Overexpression of <i>Zic3</i> significantly delayed chondrogenesis and ossification, leading to bone shortening but not loss. Furthermore, RNA sequencing demonstrated that <i>Zic3</i> down-regulated key genes associated with skeletal development, including <i>Cytl1</i>, <i>Sox9, Ihh</i>, <i>Ptch1</i>, <i>Runx2</i>, and <i>Wnt16</i>. These findings demonstrate that <i>Zic3</i> acts as a conserved inhibitor of anterior skeletal maturation and contributes to the molecular asymmetry of tetrapod limb development.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 3","pages":"684-694"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergent musk biosynthesis across host and microbiota in musk deer and muskrat.","authors":"Yi-Shan Sun, Lei Zhao, Cheng-Li Zheng, Xiao-Ting Yan, Ye Li, Xue-Li Gao, Ting-Feng Xue, Yi-Ming Zhang, Zhi-Peng Li, Rasmus Heller, Chen-Guang Feng, Chao Xu, Kun Wang, Qiang Qiu","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2025.094","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2025.094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mammalian scent glands mediate species-specific chemical communication, yet the mechanistic basis for convergent musk production remain incompletely understood. Forest musk deer and muskrat have independently evolved specialized musk-secreting glands, representing a striking case of convergent evolution. Through an integrated multi-omics approach, this study identified cyclopentadecanone as a shared key metabolic precursor in musk from both forest musk deer and muskrat, although downstream metabolite profiles diverged between the two lineages. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that these specialized apocrine glands possessed unique secretory architecture and exhibited transcriptional profiles associated with periodic musk production, distinct from those in conventional apocrine glands. Convergent features were evident at the cellular level, where acinar, ductal, and basal epithelial subtypes showed parallel molecular signatures across both taxa. Notably, acinar cells in both species expressed common genes involved in fatty acid and glycerolipid metabolism (e.g., <i>ACSBG1, HSD17B12</i>, <i>HACD2</i>, and <i>HADHA</i>), suggesting a conserved molecular framework for musk precursor biosynthesis. Metagenomic analysis of musk samples further revealed parallel microbial community structures dominated by <i>Corynebacterium</i> and enriched in lipid metabolic pathways. These findings suggest multi-level convergence in musk biosynthesis, from molecular pathways to microbial communities, providing novel insights into mammalian chemical signaling and artificial musk production.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 3","pages":"505-517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144057815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic basis and origin of coat color in Leiqiong cattle.","authors":"Fu-Nong Luo, Shu-Jun Chen, Hojjat Asadollahpour Nanaei, Xin-Yu Wang, Rasmus Heller, De-Xiang Hu, Hong Cheng, Jie Li, Shi-Heng Ni, Mao Li, Xue-Lei Dai, Yu Jiang","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.442","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coat color polymorphism in domestic animals provides a robust framework for elucidating mechanisms of species adaptation, domestication, and genomic diversity. Leiqiong cattle, a representative indicine breed from southern China, are predominantly yellow-coated, although a subset exhibits a solid black phenotype. To determine the genetic basis of this variation, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in 212 Leiqiong bulls. A pronounced association signal was detected on chromosome 6 within the fifth intron of the <i>CORIN</i> gene, providing the first evidence of the potential influence of <i>CORIN</i> on bovine coat color variation. Integration of these results with publicly available genomic datasets and haplotype analyses indicated that the yellow coat phenotype is derived from Indian indicine ancestry, whereas the black coat phenotype emerged through introgression from wild bovine lineages and artificial hybridization with Wagyu cattle. Comparative analysis of Indian indicine cattle with divergent coat colors revealed distinct <i>LEF1</i> haplotypes within a shared <i>CORIN</i> background, suggesting an ancient and complex domestication history underlying coat color variation. These findings provide direct evidence that introgression has shaped phenotypic variation in East Asian cattle and offer novel insights into the genetic architecture of pigmentation, with implications for future breeding strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 3","pages":"518-526"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic profiling of cardiac development in Bama Xiang pigs across key developmental stages.","authors":"Sheng-Nan Wang, Wen-Jie Tian, Deng-Ke Pan, Tang Hai, Yue-Hui Ma, Dan-Dan Wang, Lin Jiang","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.348","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pigs have emerged as valuable large-animal models for cardiac xenotransplantation; however, the temporal dynamics of myocardial development in this species remains insufficiently defined. This study analyzed gene expression patterns across four key developmental stages (neonatal, juvenile, sexual maturity, and adulthood) to delineate the molecular mechanisms driving porcine myocardial development. Increases in heart weight were accompanied by proportional expansion of myocardial fiber area and chamber size, reflecting coordinated structural development. Transcriptomic profiling of myocardial tissue by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified 2 189 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across stage comparisons. Short time-series expression miner (STEM) analysis classified these DEGs into four major expression clusters enriched in pathways associated with myocardial development, immune responses, cell proliferation, and metabolic processes. Among 359 DEGs conserved across all developmental stages, six candidate genes were strongly associated with myocardial development. Reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) confirmed a significant correlation between the expression of these candidate genes and myocardial development in porcine tissue. These findings establish a transcriptomic framework for porcine myocardial maturation and provide a molecular basis for advancing cardiac xenotransplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 3","pages":"634-646"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12361896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ribosome-associated pathological TDP-43 alters the expression of multiple mRNAs in the monkey brain.","authors":"Fu-Yu Deng, Gao-Lu Zhu, Kai-Li Ou, Long-Hong Zhu, Qing-Qing Jia, Xiang Wang, Ming-Wei Guo, Bang Li, Shi-Hua Li, Xiao-Jiang Li, Peng Yin","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.286","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 is a pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative diseases. While current studies have primarily focused on gene regulation mediated by full-length nuclear TDP-43, the potential effects of cytoplasmic TDP-43 fragments remain less explored. Our previous findings demonstrated that primate-specific cleavage of TDP-43 contributes to its cytoplasmic localization, prompting further investigation into its pathological effects. In the cynomolgus monkey brain, we observed that mutant or truncated TDP-43 was transported onto the ribosome organelle. Ribosome-associated transcriptomic analysis revealed dysregulation of apoptosis- and lysosome-related genes, indicating that cytoplasmic TDP-43 induces neurotoxicity by binding to ribosomes and disrupting mRNA expression. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the gain-of-function effects of pathological TDP-43.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 2","pages":"263-276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12000131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling the molecular mechanisms underlying yellow body coloration in a soft-shelled turtle.","authors":"Ju Zhang, Zi-Han Ding, Peng-Fei Wu, Wei-Guo Du, Yue-Qiang Guan, Xi-Feng Wang","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.276","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the functions of body coloration have been well characterized in many animal taxa, the molecular mechanisms governing its production remain poorly understood. This study investigated the genetic and biochemical basis of yellow body coloration in a mutant form of the Yongzhang golden soft-shelled turtle (YGT, <i>Pelodiscus sinensis</i>), which exhibit a striking yellow phenotype. Comparative pigment analysis revealed that YGTs have significantly lower melanin and higher carotenoid pigmentation compared to atrovirens wild-type turtles (AWTs), while pterin concentrations did not differ between the two groups. Functional validation experiments demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution (I481R) in tyrosinase-related protein 1 ( <i>tyrp1</i>) plays a pivotal role in the reduction of melanin production in YGTs. Expression of <i>tyrp1</i> from YGTs and AWTs in A375 cells, in which human <i>tyrp1</i> (h <i>tyrp1</i>) function was depleted by CRISPR-Cas9, led to a specific reduction in melanin production in cells expressing the YGT- <i>tyrp1</i> variant. Moreover, <i>bco1</i> and <i>bco2</i>, genes negatively associated with carotenoid content, showed reduced expression in YGTs, suggesting that yellow coloration is achieved through a reduction in melanin pigmentation combined with an accumulation of carotenoids. These findings elucidate the molecular basis of yellow body coloration in turtles and enhance our understanding of pigment regulation in vertebrates.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 2","pages":"379-387"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12000137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the genetic basis of sex differentiation in silver-lipped pearl oyster ( <i>Pinctada maxima</i>) based on integrative transcriptomic analysis.","authors":"Zi-Jian Li, Zhi-Hui Yang, Jia-Hui Wang, Yi-Bing Liu, Hui Wang, Ming-Yang Liu, Qian-Qian Mu, Li-Xia Tang, Zhen-Yuan Xu, Ping-Ping Liu, Jing-Jie Hu, Zhen-Min Bao","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.266","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The silver-lipped pearl oyster ( <i>Pinctada maxima</i>) is the largest and most commercially valuable pearl-producing oyster, renowned for its ability to generate large, lustrous pearls. This species is a sequential hermaphrodite, with pearl production displaying notable sexual dimorphism. Consequently, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing sex determination and differentiation is crucial for advancing breeding strategies in the pearl oyster industry. To elucidate these mechanisms, this study conducted integrative transcriptomic analyses of <i>P. maxima</i> gonadal tissues using isoform sequencing (Iso-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Comparative analysis of ovarian and testicular tissues identified 2 768 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene co-expression network analysis delineated four key modules, including three sex-specific modules and one shared module. Key genes implicated in sex determination and maintenance were identified, including <i>FOXL2</i>, <i>NANOS1</i>, and <i>β-catenin</i>, important for ovarian maintenance, and <i>DMRT</i>, <i>SOX30</i>, <i>FEM1</i>, and <i>FOXJ1</i>, crucial for testicular maintenance. These genes, widely studied in other taxa, were confirmed as hub genes in the sex-related modules of <i>P. maxima</i>. Interestingly, genes within the shared module were significantly enriched in the spliceosome pathway. Alternative splicing analysis highlighted its extensive role in gonadal tissues, with more pronounced activity observed in the testis compared to the ovary. Nearly half (47.83%, 375) of the identified genes undergoing differential alternative splicing (DASGs) also exhibited differential transcript usage (DTUGs), while only 17% of DTUGs overlapped with DEGs. Genes associated with sex differentiation, such as <i>DMRT</i>, <i>β-catenin</i>, and <i>U2AF2</i>, displayed sex-specific and/or sex-biased isoforms. These findings offer novel insights into the molecular basis of sex differentiation in <i>P. maxima</i>, which could inform the development of targeted breeding strategies aimed at sex control, thereby enhancing pearl quality and yield in aquaculture. This study offers a robust molecular foundation for advancing breeding programs and optimizing production in the pearl oyster industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 2","pages":"285-300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12000136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A deep learning lightweight model for real-time captive macaque facial recognition based on an improved YOLOX model.","authors":"Jia-Jin Zhang, Yu Gao, Bao-Lin Zhang, Dong-Dong Wu","doi":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.296","DOIUrl":"10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Automated behavior monitoring of macaques offers transformative potential for advancing biomedical research and animal welfare. However, reliably identifying individual macaques in group environments remains a significant challenge. This study introduces ACE-YOLOX, a lightweight facial recognition model tailored for captive macaques. ACE-YOLOX incorporates Efficient Channel Attention (ECA), Complete Intersection over Union loss (CIoU), and Adaptive Spatial Feature Fusion (ASFF) into the YOLOX framework, enhancing prediction accuracy while reducing computational complexity. These integrated approaches enable effective multiscale feature extraction. Using a dataset comprising 179 400 labeled facial images from 1 196 macaques, ACE-YOLOX surpassed the performance of classical object detection models, demonstrating superior accuracy and real-time processing capabilities. An Android application was also developed to deploy ACE-YOLOX on smartphones, enabling on-device, real-time macaque recognition. Our experimental results highlight the potential of ACE-YOLOX as a non-invasive identification tool, offering an important foundation for future studies in macaque facial expression recognition, cognitive psychology, and social behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":48636,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Research","volume":"46 2","pages":"339-354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12000124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}