Excessive corneal endothelial single-cell loss following endothelial injuries.

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate corneal endothelial changes following common clinical endothelial injury scenarios in order to uncover mechanisms underlying unexplained chronic corneal endothelial wound healing.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included patients with endothelial injuries from three common scenarios: postcataract surgery, corneal dystrophies, and penetrating injuries. Noncontact specular microscopy was used to capture images from five distinct corneal regions. Endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (CV), and percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX) were assessed. All endothelial photographs were also reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed to compare injured and noninjured eyes.

Results: Seventy-seven patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 64 years (48 females, 29 males). The mean central ECD was 2138.91 ± 869.34 cells/mm² in postcataract surgery eyes, 1999.48 ± 763.91 cells/mm² in endothelial dystrophy eyes, and 1854.86 ± 551.85 cells/mm² in trauma cases. While most parameters showed no significant differences, postcataract surgery eyes exhibited a significant increase in CV value in the upper and temporal regions (P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, stochastic single-cell loss was observed in 42.86% of patients, continuing up to two years postinjury. This loss was significantly higher compared to uninjured eyes (P = 0.00005), suggesting that excessive single-cell loss occurs well beyond the expected wound healing period.

Conclusion: We identified accelerated stochastic single-cell loss in the corneal endothelium following primary injuries, persisting well beyond the expected wound healing period, a phenomenon that has not been previously highlighted. This finding offers a potential explanation for the chronic endothelial cell loss following a primary injury.