Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research最新文献

{"title":"Advances in cancer detection: A review on electrochemical biosensor technologies","authors":"Valentine Saasa ,&nbsp;Rekerayi Chibagidi ,&nbsp;Keletso Ipileng ,&nbsp;Usisipho Feleni","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A major hurdle in disease management and prevention, particularly for cancer, is the early diagnosis. Improved clinical results are closely linked to timely disease detection, which facilitates effective treatment and alleviates the suffering and financial burden on society caused by diseases. Nonetheless, conventional screening techniques, like biopsies and clinical imaging, are currently limited in detecting cancer at very early stages, are quite expensive, and inaccessible to numerous patients. Detecting cancer earlier increases the likelihood of successful treatment. Presently, many cancers are only identified after they have spread throughout the body. There is a pressing need for efficient and precise methods for cancer detection and clinical diagnosis. The emergence of biosensing platforms offers a non-invasive, portable, user-friendly, costeffective detection tool with high specificity, sensitivity, and reliability for cancer markers. In this review paper, we explore the barriers to early cancer detection and explore the fields of biosensor technologies, including immunosensors, aptasensors, nano/biosensors, enzyme biosensors, and non- enzymetic biosensors, and highlight their potential for detecting cancer biomarkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100826"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly electrochemical sensing: An ultra-sensitive voltammetric analysis of ciprofloxacin in human serum, cow's milk and pharmaceutical samples using a glassy carbon electrode modified with poly(Na2[Cu(HR)4])","authors":"Adane Kassa ,&nbsp;Demisachew Shitaw ,&nbsp;Zelalem Bitew ,&nbsp;Atakilt Abebe","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in electrochemistry and electrode surface modification highlight the potential of transition metal coordination compounds as effective modifiers. This study presents sodium tetraresorcinolatocuprate(II) (Na₂[Cu(HR)₄]), a newly synthesized compound characterized using UV–Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, ICP OES, and melting point analysis. A poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄])/GCE was fabricated via potentiodynamic techniques, with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirming the formation of a polymer film that enhanced the electrode's active area and electrocatalytic properties. The developed poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄])/GCE was applied for determination of ciprofloxacin (CPF), an antibiotic prone to resistance issues, that requires reliable monitoring in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The poly(Na₂[Cu(HR)₄]) modifier significantly improved CPF detection by reducing its oxidation potential and increasing current response by eightfold compared to unmodified electrodes, suggesting the modifier's catalytic role in CPF oxidation. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed a linear CPF response over concentrations of 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ to 4.0 × 10⁻⁴ M, with detection and quantification limits of 2.0 nM and 6.8 nM, respectively. Analysis of commercial CPF brands showed 98.05–100.00 % accuracy, while spike recovery rates (99.25–100.40 %) and low interference errors (&lt;4.6 %) validated the developed method for complex samples. The presented method is generally useful for determination of electroactive species in real complex samples and may aid in the design of more efficient electrochemical sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100825"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universal all-in-one hyper-branched rolling circle amplification based biosensor for quantitative and qualitative detection of nucleic acids","authors":"Wentao Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Mu ,&nbsp;Qionglin Wang ,&nbsp;Pin Zhang ,&nbsp;Meng Sun ,&nbsp;Kangbo Liu ,&nbsp;Zhidan Yu ,&nbsp;Lifeng Li ,&nbsp;Xianwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ligong Hou ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Wancun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Universal, simple, sensitive, and specific approaches for the quantitative and qualitative detection of nucleic acids are urgently needed in clinical diagnosis and biological detection. Therefore, in this study, a universal all-in-one hyper-branched rolling circle amplification (HRCA) based biosensor (referred to as the all-in-one HRCA biosensor) was developed for highly sensitive and specific nucleic acid quantification and quantitative detection using an elaborately screened detection set, which includes a padlock probe, forward primer, reverse primer, and molecular beacon (MB). The developed all-in-one biosensor exhibited a broad linear dynamic range of 1 fM to 0.1 nM and high specificity, enabling discrimination of single base differences in the target sequence. The test results of real samples showed that the established all-in-one HRCA biosensor could be used for qualitative or quantitative detection of nucleic acids in cells, throat swabs, and plasma samples, demonstrating high accuracy. Therefore, we envision that the all-in-one HRCA biosensor can serve as a robust assay for universal, sensitive and specific detection of various nucleic acid targets, as well as clinical molecular diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100829"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver nanoparticles for the colorimetric determination of electrolytes by UV–vis spectrophotometry and digital image analysis","authors":"Irati Berasarte,&nbsp;Ane Bordagaray,&nbsp;Rosa Garcia-Arrona,&nbsp;Miren Ostra,&nbsp;Maider Vidal","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the colorimetric determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium electrolytes was investigated as an alternative to the existing AuNP-based methods. Different synthetic routes were explored, and the characterization and purification of the obtained solutions was performed, reducing particle size from 27 ± 15 nm to 10.3 ± 1.4 nm. A procedure employing UV–Vis spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is proposed to evaluate the success of the purification process. The colorimetric response was achieved with the amino acid Lysine, which causes the aggregation of NPs and leads to a visible color change from yellow to dark orange and red. UV–Vis spectroscopy and digital image analysis (DIA) were used as detection methods, obtaining good results in all cases (R² 0.987–0.998 and 0.959–0.997, respectively). By UV–Vis, the first method for Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ using AgNPs was developed, and by DIA, the first method for all four electrolytes. Finally, an extensive literature search led to the identification of several critical aspects regarding the synthesis and use of AgNPs, and some general considerations were raised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100831"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a photonic crystal-based biosensing platform for HIV viral load quantification","authors":"Saturnin Ombinda-Lemboumba ,&nbsp;Sello Lebohang Manoto ,&nbsp;Charles Maphanga ,&nbsp;Masixole Yvonne Lugongolo ,&nbsp;Mabotse Tjale ,&nbsp;Luleka Mngwengwe ,&nbsp;Mohamed A. Kasem ,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Elfaham ,&nbsp;Ahmed El-Hussein ,&nbsp;Patience Mthunzi-Kufa","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate quantification of HIV viral load (VL) is critical for monitoring antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficacy. Traditional VL testing methods are often expensive and require centralized laboratory infrastructure, limiting their accessibility in resource-constrained settings. In the current study, we present a photonic crystal (PhC)-based optical biosensor functionalized with anti-HIV-gp120 antibodies for the sensitive detection of HIV-1 pseudovirus. Characterization techniques, including dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, UV–visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, confirmed effective antibody-analyte interactions. Transmission spectroscopy revealed significant resonance wavelength shifts corresponding to varying viral titers. The proposed biosensor demonstrated reliable detection and quantification down to a concentration of 0.99 × 10⁻³ TCID₅₀/ml (D3), with measurable resonance wavelength shifts clearly distinguishable from background signals. The detection limit was as low as 0.99 × 10⁻³ TCID₅₀/ml. Validation with real-time quantitative PCR (rt-qPCR) demonstrated the biosensor's sensitivity. These findings underscore the potential of the PhC-based biosensor as a rapid, accurate, and accessible platform for HIV VL monitoring, particularly in low-resource environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emphasis on sensitivity and accuracy: Design and optimization of a high-sensitivity terahertz photonic crystal fiber sensor for precision analysis of petrochemical-based adulterants in hydrocarbon mixtures","authors":"Shuvo Sen ,&nbsp;Mohammad Abdullah-Al-Shafi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces an innovative octagonal cladding with hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor designed for the identification of kerosene adulteration within the terahertz (THz) spectral domain. The sensor's performance is rigorously assessed through simulations conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics, a high-fidelity platform based on the finite element method (FEM) for analyzing complex electromagnetic behaviors within the fiber structure. The sensor's performance was estimated throughout numerical simulations across frequencies varying from 1.0 to 3 THz. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized design achieves an outstanding relative sensitivity of 97.20% at a target frequency of 2.2 THz, markedly surpassing the capabilities of existing sensing technologies. Moreover, the sensor exhibits extremely low confinement loss, measured at 6.08 × 10⁻⁸ dB/m, along with a minimal effective material loss of 0.00654 cm⁻¹. These characteristics enable the precise detection of minute refractive index differences associated with the unique chemical profiles of various petroleum-based fuels. The high sensitivity and low-loss performance of the proposed sensor support non-invasive and non-destructive testing, ensuring that the samples remain unaltered during analysis. The exceptional sensitivity and accuracy of the proposed sensing system position it as a highly effective solution for detecting kerosene adulteration, thereby safeguarding the quality of petroleum-based fuels for end users. Furthermore, advanced fabrication methods such as extrusion and additive manufacturing may be utilized to produce the photonic crystal fiber-based sensor with enhanced structural precision and scalability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100823"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel smartphone-based nanozyme-enhanced electrochemical immunosensor for ultrasensitive direct detection of Staphylococcus aureus in milk and blood serum","authors":"Sumeyra Savas ,&nbsp;Yalın Kılıç ,&nbsp;Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi ,&nbsp;Zeynep Altintas","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A graphene quantum dot (GQD)-based nanozyme-enhanced electrochemical sensor was developed for the ultra-sensitive and rapid <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> detection in PBS, undiluted milk, and blood serum. The <em>S. aureus</em> concentration for immunosensor calibration was electrochemically determined to be 1.24× 10⁹ CFU mL⁻¹ (R² = 0.99), utilizing an innovative smartphone-based electrochemical device. Transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy analyses of GQDs revealed uniform nanoparticles (8–10 nm) with surface heights of 2 nm and 21 nm at different scan areas. Fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra showed an emission at 530 nm with an excitation wavelength of 485 nm, along with the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and aromatic groups on the GQD surfaces. The maximum current peak for GQDs was obtained by optimizing electrochemical properties through amperometry at +0.9 V. The optimal signal intensity- and limit of detection (LOD)-based GQD concentrations were 0.0125, 0.5, and 1 mg mL⁻¹ for PBS, undiluted milk, and blood serum, respectively. The optimal antibody concentration for <em>S. aureus</em> detection was 25 μg mL⁻¹, resulting in a 91 % amperometric suppression and a 94 % fluorescence quenching. The developed biosensor effectively detected <em>S. aureus</em>, with <strong>calculated LODs</strong> of 1, 4, and 344 CFU mL⁻¹ in PBS, undiluted milk, and blood serum, respectively. TEM, AFM, and contact angle analyses confirmed <em>S. aureus</em> binding to the GQD-antibody bioconjugate, shifting surface height to 35 nm and contact angle from ~30° to ~65°. The immunosensor showed high specificity for <em>S. aureus</em> with minimal cross-reactivity to <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>, <em>Enterococcus faecium, and Streptococcus pneumoniae</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100822"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144240870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold and titanium dioxide enhanced PCF SPR biosensor for early breast cancer detection in near infrared spectrum","authors":"Md. Faruk Jamil,&nbsp;Md. Bashir Uddin,&nbsp;Md. Jubaer Rahman Tayef","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breast cancer is a major public health concern, with early detection significantly increasing the survival rate. This study focuses on the development of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for detecting breast cancer cells, specifically MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines. The proposed circular shaped biosensor is coated with gold (Au) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂), where an Au layer is inserted over the fused SiO₂. TiO₂ is used as an adhesion layer which is covered by an analyte layer. There is a perfectly matched layer (PML) for absorbing scattered light from the internal structure. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, the biosensor's geometrical design was optimized, and finite element method (FEM) simulations were performed to evaluate its performance. The proposed biosensor operates within the refractive index (RI) range of 1.385 to 1.401, targeting breast cancer cell detection. Key performance metrics such as wavelength sensitivity (WS), amplitude sensitivity (AS), sensor resolution (SR), and figure of merit (FOM) were assessed. The proposed biosensor demonstrated the highest WS for MCF-7 of 29,285.17 nm/RIU in x polarization and 25,000 nm/RIU in y polarization. Similarly, the highest AS of 2136 <span><math><msup><mi>RIU</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> in x polarization and 2975 <span><math><msup><mi>RIU</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> in y polarization was achieved for MCF-7. The proposed biosensor showed exceptional FOM of 127.89 <span><math><msup><mi>RIU</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> for MCF-7 in x polarization and 73.26 <span><math><msup><mi>RIU</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> for MDA-MB-231 in y polarization. The proposed biosensor outperformed the existing literature. This biosensor offers significant potential for early stage breast cancer detection, contributing to more accurate and timely diagnoses, ultimately aiding in better treatment outcomes and patient survival.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100821"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication composite of copper sulfide nanoparticles/multiwall carbon nanotubes stabilized by chitosan modified screen-printed carbon electrode: Sensitive analysis of the paraoxon ethyl","authors":"Itsarapong Chuasontia ,&nbsp;Benchamaporn Tangnorawich ,&nbsp;Orapan Pechtes ,&nbsp;Natthapon Nakpathomkun ,&nbsp;Chiravoot Pechyen ,&nbsp;Yardnapar Parcharoen","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A nanocomposite ink-based pesticide sensor has been developed to detect a paraoxon ethyl pesticide using enzyme-less electrochemical processes. Paraoxon ethyl contamination on agricultural produce, e.g., grains, vegetables, and fruit, has adverse health effects on humans. Nanocomposite ink was synthesized using copper sulfide nanoparticles composited with multiwall carbon nanotube and using chitosan as a binder to modify the screen print carbon electrode for the paraoxon ethyl sensor. The performance of the proposed imprinted working electrode Nanocomposite ink was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, electrical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. The nanocomposite (1:1:1) modified electrode illustrated good electrochemical performance, high active surface area (2.15 cm²), low charge transfer resistance (355.59 Ω), and excellent electro-catalytic activity. This sensor is rapid and highly sensitive for small amounts of paraoxon ethyl pesticide detection in the 0.001–0.1 mM range. The DPV techniques demonstrated two linear reactions ranging between 0.001 and 0.02 mM (<em>R</em>^<em>2</em> = 0.981) and 0.025 to 0.1 mM (<em>R</em>^<em>2</em> = 0.935) with a limit of detection of 0.0018 mM and a limit of quantitation of 0.005 mM, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100819"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain cell activity detection using optical grating-based surface plasmonic resonance sensor","authors":"Masoumeh Taghilou ,&nbsp;Vahid Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical neural recordings are label-free and non-toxic as compared to the other methods. We introduce a compact and reliable membrane activity detection sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and optical grating. We utilized a fiber optic port to direct light to the optical grating, allowing us to avoid bulky optical setups. Commercial DVD serves as the optical grating, which is both cost-effective and of high quality. In this sensor, we place mouse hippocampal tissue on the Au-sputtered gratings, and by measuring the reflectance spectrum, we investigate the SPR wavelength shift. The introduction of a high-K⁺ aCSF solution allows us to easily observe the effect of cell depolarization on the SPR wavelength can easily be observed. The proposed sensor achieves a high sensitivity of 628.06 nm/RIU.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"49 ","pages":"Article 100813"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}