Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Development of a high-resolution three-dimensional optical coherence tomography for characterization of epithelial cell products for corneal cell therapy.","authors":"Hsu-Hang Yeh, Vladlen Klochkov, Chia-Ying Tsai, Wei-Lun Huang, Sheng-Lung Huang, Wei-Li Chen","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00087","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to develop a high-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography (HR-FFOCT) system for automated three-dimensional (3D) imaging of cultivated epithelial cell sheets and biopsied tissue used in corneal regenerative therapy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A commercial HR-FFOCT system (ApolloVue® S100, AMO, Taiwan), originally for dermatological imaging, was re-engineered for <2 μm resolution imaging of rabbit limbal and oral mucosal tissues for limbal stem cell deficiency treatment. Modifications included a piezoelectric transducer for precise Z-stack acquisition, customized LED illumination for registration, and a specialized platform for culture dishes. The system enabled en face and cross-sectional imaging with 3D reconstruction. Rabbit-derived products for cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation (CLET) and cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (COMET) were imaged before cultivation. Morphology, stratification, and protein expression were analyzed and validated with immunocytochemistry (ICC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized system produced high-resolution en face and Z-stack images with accurate alignment, capturing stratified epithelial layers in CLET and oral mucosal tissue. Reconstructed 3D images revealed structural detail consistent with ICC-verified expression of junctional proteins, including occludin and actin. Both two-dimensional and 3D visualization of biopsied oral mucosal tissue was achieved. The system enabled noninvasive monitoring of epithelial sheet architecture and thickness without sectioning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The reconstructed HR-FFOCT system provides a noninvasive, real-time imaging platform for assessing epithelial cell sheets and biopsied tissue in corneal regenerative therapy. It offers potential for standardizing quality evaluation of cell-based products before transplantation and advancing translational applications in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 3","pages":"435-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How optical coherence tomography has changed the management of macular holes: A narrative review.","authors":"Kotaro Tsuboi, Masaki Fukushima, Ryota Akai","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00056","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of macular holes (MHs). Before OCT, physicians relied on slit-lamp biomicroscopy and angiographic findings, which were often insufficient for differentiating subtle pathologies. By enabling cross-sectional visualization of the retina, OCT has confirmed vitreomacular traction as a key factor in MH formation and supports the safety of surgical intervention. Quantitative OCT parameters have allowed the development of prognostic biomarkers, while spectral-domain OCT has further improved assessment by revealing postoperative photoreceptor integrity, with restoration of the ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane correlating with visual recovery. OCT imaging under intraocular gas has enabled early confirmation of MH closure, allowing OCT-guided face-down positioning protocols that reduce postoperative burden without compromising outcomes. En face OCT and three-dimensional volumetric analysis have uncovered new biomarkers, such as preretinal abnormal tissue and inner retinal fluid volume, which aid in surgical planning and visual prognosis. Structural changes, such as dissociation of the optic nerve fiber layer and epiretinal proliferation (EP), are also better understood through OCT, thereby influencing decisions on internal limiting membrane peeling and EP preservation. OCT has not only revolutionized the diagnosis and classification of MHs but also continues to shape their surgical management, bringing us closer to optimizing visual recovery through personalized and data-driven approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 3","pages":"344-353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of deep learning in the analysis of optical coherence tomography images for glaucoma-related diagnostics.","authors":"Kyle Bolo, Benjamin Y Xu","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00162","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy and the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Imaging of the ganglion cell complex and retinal nerve fiber layer with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution means of diagnosing and quantitatively monitoring glaucoma. In the anterior segment, OCT can also be used to assess the anterior chamber angle and identify angle closure, a risk factor for glaucoma. The interpretation of OCT images for accurate diagnosis requires expert-level knowledge of both the technology and glaucoma. Deep learning (DL) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI), which is gaining prominence in health care for its ability to interpret images and approximate clinician judgment. This review summarizes recent research that demonstrates how DL can contribute to the analysis of OCT images in glaucoma. Deep neural networks can assist clinicians in checking the quality of OCT scans, quantifying the thickness of optic nerve tissues, evaluating the anterior chamber angle, diagnosing glaucoma, and detecting the progression of existing glaucoma. As further work expands on the generalizability, equity, and explainability of these DL techniques, AI-driven clinical support tools may become available for glaucoma diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 3","pages":"354-363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12456913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics, imaging features, and fate of punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis lesions in immunocompetent cases of ocular toxoplasmosis.","authors":"Anup Kelgaonkar, Vishal Jadhav, Anamika Patel, Soumyava Basu, Avinash Pathengay","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00011","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to study clinical characteristics, imaging features, and fate of punctate outer retinal toxoplasmosis (PORT).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective, observational, descriptive analysis of PORT lesions presenting as satellite lesions of typical full-thickness necrotizing Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis (TRC) or isolated lesions in immunocompetent cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We analyzed 34 eyes of 34 cases (22 males and 12 females). PORT lesions appeared as deep, dull, yellowish-gray outer retinal lesions, either as satellite lesions to a TRC (<i>n</i> = 30) or isolated macular punctate lesions (<i>n</i> = 4). The mean lesion size was 562 μm (50-1000). The recurrence rate was high (23.52%), manifesting as either typical TRC (<i>n</i> = 4) or new satellite PORT lesions (<i>n</i> = 4). Active lesions had hyperreflective outer retinal foci on optical coherence tomography (OCT), hyperautofluorescent in the active phase, and stippled upon resolution. Healed lesions exhibited outer nuclear layer thinning and outer retinal atrophy on OCT and were hypoautofluorescent.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PORT lesions were observed as multiple punctate lesions, either adjacent to TRC in active or healed phases or as isolated macular punctate toxoplasmosis. Autofluorescence, angiography, and OCT assist in differentiating active from healed lesions. The fate of PORT lesions was healing with granularity, fading, or complete resolution. Some cases recurred with new satellite PORT lesions, whereas others progressed to typical retinochoroiditis or CNVM.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"270-276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infectious uveitis: From obvious to obscure.","authors":"Soumyava Basu","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"155-156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological spectrum of infectious uveitis in the Asia-Pacific.","authors":"Alexander Newman, Peter McCluskey","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00052","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious uveitis remains a major cause of global visual morbidity, with significant geographic variability in its epidemiological patterns and clinical presentations. The Asia-Pacific region presents a unique model to study infectious uveitis, due to socioeconomic, environmental, and healthcare diversity within its populations. This narrative review explores the spectrum of infectious uveitides prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region, emphasizing diseases with high endemicity, emerging threats, and those posing notable diagnostic or therapeutic challenges. The review also highlights the critical importance of considering an infectious etiology in the differential diagnosis of uveitis, especially within, or travelers from endemic areas. The associated hosts, transmission vectors, and epidemiology of infectious uveitis, when combined with both the systemic and ocular phenotype can rationalize subsequent investigations and empiric therapy. Highly prevalent causes of infectious uveitis with typical ophthalmic manifestations are diagnosed utilizing consensus diagnostic criteria. However, regionally endemic and emerging diseases frequently present with overlapping clinical features, and their recognition requires the integration of epidemiologic insight with targeted diagnostics. Rare and novel uveitides are also addressed. Molecular diagnostics have transformed pathogen detection but remain inaccessible in many low-resource settings which may contribute to under-reporting. There has been increasing global and regional epidemiological surveillance of infection and seropositivity in both humans and reservoir hosts in the contemporary literature. However, interventional studies for the management of ophthalmic disease remain limited. This review underscores the evolving epidemiology of infectious uveitis in the Asia-Pacific and provides a comprehensive reference to inform clinical suspicion, directed diagnostic investigation, and public health planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"157-181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis: A narrative review.","authors":"Vinaya Kumar Konana, Kalpana Babu","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00115","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-24-00115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ocular tuberculosis (OTB) is one of the extrapulmonary manifestations caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb). If untreated, it can result in poor visual prognosis. Prompt diagnosis of OTB is met with challenges. The gold standard for the diagnosis of OTB is the direct demonstration of the Mtb in ocular tissues or ocular fluids either by Ziehl-Neelsen Stain, culture or molecular diagnostic techniques such as polymerase chain reaction. This is onerous owing to the paucibacillary nature of the disease, small quantity of samples, and low sensitivity and specificity of molecular diagnostic tests. Thus, one needs to rely on indirect evidences to make a diagnosis. Hence, most often, the diagnosis of OTB is presumed based on the geography the patient hails from and indirect laboratory evidences suggestive of TB. In this narrative review, we review clinical, laboratory, and radiology markers which aid in the diagnosis of OTB and outline the current concepts in the diagnosis of OTB.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"203-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive insights into cytomegalovirus anterior segment infections: A narrative review.","authors":"Yih-Shiou Hwang, Po-Yi Wu, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Wei-Chi Wu, Linda Yi-Hsing Chen, Chi-Chun Lai, Kyung Seek Choi","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00032","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis (AU), a significant cause of intraocular inflammation, is increasingly recognized in immunocompetent individuals, often leading to visual morbidity if not promptly addressed. The diagnosis of CMV AU is challenging, owing to its variable clinical manifestations, which can overlap with other forms of AU. CMV AU should be suspected in corticosteroid-recalcitrant inflammatory ocular hypertensive syndrome or corneal endotheliitis with coin-shaped keratic precipitates (KPs). CMV AU differs from herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus AU with milder symptoms, less ciliary injection, smaller KPs, higher intraocular pressure (IOP), and diffuse iris atrophy. Aqueous humor analysis, specifically polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is the gold standard for diagnosis, detecting viral DNA, and quantifying disease severity. While highly effective, PCR can yield false negatives with low viral loads. Clinical judgment remains crucial, alongside PCR results. Early diagnosis and targeted antiviral treatment are key to preserving visual function and preventing complications, such as glaucoma and keratopathy. CMV AU treatment aims to control inflammation, reduce viral activity, and prevent complications. Antiviral therapy is crucial, with topical ganciclovir (GCV) gel often first line. Oral valganciclovir is used for systemic treatment, especially in severe cases. Intravitreal GCV may be used in severe cases, often followed by systemic therapy, but its role remains suspicious. Corticosteroids should only be used with antiviral therapy. Topical corticosteroids manage inflammation and are tapered over time. IOP management is also essential, potentially requiring surgery. Treatment duration varies, and long-term maintenance may be necessary. More research is needed to standardize treatment protocols and further understand the pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of CMV anterior uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"212-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical features and outcomes of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments in Acute Retinal Necrosis.","authors":"Shabtab Nasir, Samreen Mehfooz, Soumyava Basu, Rajeev R Pappuru, Mudit Tyagi","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00012","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD) are the most common and sight-threatening complication of acute retinal necrosis (ARN). This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and factors influencing RRD outcomes in ARN patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective review of ARN and ARN-related RRD cases diagnosed between 2014 and 2023 at a tertiary eye institute in South India was conducted. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, quadrant involvement, visual acuity, treatment modalities, outcomes, and RRD recurrence patterns were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 322 ARN patients, RRD was observed in 111 eyes (27.32%) of 88 patients, with a mean age of 38 years and a male predominance (63%). HIV positivity was noted in 11.38%. Despite prophylactic photocoagulation in 17 eyes, RRD developed in 15 eyes within 2 months to 2 years. Silicone oil tamponade was used during primary surgical intervention, with 1000 cc in 77 eyes and 5000 cc in 34 eyes. RRD recurrence occurred in 42.6%. Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between RRD recurrence and factors such as RRD at presentation or extensive retinitis involvement (over 50% of quadrants affected). Among the patients with recurrent RRD, roughly half (50%, <i>n</i> = 18) had involvement of over 50% retinal quadrants by ARN, and over half (71.42%, <i>n</i> = 35) presented with RD initially.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the high prevalence of RRD in ARN. Retinal detachment at initial presentation and retinitis involving more than two quadrants were significant risk factors for RRD recurrence. Prophylactic laser photocoagulation did not prevent RRD occurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"277-282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can interferon-inducible gene expression guide treatment? A prospective study in QuantiFERON-positive uveitis with undetermined cause.","authors":"Rina La Distia Nora, Mei Riasanti, Ratna Sitompul, Lukman Edwar, Made Susiyanti, Yulia Aziza, Ikhwanuliman Putera, Maria Valentina Wibawa, Ulifna Alfiya Sifyana, Muhammad Zakiy Waliyuddin, Rachel Ethelind, Beti Ernawati Dewi, Heri Wibowo","doi":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00029","DOIUrl":"10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-25-00029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of baseline interferon (IFN)-inducible gene expression as a prognostic biomarker for Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) response in patients with undetermined cause of uveitis who tested positive for QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT-positive uveitis).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study included 17 QFT-positive uveitis patients at a tertiary uveitis center in Indonesia. Baseline and week 2 peripheral blood transcripts were evaluated through real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess the expression of 10 IFN-inducible genes (IRF7, IFIT2, STAT1, IL1B, MyD88, TLR8, FCGR1B, GBP1, UBE2L6, and SERPING1). Patients were stratified into clusters based on gene expression patterns. The primary outcome was complete resolution of uveitis at 6 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hierarchical clustering revealed two distinct groups. Patients with higher baseline expression of IFN genes (Cluster 2) were more likely to achieve complete uveitis resolution after ATT compared to those with lower expression levels (Cluster 1) (80% vs. 43%). Using a previously established IFN gene signature score (IGSS) cutoff (≥5.61), 82% of high-scoring patients showed complete resolution, compared to only 33% in the low-scoring group (<i>P</i> = 0.046). However, week 2 gene expression changes did not correlate with treatment response, indicating limited utility in monitoring disease activity or predicting long-term outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Baseline, but not week 2, peripheral blood IFN-inducible gene expression may serve as a prognostic biomarker for stratifying QFT-positive uveitis patients through prediction of their response to treatment. Patients with higher baseline IGSS are more likely to require ATT to achieve uveitis resolution at 6-month follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":44978,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"15 2","pages":"259-269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12204651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144530205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}