Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Clinical features, pathogens, and mortality of endogenous endophthalmitis: A 10-year retrospective review in Northern Taiwan.","authors":"Yu-Hsun Chuang, Po-Jung Lai, Tzyy-Chang Ho, Chung-May Yang, Chang-Hao Yang, Chang-Ping Lin, Yi-Ting Hsieh, Tso-Ting Lai, Ta-Ching Chen, Po-Ting Yeh","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00030","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To comprehensively review the epidemiology, clinical features, causative pathogens, primary infection sites, and mortality of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective review was conducted on patients diagnosed with EE at National Taiwan University Hospital between 2014 and 2024. Clinical data, including patient demographics, underlying systemic diseases, identified pathogens, infection sources, and outcomes, were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ninety-nine eyes from 91 patients with EE were enrolled. The majority of cases were bacterial (61.5%), followed by fungal infections (27.5%). A small number of cases had no documented pathogens. Bilateral involvement was more frequent in fungal cases. Among patients with endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis (EBE), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> was the most common causative pathogen, typically originating from liver abscesses. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was the most frequently associated systemic disease. In endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE), <i>Candida albicans</i> was the predominant pathogen. Patients with EFE had a higher prevalence of bilateral involvement and increased mortality. Overall, the visual prognosis for EE patients was poor, regardless of the causative pathogen. Generalized estimating equations analysis identified female sex (<i>P</i> = 0.014), EFE (<i>P</i> < 0.001), bilateral involvement (<i>P</i> < 0.001), and DM (<i>P</i> = 0.014) as risk factors for mortality in EE.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EE remains a vision-threatening condition. <i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i>, frequently associated with liver abscesses, is the leading cause of EBE. <i>C</i>. <i>albicans</i> is the most common pathogen in EFE. However, patients with bilateral EFE have a higher mortality rate. Overall, final visual outcomes were generally poor, with many patients experiencing severe vision impairment despite treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"245-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Excessive corneal endothelial single-cell loss following endothelial injuries.","authors":"Yuan-Kai Fu, Matthew Lin, Kuo-Hsuan Hung, Lung-Kun Yeh, Hsin-Yuan Tan","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00118","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to investigate corneal endothelial changes following common clinical endothelial injury scenarios in order to uncover mechanisms underlying unexplained chronic corneal endothelial wound healing.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included patients with endothelial injuries from three common scenarios: postcataract surgery, corneal dystrophies, and penetrating injuries. Noncontact specular microscopy was used to capture images from five distinct corneal regions. Endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV), and percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX) were assessed. All endothelial photographs were also reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed to compare injured and noninjured eyes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-seven patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 64 years (48 females, 29 males). The mean central ECD was 2138.91 ± 869.34 cells/mm² in postcataract surgery eyes, 1999.48 ± 763.91 cells/mm² in endothelial dystrophy eyes, and 1854.86 ± 551.85 cells/mm² in trauma cases. While most parameters showed no significant differences, postcataract surgery eyes exhibited a significant increase in CV value in the upper and temporal regions (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Unexpectedly, stochastic single-cell loss was observed in 42.86% of patients, continuing up to two years postinjury. This loss was significantly higher compared to uninjured eyes (<i>P</i> = 0.00005), suggesting that excessive single-cell loss occurs well beyond the expected wound healing period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We identified accelerated stochastic single-cell loss in the corneal endothelium following primary injuries, persisting well beyond the expected wound healing period, a phenomenon that has not been previously highlighted. This finding offers a potential explanation for the chronic endothelial cell loss following a primary injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 3","pages":"480-486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current understanding of ocular fluid analysis in uveitis.","authors":"Mariko Shirane, Nobuyo Yawata, Koh-Hei Sonoda","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00001","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Uveitis sometimes causes severe inflammation and significant loss of visual function. However, the cause is unknown in approximately 50% of cases, and the pathogenesis of the disease is also unknown in many cases. Intraocular fluid is rich in biological substances such as DNA/RNA, cytokines, antibodies, proteins, and metabolites and analysis of intraocular fluid is important for identifying biomarkers and understanding the pathogenesis of uveitis. For example, comprehensive polymerase chain reaction test of intraocular fluid has enabled rapid diagnosis of infectious uveitis. In addition, a combination of histopathological examination of intraocular fluid, cytokine measurement, flow cytometry, and genetic assessments has increased the efficiency of diagnosis of intraocular malignant lymphoma. In recent years, omics analysis such as metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics has been actively conducted in the medical field, and there are scattered reports of intraocular fluid analysis in uveitis. Moreover, research and practical application of artificial intelligence (AI) is also progressing rapidly in the medical field. In the field of ophthalmology, many studies introducing AI have been reported, and a small number of machine learning studies using intraocular fluid have also been reported. In this review, we searched PubMed for previous reports on intraocular fluid analysis in uveitis and aim to introduce the analysis of intraocular fluid in uveitis, including the results of our comprehensive genetic analysis of cytomegalovirus in the eye.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"196-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymerase chain reaction in viral anterior uveitis with secondary glaucoma: Analysis of 28 eyes from a tertiary eye care center in South India.","authors":"Bhavini Johri, Dhanurekha Lakshmipathy, Jyotirmay Biswas","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00089","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To study the role of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in viral anterior uveitis with secondary glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a retrospective cohort study in which aqueous humor from 28 eyes of 23 patients with viral uveitis and secondary glaucoma from 2008 to 2024 was sent for real-time/nested PCR. The clinical features of the patients were analyzed (<i>P</i> < 0.05 statistically significant).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age at uveitis onset was 45 years. Secondary open-angle glaucoma was found in 23 out of 28 eyes, 82.1%. The median intraocular pressure (IOP) reduced significantly from baseline, 18.5 to 14 mmHg at the final visit (<i>P</i> = 0.01). Maximum IOP was 60 mmHg. PCR was positive in 57.1% of eyes, mostly for varicella-zoster virus (32.1%), followed by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (17.8%) and herpes simplex virus (10.7%). Valacyclovir was used to treat 50% of eyes. CMV was treated with valganciclovir (10.7% eyes). Antiglaucoma and anti-inflammatory medications were reduced significantly from initiation (<i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PCR enables timely and accurate detection of virus causing anterior uveitis and helps salvage vision in secondary glaucoma with appropriate antiviral therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"283-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic microbiology for intraocular infections: A comprehensive approach.","authors":"Sanchita Mitra","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00026","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ocular infections, particularly intraocular infections, face challenges due to low sample volumes and their paucibacillary nature (low pathogen load) compared to other anatomical sites. This often leads to culture-negative cases, complicating the identification of the causative pathogen. Intraocular sample collection is mainly invasive and difficult to repeat. Ocular microbiology diagnostics require specialized expertise developed over years of experience, along with effective communication between clinicians and microbiologists, to ensure accurate pathogen diagnosis. This review offers an overview of ocular microbiology practices employing both conventional and molecular techniques for pathogen identification, including unusual pathogens primarily affecting the eye, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, result interpretation, emerging diagnostic techniques, challenges in intraocular sample processing, troubleshooting strategies, serological approaches, and basic operating room sterility assessments in eye care institutions. The review aims to assist both ophthalmologists and microbiologists in their daily practice of ocular microbiology diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"182-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human immunodeficiency virus ocular involvement and retinopathy: Clinical spectrum and management strategies.","authors":"Hou-Ting Kuo, Hsin Tseng, Alan Y Hsu, Bing-Qi Wu, Ning-Yi Hsia, Chun-Ju Lin, John Gonzales","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00160","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study highlights the significant ocular complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly its impact on the retina. Historically, HIV infection frequently resulted in severe retinal infections, such as <i>Cytomegalovirus</i> retinitis. However, with the widespread adoption of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the prevalence of these infections has significantly declined. Despite this progress, unresolved challenges in treatment approaches remain. In addition, HIV is known to cause nonopportunistic ocular conditions, such as optic neuropathy, immune recovery uveitis, and HIV-associated retinopathy, which require further clinical attention. In addition, we conducted an in-depth discussion on the phenomenon of early senescence in HIV patients. With the widespread adoption of optical coherence tomography angiography, this technology has enabled us to detect subtle changes associated with early senescence at an earlier stage. In this review, we conducted an extensive literature search to consolidate current evidence on the ophthalmic manifestations of HIV, particularly among patients in Taiwan. By synthesizing this information, we aim to highlight areas for improvement in clinical practice and offer insights into optimizing care for HIV patients with ocular complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"218-224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four cases of endogenous <i>Klebsiella</i> endophthalmitis in Los Angeles County: A case series.","authors":"Christopher Chung, Alexander M Tseng, Yicheng K Bao, Betty A Situ, Maria Sibug Saber, Brian Toy, Juan Carlos Martinez-Camarillo","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00155","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae (K</i>. <i>pneumoniae)</i> represents a frequent cause of endogenous endophthalmitis in East Asia but remains an uncommon cause of endogenous endophthalmitis in the United States. Recent reports have characterized the emergence of hypervirulent <i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> strains, which are now thought to be the predominant cause of endogenous <i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> endophthalmitis. We document four cases of endogenous <i>Klebsiella</i> endophthalmitis in Los Angeles County from 2022 to 2024, including two cases confirmed secondary to a hypervirulent strain. The first two cases occurred in diabetic females with associated renal abscesses. While both patients were initially treated with systemic and intravitreal antibiotics, they ultimately required evisceration or enucleation. The third case occurred in a 54-year-old diabetic male, who presented with panophthalmitis of the left eye, subsequently found to have multiple hepatic abscesses. Our final case occurred in a 47-year-old diabetic male with bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis and disseminated cerebral, pulmonary, and hepatic abscesses consistent with <i>K</i>. <i>pneumoniae</i> invasive syndrome. Both the latter two patients were treated with intravitreal and systemic antibiotics, followed by vitrectomy. These cases underscore the importance of recognizing endogenous <i>Klebsiella</i> endophthalmitis as a potential complication in diabetic patients and its association with both hepatic and renal abscesses, as prompt systemic workup may facilitate timely diagnosis and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"313-318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i> keratitis in a methamphetamine user: Case report.","authors":"Aaron Rael, Alexander M Tseng, Albert F Yang, Maria Sibug Saber, Brian C Toy, Annie Nguyen","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00099","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i> (PL) is an infrequent cause of fungal keratitis. Treatment of PL keratitis is complicated by delayed diagnosis, resistance to topical antifungal treatments, and the frequent need for surgical intervention. We report a case of PL keratitis in a patient with a significant history of methamphetamine use who initially presented with a persistent corneal epithelial defect in the right eye and associated exuberant intraocular inflammation as evidenced by a hemorrhagic hypopyon. Despite an extended treatment course with multiple antimicrobial agents, including topical and systemic voriconazole, the patient ultimately underwent penetrating keratoplasty for corneal perforation. Our case represents the first documented instance of PL keratitis in a methamphetamine user, highlighting their increased vulnerability to infectious, including fungal, keratitis. It also demonstrates the challenging and often protracted clinical course of PL keratitis, which often requires both aggressive medical and surgical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"308-312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of swept source - Optical coherence tomography angiography with fundus fluorescein angiography for detection of lesions in diabetic retinopathy.","authors":"Santosh Kumar Mahapatra, Anuja Mohanty, Amit Bidasaria, Anjalika Parhi","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00117","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to compare the rate of detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) lesions and the agreement for grading DR severity between swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and establish the utility of OCTA as a noninvasive alternative to FFA.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>116 eyes of 60 DR patients underwent OCTA with a 12 m × 12 mm acquisition protocol centered at the fovea followed by FFA. For each imaging technique, the presence or absence of DR lesions including microaneurysms, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs), new vessels on the disc (NVD), new vessels elsewhere (NVE), and nonperfusion areas (NPAs) was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS.22 using the McNemar test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The detection rates were comparable in OCTA versus FFA for most DR lesions (<i>P</i> > 0.05) except microaneurysms (90 eyes, 77.6% in OCTA vs. 115 eyes, 99.1% in FFA). OCTA detected NPAs better than FFA (91 eyes, 78.5% vs. 78 eyes, 67.2%). There was an excellent agreement for the identification of IRMA (<i>κ</i> =0.791), NVD (<i>κ</i> =0.938), and NVE (<i>κ</i> =0.942); good agreement for the identification of NPA (<i>κ</i> =0.635) and poor agreement for microaneurysms (<i>κ</i> =0.058) identification. Overall, agreement in grading of DR severity between OCTA and FFA was good (<i>κ</i> =0.687).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OCTA serves as a noninvasive, rapid imaging modality for evaluating retinal vascular changes in DR and can be the sole imaging modality in specific situations such as pregnancy, nephropathy, and in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension. OCTA is noninferior to FFA, and both modalities should be utilized as complementary imaging modalities to maximize their respective advantages and improve treatment outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 3","pages":"443-449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rosai-Dorfman disease presenting as a scleral nodule in a female with multisystem inflammatory syndrome post-COVID-19 infection.","authors":"Nashra Alma, Smitha Kuthyar Shambu, Kalpana Babu","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00009","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report a rare presentation of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) as scleritis transforming to a nodule in a female with multisystem inflammatory syndrome following COVID-19 infection. A 54-year-old female presented to us first in August 2022 with redness and slight discomfort in both eyes of 2 weeks' duration. She had a history of multisystem inflammatory syndrome post-COVID-19 infection. Although she presented with scleritis (<i>oculus uterque</i>), it continued to persist with a course of oral and topical steroids. Laboratory investigations including autoimmune profile were negative. Only QuantiFERON-TB Gold test was positive. High-resolution computed tomography showed a few subcentimeter enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and a cluster of enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Biopsy showed chronic granulomatous inflammation with no caseation, negative for <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. Over a year, this transformed to a scleral nodule. Excision biopsy confirmed RDD disease. Whole body positron emission tomography-computerized tomography confirmed no active lesions elsewhere. She was started on methotrexate. At 1-year follow-up, there was no recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"319-322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}