Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series最新文献

{"title":"Notas sobre la historia y el impacto de las leyes de servicios públicos de 1994 (Notes on the History and Impact of the Colombian Public Utility Laws From 1994)","authors":"A. Montenegro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3698299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3698299","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Este documento describe los antecedentes y la historia de la concepcion, discusion y aprobacion por parte del Congreso colombiano de las leyes de servicios publicos (leyes 142 y 143 de 1994). Existe un amplio consenso de que estas leyes crearon las condiciones institucionales y economicas para avanzar en la solucion de la aguda carencia de acceso a agua potable, electricidad, gas y telefonia en los hogares colombianos que existia antes de la decada de los anos noventa. De hecho, el notable aumento de la cobertura de los servicios publicos a lo largo de los ultimos veinticinco anos es un testimonio del beneficio de las reformas promulgadas en 1994. Es tambien un ejemplo de como, con pragmatismo, el pais pudo resolver un problema social serio dentro del marco de los procedimientos democraticos y una amplia deliberacion. \u0000 \u0000English Abstract: This paper describes the background, conception, discussion, and approval by the Colombian Congress of the Public Service Laws (leyes 142 y 143 de 1994). There is a widespread consensus that these Laws created the institutional and economic conditions for solving the acute lack of access to drinkable water, electricity, gas, and telephone services in Colombian households in the 1980’s. In fact, the impressive increase in coverage in all public services throughout the last 25 years is a testament to the benefit of the reforms enacted in 1994. This is also an example of how, with pragmatism, the country was able to solve a serious social problem within the democratic procedures and open discussions.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127393481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Double Fence: Overlapping Institutions and Deforestation in the Colombian Amazon","authors":"Camilo De Los Rios Rueda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3698297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3698297","url":null,"abstract":"There is evidence that suggests that both the creation of Protected Areas (PAs) and indigenous Reserves (IRs) has helped to reduce deforestation. Nevertheless, there are some overlapping zones between these institutions in the Colombian Amazon that have not been studied. Are these overlaps affecting the deforestation in the IRs? How are the indigenous communities responding to these overlaps? In this paper I estimate the impacts of these overlaps on the deforestation inside the IRs using a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methodology. I use important determinants of the location of PAs and deforestation to create a valid counterfactual within the IRs. My results suggest that the overlap significantly reduces the deforestation, but that there is a differential effect depending on the IR’s size. These results suggest that the extra legal restriction imposed by the central government, favor the territorial control inside the IRs. This paper provides a starting point to analyze the current relationship between the central government, the indigenous communities and how it affects deforestation","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"536 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116709307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fíjate bien dónde pisas. Efectos del Desminado Humanitario en Colombia: ¿menos coca y más desarrollo? (The Fault is Mine Effects of Humanitarian Demining in Colombia: Less Coca and More Development?)","authors":"Diana Castiblanco, M. Prada, C. Reyes, Daniel Tocaría","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3698295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3698295","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> En Colombia las minas han sido usadas por los grupos armados ilegales para proteger los cultivos de coca y controlar el territorio. Nuestro trabajo es el primero en explorar los efectos del Desminado Humanitario sobre los cultivos de coca en Colombia. A través de un modelo de diferencias en diferencias con variación de tratamiento en el tiempo, encontramos que el Desminado reduce, en promedio, las hectáreas de cultivos de coca en 24,80% en el corto plazo y en 44,01% en el largo plazo. No podemos asegurar con certeza estadística que la reducción de los cultivos se deba a un aumento en los esfuerzos estatales antinarcóticos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el Desminado mejora las condiciones de seguridad y de acceso, y permite nuevas actividades económicas en los territorios.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> In Colombia, landmines have been used by illegal armed groups to protect coca crops and control the territory. Our paper is the first to explore the effects of Humanitarian Demining on coca crops in Colombia. Through a model of differences in differences with variation in treatment timing, we find that Demining reduces, on average, hectares of coca crops by 24.80% in the short term and 44.01% in the long term. We cannot assure with statistical certainty that crop reduction is due to an increase in anti-narcotics state efforts. Our results suggest that Demining improves security and access conditions and allows new economic activities in the territories.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122087007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Del liderazgo fuerte a la participación activa: resistencia efectiva a las economías ilícitas en territorios colectivos de comunidades afrocolombianas (From Strong Leadership to Active Community Engagement: Effective Resistance to Illicit Economies in Afro-Colombian Collective Territories)","authors":"Iván Lobo, M. A. Vélez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3545950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3545950","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the onset and recent expansion of illicit crops into the collective territories of rural Afro-Colombian communities in the Pacific region of Colombia. We analyze whether community organization and leadership can explain differences in the presence and expansion of coca crops in these territories. Following a mixed-method approach that combines the analysis of satellite imagery, semi-structured interviews and household surveys, our results suggest that community organization and leadership (as expressions of social capital) do explain differences in the expansion of illicit crops by enabling (or hindering) different forms of resistance. Investing in social capital is thus one way to reorient policy interventions, a goal to which the Colombian state can only partially contribute given its structural limitations.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123829395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Less I Know the Better? A Model of Rational Attention and Experimentation","authors":"J. Chaves","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3487634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3487634","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the binary choice of an agent who must allocate her attention to noisy information obtained from costly experimentation to improve her knowledge in a context of uncertainty.We model a two period-lived agent who must decide whether to invest or not in each period. Initial experimentation (investing) enables access to noisy information about the state of nature, which can be refined by paying attention. We find that there is no case for rational inattention. The agent internalizes the fact that information is costly and thus cannot be wasted. Hence, when information is available, attention is a rational action. Moreover, initial experimentation is driven by an endogenous cutoff strategy: the prior beliefs and the cost of attention determine the extent to which information is valuable. Finally, an important finding is that limited attention has no effect on the initial experimentation amount because it never worsens the quality of information. Experimentation is understood as paying for information and therefore the agent pays the lowest price regardless of the quality of information (perfectly informative or noisy).","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125426978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factores políticos e institucionales asociados a la corrupción en gobiernos subnacionales en Colombia (Political and Institutional Factors Associated With Corruption in Colombia’s Subnational Governments)","authors":"D. Álvarez, Jorge-Enrique Caputo, A. Quintana, Fabio Sánchez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3487609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3487609","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> Este trabajo analiza la relación entre corrupción y un conjunto de medidas e indicadores del entorno institucional, político y económico en los municipios de Colombia. Como indicador de corrupción se utilizan las sanciones a alcaldes municipales relacionadas con irregularidades presupuestales por parte de la Procuraduría General de la Nación. Por medio de un modelo de probabilidad lineal con datos de panel, con efectos fijos de tiempo y municipio, se encuentra que una mayor dependencia fiscal de recursos no propios – en particular, de transferencias y regalías- está asociada a mayor probabilidad de corrupción en el municipio. El mismo efecto positivo se obtiene para los recursos destinados a la inversión regional financiada con presupuesto nacional. Respecto a las variables políticas este trabajo señala que tanto una mayor competencia política local como el grado de alineación política del alcalde con los Representantes a la Cámara de mayor votación local aumentan significativa y positivamente la probabilidad de corrupción. Se concluye que los beneficios de la descentralización administrativa, política y fiscal colombiana pueden peligrar como consecuencia del conjunto de incentivos fiscales y políticos que enfrentan los gobiernos locales y que afectan positivamente la corrupción.<br><br><b>English Abstract</b>: This paper analyzes the relationship between corruption and a set of measures and indicators of the institutional, political and economic environment in the municipalities of Colombia. The sanctions against municipal mayors related to budgetary irregularities by the Attorney General's Office are used as an indicator of corruption. Through a linear probability model with panel data, with time and municipality fixed effects, it is found that a greater fiscal dependence on nonown resources - in particular transfers and royalties - is associated with a greater probability of corruption in the municipality. The same positive effect is obtained for resources allocated to regional investment financed with the national budget. Regarding the political variables, this study indicates that both greater local political competition and the degree of political alignment of the mayor with the Representatives to the Chamber of greater local voting significantly and positively increase the probability of corruption. It is concluded that the benefits of Colombian administrative, political and fiscal decentralization can be jeopardized as a result of the set of fiscal and political incentives that local governments face and that positively affect corruption. <br><br>","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126067327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolating Peer Effects in the Returns to College Selectivity","authors":"N. de Roux, Evan Riehl","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3450715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3450715","url":null,"abstract":"This paper asks how a student’s classmates affect her returns to college. We exploit a “tracking” admission system at a selective Colombian university that led to large differences in mean classmate ability for students in the same programs. In a regression discontinuity design, we find that students in higher-ability classes were more likely to fail courses and drop out, and had lower earnings one decade later. Testable predictions from a human capital model with peer externalities show that individuals learned less in more able classrooms. Our findings suggest that exposure to higher-ability college peers can harm an individual’s career trajectory.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124737692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Información Crediticia Para La Formulación De Política Pública: El Caso Del Banco Agrario Y La Sustitución De Cultivos De Uso Ilícito (Using Credit Information to Guide Public Policy: Alternative Development and the Banco Agrario De Colombia)","authors":"N. de Roux, Margarita Gáfaro, Moises Mahecha, G. Otero, Andrea Parejo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3449211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449211","url":null,"abstract":"La politica de sustitucion de cultivos de uso ilicito pasa por escoger, para un lugar determinado, unos pocos cultivos como alternativas de sustitucion. Esta eleccion debe hacerse con indicadores de rentabilidad que generalmente no estan disponibles por la falta de informacion. Este articulo propone utilizar informacion de las bases de datos del Banco Agrario de Colombia para guiar esta decision. En particular, mostramos como se puede usar la informacion de morosidad de cartera y de colocaciones del banco para construir indicadores de rentabilidad de los cultivos en municipios con cultivos de coca. Estos indicadores se correlacionan positivamente con medidas de ingreso por hectarea a nivel de cultivo-municipio construidas con el Censo Nacional Agropecuario y las Evaluaciones Agropecuarias Municipales. Por ultimo, presentamos para cada municipio los dos cultivos con el mejor desempeno segun estos indicadores. Estos cultivos podrian ser alternativas viables de sustitucion.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127171315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultivos de Coca y Violencia: El cambio después de iniciados los diálogos de paz (Coca Crops and Violence:The Change After Initiated the Peace Dialogs)","authors":"T. Martínez, H. Zuleta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3449190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449190","url":null,"abstract":"Con la salida de las FARC, el grupo guerrillero que monopolizo el mercado de la cocaina y el mayor causante de violencia en el pais, se vuelve relevante estudiar el comportamiento del mercado de las drogas y los cambios en las dinamicas de violencia. El proposito de este trabajo es analizar el impacto que tiene ser un municipio cocalero en la violencia regional y ver como dicho impacto se comporta despues de empezados los Dialogos para la Paz en 2012. Los modelos empleados demuestran que la presencia de cultivos de coca entre los anos 2000 y 2017 incrementa en 11,1% el indice de violencia, y que el impacto es 2,35% mas fuerte despues de 2012.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116036483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Los Legados Del Conflicto Armado Sobre La Capacidad De Los Hogares Para Mitigar Los Choques Económicos Negativos: Evidencia Para Colombia (The Effects of Wartime Institutions on Households Ability to Cope with Shocks: Evidence for Colombia)","authors":"A. M. Arjona, Julian Arteaga-Vallejo, J. Cárdenas, A. M. Ibáñez, Patricia Justino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3410579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3410579","url":null,"abstract":"Este articulo estudia los legados de las instituciones creadas en tiempos de guerra, medidas como rebelocracia, sobre la capacidad de los hogares para mitigar choques negativos de ingresos. La rebelocracia es el orden social establecido por los actores armados no estatales (AANE) en las comunidades que controlan (Arjona, 2016). Al proveer bienes publicos y unas reglas predecibles, la rebelocracia puede generar incentivos para que los hogares expandan su produccion y acumulen riqueza. Esto los situaria en trayectorias de ingreso mas alto frente a aquellos hogares que viven en zonas de conflicto, pero inmersas en la violencia y el caos. Si estas mejores condiciones persisten despues de que los AANE abandonan el territorio, los hogares en areas con una rebelocracia fuerte podran mitigar mejor los choques negativos de ingreso. La estrategia empirica identifica las respuestas de los hogares rurales a choques climaticos aleatorios y estima su impacto heterogeneo respecto al nivel de rebelocracia. Con base en un panel de hogares en cuatro regiones de Colombia afectadas por el conflicto, las estimaciones controlan por variables no observables que no varian en el tiempo. El estudio encuentra que, en las regiones con una rebelocracia fuerte, los hogares mitigan mejor los impactos negativos de los choques climaticos comparados con aquellos que viven en regiones con una intervencion limitada o nula de los AANE. Los primeros hogares sufren un impacto menor despues de enfrentar un choque climatico, y recurren menos a la migracion de supervivencia. La provision de bienes publicos explica una parte importante del efecto de la rebelocracia. Es fundamental aclarar que esto no implica que el conflicto tenga efectos positivos sobre la poblacion. Los resultados sugieren que vivir con reglas claras en medio del conflicto es mejor que vivir en medio de la incertidumbre y el caos. Si bien este estudio no estima efectos causales, los coeficientes estimados son robustos a controlar por factores que pueden explicar la instauracion de la rebelocracia.","PeriodicalId":446687,"journal":{"name":"Universidad de los Andes Department of Economics Research Paper Series","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133611789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}