Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series最新文献

{"title":"Centros De Atención Móvil a Drogodependientes (Camad). (Mobile Service Centers for Drug Addicts (Camad))","authors":"Pablo Zuleta, Daniela Santos Cárdenas, H. Zuleta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3334499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3334499","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Los consumidores problemáticos de sustancias psicoactivas enfrentan riesgos de salud excepcionalmente altos. Sin embargo, por razones diversas, estos individuos no acuden a servicios de salud con la frecuencia que se requiere dadas sus condiciones de salud. La estrategia CAMAD fue un programa de reducción de daños cuyo objetivo central fue la prestación de servicios de salud a la población de habitantes de calle. Con base en la información disponible, en este documento presentamos una descripción del programa y de algunos de sus resultados. Entre los hallazgos de la investigación se destacan los siguientes: (i) El programa llegó a cerca de 53 mil personas entre septiembre de 2012 y mayo de 2016. (ii) El 70% de los usuarios no tenía seguro de salud y el 26,5% estaba en el régimen subsidiado. (iii) El 22% de los usuarios se identificó como habitante de calle. (iv) Entre quienes reportaron su ocupación, 54,8% era estudiante y 40% estudiantes de bachillerato. (v) En la población no estudiante, las mujeres representan el 26,5% de los usuarios, en el caso de los estudiantes, esta proporción fue 44%.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Problematic users of psychoactive substances face exceptionally high health risks. However, for various reasons, these individuals do not go to health services as frequently as they should. The CAMAD strategy was a program of harm reduction whose central objective was the provision of health services to street dwellers. Based on the available information, we present a description of the program and some of their results. The following are the main findings of the paper: (i) The program reached almost 53 thousand people between September 2012 and May 2016. (ii) 70% of users did not have health insurance and 26.5% was in the subsidized regime. (iii) 22% of users was identified as street dwellers, (iv) among those who reported their occupation, 54.8% were students and 40% high school students, (v) in the non-student population, women account for 26.5% of the users, in the case of the students, this proportion was 44%.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134536142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Future Pension Benefits on Pre-Retirement Labor Supply: Evidence from Chile","authors":"O. Becerra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3288804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3288804","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I estimate the effect of future pension benefits on pre-retirement labor supply for a representative sample of Chilean workers. Using non-linear patterns in pension benefit formulas and a reform that changed non-contributory pensions, I estimate the effect of pension accrual and expected pension wealth on labor force and contributory-sector participation, labor earnings, and hours worked. I find that the effect is related to the impact of pension accrual on the probability to contribute to the pension system. The effect is heterogeneous, and is concentrated among middle-age workers, low-skilled workers, workers with no savings, and workers with higher financial literacy.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130243480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tierras, Poder Político Y Violencia En Cereté, Chinú, Ciénaga De Oro Y Sahagún: Un Breve Recuento Histórico Y Condiciones Actuales (Land, Political Power and Violence in Cereté, Chinú, Ciénaga De Oro and Sahagún: A Short Historical Analyis and Current Conditions)","authors":"A. M. Ibáñez, J. Varela","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3233715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3233715","url":null,"abstract":"Este trabajo estudia los procesos historicos bajo las cuales se han configurado las condiciones actuales de cuatro municipios pertenecientes a la region Atlantica Media de la Encuesta Longitudinal Colombiana de la Universidad de los Andes (ELCA). El articulo analiza con evidencia historica cuatro procesos fundamentales: la fallida transicion de una economia agraria a una moderna, la distribucion y tenencia de la tierra, la relacion entre la economia hacendataria y el poder politico, y el surgimiento de la movilizacion y violencia. El analisis muestra que la debilidad estatal y la adjudicacion de baldios permitieron la concentracion de la tierra alrededor de aquellas familias que accedieron rapidamente al poder politico. Pese a los intentos de reforma adelantados a nivel central, el proceso de concentracion continuo a lo largo del siglo XX y permitio a estas familias cooptar los espacios de representacion a traves de la adopcion del clientelismo moderno, compatible con el patronazgo agrario que caracterizo la organizacion social de dichos municipios desde el siglo XIX. Esto llevo a la movilizacion del campesinado y a diferentes formas de violencia a lo largo del siglo XX, ademas del estancamiento economico y social que viven estos municipios actualmente. El estudio usa fuentes primarias que van desde documentos oficiales y no oficiales del siglo XIX hasta las estadisticas de la ELCA para la ultima decada.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"78 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126022334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wage Inequality, Skills and Mastering New Technologies","authors":"Jose M. Quintero-Holguin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3252198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3252198","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I provide a new explanation for the increasing inequality between skilled and unskilled. This work introduces a problem solving based model in which agents invest in technological innovations to solve problems and sell their solutions in the market. Each agent has feasible set they can solve which depends on their skills and the set of technology they have access to. However, unlike the skilled biased technological change explanation, I do not assume that new technologies are necessarily complementary with skills. Instead, skills will play a role in how fast agents are able to adopt new technologies. High skilled individuals will adopt new technologies a lower cost relative to the unskilled. Under this frame, the model sets two different mechanisms that feed the wage gap between skilled and unskilled: productivity and access to the latest technological innovations.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121183864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equality of Opportunity and Human Capital Accumulation: Motivational Effect of a Nationwide Scholarship in Colombia (Igualdad de Oportunidades y Acumulación de Capital Humano: Efectos Motivacionales de una Beca de Gran Escala en Colombia)","authors":"Rachid Laajaj, Andrés Moya, Fabio Sánchez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3203941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3203941","url":null,"abstract":"We study the ex-ante motivational effect of a nationwide merit and need-based scholarship in Colombia. Ser Pilo Paga (SPP) is a program that grants full scholarships at top-quality universities for 10,000 low-income students per cohort. After its introduction in 2014, SPP completely closed the socioeconomic enrollment gap for high-performing students in top universities. Using administrative data on the universe of high-school seniors, we explore whether this unprecedented change in opportunities generated an ex-ante motivational effect on eligible students’ performance in the 2015 national high school exit exam. Our results from a Difference in Difference model and a Regression Discontinuity Design indicate that the need-based eligibility to the scholarship had a substantial effect on test scores at the top of the distribution, starting around the 70th percentile. For example, at the 90th percentile of the test score distribution, eligibility to the scholarship reduced the socioeconomic achievement gap by 17 percent. We also find that the motivational effect is concentrated in schools where at least one student received the scholarship in 2014, and that university enrollment rates even increased for eligible students who obtained a test score just below the requirement to obtain the scholarship. Our results highlight the way in which the lack of opportunities for social mobility discourages human capital accumulation by low income students, thus contributing to the persistence of poverty and inequality.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124363702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impactos De Corto Plazo Del Programa Extracurricular De Refuerzo Escolar 'Con Las Manos' En Un Colegio De Bogotá (The Short-Term Effects of the Extracurricular Program Con Las Manos in a School in Bogotá, Colombia)","authors":"F. González","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3175523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175523","url":null,"abstract":"<b/>Spanish Abstract:</b> En este trabajo se evalúan los impactos de corto plazo de un programa de refuerzo extracurricular de matemáticas y aprendizaje basado en proyectos, denominado “Con Las Manos”, sobre la habilidad cognitiva, la regulación emocional y la función ejecutiva de estudiantes de quinto de primaria de un colegio de Bogotá. La evaluación se basa en una asignación aleatoria a nivel de estudiante. Se tienen en cuenta los efectos indirectos del programa a través de pares tratados en la red de cada estudiante. A tan sólo 4 meses de iniciado el programa, se encuentra un impacto positivo de 0,3 desviaciones estándar (DE) sobre la habilidad matemática de los estudiantes, pero un impacto negativo de 0,28 DE sobre su regulación emocional. <b/>English Abstract:</b> This paper evaluates the short-term impacts of an extracurricular program of mathematics and project-based learning, called Con Las Manos, on the cognitive ability, emotional regulation and executive function of a group of fifth grade students of a public school in Bogotá, Colombia. The evaluation is based on a random assignment at the student level. We take into account spillover effects through participating peers in the student’s network. After only 4 months of treatment, there is a positive impact of 0.30 standard deviations (SD) on students' mathematical ability, but a negative impact of 0.28 SD on their emotional regulation.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132035804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprobación Y Desempeño Académico: Evidencia De La Implementación De La Promoción Automática En Colombia (Grade Repetition and Academic Performance: Evidence of the Implementation of Automatic Grade Promotion in Colombia)","authors":"D. Pinzón","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3157825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3157825","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: El sistema de promoción automática, en oposición al de retención escolar, asegura a los estudiantes el ingreso al siguiente nivel de escolaridad como medida para reducir la deserción y eliminar los costos de repetición. Este artículo examina el efecto de la introducción de la promoción automática en el desempeño académico de los estudiantes de colegios oficiales en Colombia. El Decreto 230 de 2002 estableció que únicamente el 5% de los alumnos en cada grado podía reprobar el año escolar. La implementación de esta política crea un cuasi experimento que permite evaluar el efecto de cambios en las tasas de reprobación sobre el aprendizaje. Mediante una aproximación por diferencias en diferencias en dos etapas se encuentra que una caída de una desviación estándar en la tasa de reprobación conlleva a una disminución de 0.035 desviaciones estándar en pruebas estandarizadas de matemáticas, pero sin efectos significativos sobre las pruebas de lenguaje. Este trabajo contribuye a comprender el efecto de las políticas de reprobación sobre el aprendizaje. English Abstract: Automatic grade promotion, as opposed to grade retention, assures the students the promotion to the next level of schooling as an instrument to reduce drop-out and eliminate the costs associated with repetition. This paper examines the effect of the introduction of automatic grade promotion on the academic performance of the students of public schools in Colombia. Decree 230 of 2002 established that only 5% of the students in each grade could fail the scholar year. The implementation of this politic creates a quasi-experiment that allows to evaluate the effect of changes in repetition rates on learning process. Using a two-stage difference in difference approach, it is found that one deviation standard reduction in the reprobation rate leads to a decrease of 0.035 standard deviations in a standardized mathematics test, but without significant effects on language tests. This paper contributes to understand the effect of reprobation policies on academic performance and learning.)","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121762308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migración En La Elca: ¿Quiénes Migran, Por Qué Motivos Y Cuáles Son Los Beneficios Potenciales? (Migration in the ELCA: Who Migrates, Why, and Which Are the Potential Benefits?)","authors":"Julian Arteaga-Vallejo, A. M. Ibáñez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3116905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3116905","url":null,"abstract":"Este capitulo analiza la magnitud y los patrones migratorios de los hogares colombianos encuestados en la ELCA entre 2010 y 2016. La encuesta muestra que Colombia cuenta con una de las tasas de migracion interna mas altas del mundo, en su mayor parte originada en las zonas rurales del pais. La naturaleza longitudinal de los datos permite observar distintos tipos de migracion, las caracteristicas de los hogares migrantes, y los cambios en consumo y sector ocupacional asociados a la migracion. Los datos indican que los hogares colombianos utilizan la migracion como una estrategia de inversion motivada por la expectativa de mayores ingresos futuros, o como una estrategia de mitigacion frente a la ocurrencia de choques adversos. Aunque la informacion disponible sugiere un nivel relativamente alto de dinamismo por parte de los hogares rurales en el pais, los elevados costos asociados a la migracion y la falta de acceso a los mercados financieros pueden estar limitando los beneficios potenciales asociados a migrar.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124702639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternidad Temprana: Una Aproximación Al Efecto De Factores a Lo Largo De La Vida (Early Maternity: An Analysis of the Effect of the Factors Throughout Life)","authors":"Carmen Elisa Flórez Nieto, Lina María Castro Castaño, N. Fuertes, M. Galeano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3116939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3116939","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> A partir de los datos de la Encuesta Longitudinal Colombiana de la Universidad de los Andes (ELCA) se analiza el efecto de los factores socioculturales a nivel individual, interpersonal y de contexto sobre la probabilidad de ser madre entre los 12 y los 19 años para un grupo de mujeres de 15-24 años en 2016. Los datos muestran que la prevalencia de la maternidad es menor en las mujeres que habitan en zona urbana en comparación con las que habitan en las microrregiones rurales. Así mismo se encuentra que las mujeres más jóvenes (cohorte de 17 a 20 años) tienen una menor prevalencia que las mayores (21-24 años). Utilizando un modelo de riesgo de tiempo discreto para estimar la probabilidad de que una mujer tenga su primer hijo antes de los 20 años se encuentra que las que mayor probabilidad de tener un hijo presentan son las de mayor edad, las no solteras y las de menor nivel educativo (menor a básica secundaria), siendo mayores los resultados para las mujeres de la zona urbana. También se encuentra que, en la zona urbana, las mujeres pertenecientes a hogares de menor riqueza son las que mayores probabilidades presentan, mientras que en las microrregiones rurales, es para aquellas cuya comunidad no tiene una escuela secundaria. <b>English Abstract:</b> Based on data from the Colombian Longitudinal Survey of Universidad de los Andes (ELCA) we analyze the effect of the sociocultural factors at an individual, interpersonal and context level on the probability of being mother between 12 and 19 years for a group of women 12-24 years old in 2016. The results show that the prevalence of the maternity is lower in women living in urban areas compared with those living in rural areas. It is also found that the younger women (cohort between 17 and 20 years old) present a lower prevalence than older women (cohort between 21 and 24 years old). We estimate the probability of a woman having its first child before 20 years old using a discrete time risk model. We found that this probability is higher for the oldest and least educated women (less than secondary) and for those who are single. These results are also even higher for the ones living in urban areas. Finally, in the urban areas we found that women living in the least wealthy households have a higher probability. In the rural areas this probability is higher for those living in a community without a secondary school.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124558230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efectos De Las Decisiones De Inversión En La Formalización De Tierras De Los Hogares Rurales Colombianos (Effects of Investment Decisions on Land Formalization for Rural Households in Colombia)","authors":"A. Rueda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3116872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3116872","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Este trabajo estima la efectividad de las inversiones permanentes en predios sobre la formalización de tierras de hogares rurales, en el contexto de la ley de reforma agraria colombiana. Utilizando un modelo de probabilidad lineal con efectos fijos de hogar, se encuentra que un aumento de 1% en estas inversiones aumenta en 0.22% la probabilidad de formalización, en tres microrregiones colombianas entre el 2010 y el 2016. Además, se propone una posible solución a sesgos por simultaneidad y selección entre la inversión y la formalización, con variables rezagadas e instrumentando con choques de precipitación. La investigación ofrece una explicación sobre la permanencia en la informalidad de los pequeños productores, a pesar de la creación de políticas que promueven la formalización. <b>English Abstract:</b> In this research I estimate the effectiveness of permanent property investments on the land formalization processes of rural households, in the context of the Colombian land reform law. I use a linear probability model with household fixed effects for 3 Colombian microregions between 2010 and 2016. I find that a 1% increase in these investments increases by 0.22% the probability of formalization of land tenure. This empirical model further proposes a possible solution to simultaneity and selection biases between investment and formalization by using lagged variables and instrumenting the model with precipitation shocks. The results provide an explanation to understand why small producers remain informal, despite the creation of policies that promote formalization.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122886479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}