Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research最新文献

{"title":"Engineering an olfactory biosensor for preferential monitoring medium-chain fatty acids in wastewater","authors":"Yingjian Liu ,&nbsp;Jiahui Sun ,&nbsp;Fei Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Zheng ,&nbsp;Junhong He ,&nbsp;Weihong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) in wastewater is essential for environmental protection and resource recovery, as these compounds contribute to malodor issues while holding significant value as precursors to biofuels and fine chemicals. However, conventional techniques such as GC–MS and HPLC are limited by operational complexity and high cost, restricting their applicability for real-time monitoring. To overcome these challenges, we developed a biomimetic biosensor based on engineered human olfactory receptor OR51L1, a member of the OR51 subfamily known for its affinity toward short- and medium-chain fatty acids. Through systematic functional screening, we found that the wild-type OR51L1 receptor responds primarily to pentanoic acid (C5) and hexanoic acid (C6). Using structure-guided mutagenesis, we generated the OR51L1(T161A) mutant, which exhibits enhanced sensitivity toward these MCFAs and, importantly, gains the ability to detect heptanoic acid (C7) — a ligand not recognized by the wild-type receptor. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that the T161A substitution optimizes the ligand-binding pocket, promoting stronger interactions with MCFAs. The engineered receptor was incorporated into a cell-based sensing platform, enabling sensitive and selective detection of MCFAs at the micromolar level, and additionally demonstrated robustness through high reproducibility and strong anti-interference capability against common wastewater constituents. This work demonstrates the promise of protein-engineered olfactory receptors as versatile biosensing tools for monitoring environmentally relevant MCFAs, offering scalable strategies for wastewater management and resource recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100943"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis using a BSA-AuNCs-chitosan-AgNPs-luminol nanocomposite","authors":"Hassan Nasrollahpour ,&nbsp;Sepideh Shafaei ,&nbsp;Mohamadreza Rashidi ,&nbsp;Ehsan Ahmadpour ,&nbsp;Balal Khalilzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious zoonotic disease that affects humans and animals worldwide and is caused by the parasite <em>Echinococcus granulosus</em>, which lives in dogs as its final host. Detecting the disease early is vital to prevent serious health problems. However, in the early stages of infection, the body produces only very low levels of antibodies against the parasite. Because of this, routine laboratory tests often struggle to identify the infection at this stage. In this study, we designed a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor to detect CE. To amplify the detection signal, we used chitosan–gold nanoclusters decorated with silver nanoparticles (CS-AuNCs-AgNPs), together with a luminol/H₂O₂ ECL system. These nanomaterials were rapidly and uniformly deposited on the electrode surface using chronoamperometry technique, creating a stable nanofilm in just 2 min. We then immobilized antigen B on the electrode as a biological recognition layer to capture CE-specific antibodies. When serum from an experimentally infected mouse was applied, binding of the antibodies to antigen B reduced the ECL signal due to steric hindrance serving as our detection indicator. The successful assembly of nanomaterials on the electrode surface was confirmed using SEM, EDX, and dot-plot analyses. Overall, this work presents a sensitive, rapid, and reproducible platform that holds strong potential for early clinical detection of cystic echinococcosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100939"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step Pd-NPs/Tyrosinase/Nafion biosensor for dopamine detection in the low μM range: ORR interference, defect-rich surface chemistry effects, and sensing pathway differentiation","authors":"M. Koch ,&nbsp;H. Caparrotti ,&nbsp;C. Pauly ,&nbsp;O. Janka ,&nbsp;M. Erzina ,&nbsp;Y.E. Silina","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A one-step (OS) biosensor for low micromolar (μM) dopamine (DA) detection was developed <em>via</em> co-electrodeposition from multiple palladium-based electrolyte containing tyrosinase (Tyr) and Nafion (Naf). The resulting OS biosensor modified with hybrid Pd-NPs/Tyr/Naf layer enabled DA detection in synthetic urine below 10 μM, with recovery rates of ∼98–112 %.</div><div>A key challenge was signal interference caused by indirect redox reactions between Pd-oxides (present on the surface of the electrodeposited Pd-NPs) and free DA, as well as from the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This issue was addressed by promoting the formation of non-stoichiometric PdOₓ (x &lt; 1) through mild heating of the electrolyte during electrodeposition. This defect-rich surface suppressed ORR and non-enzymatic, ORR-mediated DA interactions, while retaining the catalytic activity of Pd-NPs toward dopamine-quinone as an enzymatic product.</div><div>Beyond its practical value, this work provides a framework for the controlled synthesis of OS-designed biosensing layers for enzymatic neurotransmitter detection at low μM levels, while minimizing interference from the intrinsic catalytic activity of electrodeposited Pd-NPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100942"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humidity sensing application of CeO2 nanoparticles: mechanism interpretation with density functional theory","authors":"M.V. Arularasu ,&nbsp;V. Vetrivelan ,&nbsp;A. Muthukrishnaraj ,&nbsp;Manikandan Ayyar ,&nbsp;D.S. Vijayan ,&nbsp;S. Sathiyamurthy ,&nbsp;Prabhu Paramasivam ,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar ,&nbsp;Gaurav Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humidity sensors play a crucial role in non-contact measurements, particularly in environmental monitoring and healthcare systems. Among various materials, semiconductor metal oxides have gained significant attention due to their favorable physicochemical and electrical properties, making them ideal candidates for humidity sensing applications. In this study, cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via a green synthesis route using <em>Morinda tinctoria</em> leaf extract, inspired by biomimetic processes. Comprehensive characterization techniques-including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV–Vis spectroscopy-were employed to evaluate the structural, functional, morphological, elemental, and optical features of the synthesized NPs. XRD confirmed the formation of pure, crystalline CeO₂ in the cubic phase without any metallic Ce impurities. Microscopy revealed a porous morphology, contributing significantly to the enhanced humidity sensing performance. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity to relative humidity (RH) across the range of 5 %–98 % at room temperature, with a resistance variation of up to 2218 Ω—demonstrating a five-order magnitude response and excellent linearity. Moreover, the sensor showed rapid response and recovery times of 23 and 44 s, respectively, along with good long-term stability. These eco-friendly and cost-effective CeO₂-based humidity sensors are well-suited for agriculture and humidity monitoring applications. To further understand the sensing mechanism, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed. Topological analysis using electron localization function (ELF) maps elucidated the nature of bonding in CeO₂ and its interaction with water molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100872"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High reproducibility of facile Pb(II) ion electrochemical sensor based on BIM/SBA-15","authors":"Nadrahtul Huda Misral ,&nbsp;Emma Izzati Zakariah ,&nbsp;Tengku Sarah Tengku Md Fauzi ,&nbsp;Syaza Azhari ,&nbsp;Noraisyah Abdul Kadir Jilani ,&nbsp;Nurul Hidayah Abdul Razak ,&nbsp;Suhaila Sapari ,&nbsp;Fazira Ilyana Abdul Razak ,&nbsp;Siti Aishah Hasbullah","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A cost-effective electrochemical sensor was developed for the selective detection of Pb(II) ions using a new bis-indolylmethane (<strong>BIM</strong>) derivative immobilised on SBA-15 mesoporous silica, deposited onto a carbon screen-printed electrode (CSPE). <strong>BIM</strong> derivative plays a key role in enhancing Pb(II) ions selectivity through its electron-rich nitrogen donor sites, which facilitate stable complexation with Pb(II) ions. Characterisation via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed successful incorporation of <strong>BIM</strong> into SBA-15's hexagonal mesopores. The sensor exhibited electrocatalytic activity, detecting Pb(II) ions oxidation at −0.52 V vs Ag/AgCl using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). It demonstrated a linear response over the concentration range of 1 × 10⁻⁵ M to 4 × 10⁻³ M (R² = 0.9963), with a detection limit (LOD) of 6.8 × 10⁻⁶ M. Importantly, the detection potential at −0.52 V vs Ag/AgCl was observed to be characteristic only for Pb(II) ions, thereby minimizing interference from other heavy metals and organic compounds that are not electroactive within this potential window. The sensor showed a high reproducibility (2.5 % of RSD), attributed to the stability of the current response enabled by the proposed fabrication. Application to <em>Allium tuberosum</em> samples yielded the highest recovery rate of 97.61 %, aligned with results obtained via atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Notably, this specific combination of <strong>BIM</strong> derivative and SBA-15 on CSPE for Pb(II) ions sensing has not been previously reported, marking a key innovation of this study. This simple, low-maintenance sensor offers a promising alternative for real-time, on-site monitoring of Pb(II) ions contamination, contributing to environmental and food safety application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multilayer WSe₂–graphene plasmonic architecture for polarization-insensitive and machine learning–optimized glucose detection in the terahertz regime","authors":"K. Vijayakumar ,&nbsp;Kumaravel Kaliaperumal ,&nbsp;S. Sasikala ,&nbsp;Harishchander Anandaram ,&nbsp;U. Arun Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of advanced biosensing technologies has been prompted by the increasing global diabetes prevalence and the necessity for non-invasive glucose monitoring in real-time. These technologies surpass the limitations of classic enzymatic and electrochemical methods. This study presents a glucose biosensor utilizing a multilayer plasmonic architecture integrated with tungsten diselenide (WSe₂) and graphene hybrid coatings. The designed sensor features a central circular resonator (2.1 μm in diameter) surrounded by square resonators (1.8 μm) coated with WSe₂ and enclosed by graphene-coated rectangular resonators (12 μm × 0.5 μm) on a glass substrate. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations indicate that the proposed design achieves a sensitivity of 1000 GHz/RIU throughout the refractive index range of 1.335–1.347 RIU, beyond the capabilities of most existing glucose detection techniques. The sensor demonstrates its peak response at 0.195 THz, where the electric field is highly localized at the resonator-dielectric interfaces, thereby amplifying analyte interaction. Subsequent optimization using a K-nearest regressor (KNR) machine learning model confirms both angular resilience and predictive reliability, resulting in coefficient of determination (R²) values above 0.999. The integration of 2D materials (WSe₂ and graphene) provides tunable optical properties through chemical potential modulation, while the polarization-insensitive design ensures measurement reliability across varying operational conditions. All reported results are obtained through numerical simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics, providing a theoretical foundation for future experimental realization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sandwich-type amperometric aptasensor for carcinoembryonic antigen based on Janus colloids as enzyme-free labeling elements","authors":"Anabel Villalonga,&nbsp;Irati Garrido,&nbsp;Wissal Rabhi Qamlach,&nbsp;Hend Ferchichi,&nbsp;Irene Ojeda,&nbsp;Diana Vilela,&nbsp;Alfredo Sánchez,&nbsp;Clara Fernández-Valverde,&nbsp;Paloma Martínez-Ruíz,&nbsp;Reynaldo Villalonga","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A masking/toposelective modification approach was employed to prepare novel Janus colloids based on Au nanoparticles anisotropically-modified with polyamidoamine dendrons. Catalytic Pt nanoparticles were further grown into the dendritic structure, and the opposite Au surface of the Janus colloids was provided with specific ssDNA aptamers for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These anisotropic nanoparticles were employed as enzyme-free biorecognition/signaling elements to design an amperometric aptasensor with sandwich-type architecture for the specific detection of CEA, by using screen-printed carbon electrodes functionalized with Au nanoparticles and anti-CEA aptamers as transduction interface. The aptasensor was employed to detect the cancer biomarker in the broad range from 25 pg/mL to 1.0 ng/mL, with detection limit of 8.0 pg/mL. This electroanalytical device also showed high specificity and reproducibility, retaining full biosensing capacity after 50 days of storage at 4 °C. The aptasensor was successfully used to quantify CEA in reconstituted human serum samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile synthesis of antimony oxide/nickel antimonate nanorods with highly-efficient sensing performance for Co ions detection","authors":"Chenxu Feng,&nbsp;Jiong Zhou,&nbsp;Jiamao Li,&nbsp;Xuewen Qiang,&nbsp;Zhengyu Cai,&nbsp;Lizhai Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The antimony oxide/nickel antimonate nanorods were prepared via a simple hydrothermal route using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the surfactant. The composite nanorods are composed of orthorhombic Sb₂O₃ and tetragonal NiSb₂O₆ phases, and have a length of longer than 1 μm, diameter of around 80 nm. The formation and growth of the antimony oxide/nickel antimonate nanorods were analyzed systematically by adjusting the PVP concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time. Glassy carbon electrode was modified by the antimony oxide/nickel antimonate nanorods for Co ions detection. There is an anodic peak at +0.61 V at the antimony oxide/nickel antimonate nanorods-modified electrode in 1 mM Co²⁺ solution with 0.1 M KCl. The optimum adsorption sites for Co adsorption on the antimony oxide/nickel antimonate nanorods were identified by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The optimized pH, deposition time and potential, standing time for Co²⁺ detection are pH = 7, 120 s, −1.5 V and 40 s, respectively. The linear range and detection limit are 0.001–1000 μM and 0.12 nM, respectively. The antimony oxide/nickel antimonate nanorods-modified electrode demonstrates good sensing performance for detecting Co²⁺ which can potentially be applied to detect Co²⁺ ions in liquid environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100891"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart dual-responsive poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/phenylboronic acid systems for diabetes management: role of molecular weight in controlled insulin release","authors":"Fatemeh Ghashghaei Zadeh ,&nbsp;Mahdi Salami Hosseini ,&nbsp;Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, a dual pH- and glucose-responsive polymer based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) functionalized with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (p(HEMA-CPBA)) is successfully synthesized <em>via</em> reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization at three different degrees of polymerization: 20, 40, and 200 with narrow dispersities (Đ) of 1.15, 1.17, and 1.18, respectively. The p<em>K</em>_<em>a</em> values of p(HEMA-CPBA) are measured ∼7.7, 7.9, and 8.0 using the titration method and 7.78, 7.97, and 8.17 using the spectral difference method. Glucose responsiveness is verified by particle size increase of the synthesized polymer upon increasing glucose concentration from 0 to 3 mg/mL due to glucose‑boronate complex formation. P(HEMA-CPBA) is further evaluated for insulin encapsulation efficiency to release it in response to glucose concentration. Insulin encapsulation efficiencies are 76.2, 69.7, and 58.7 % for HP20, HP40, and HP200 with corresponding loading capacities of 19.3, 17.5, and 14.6 %, respectively. <em>In vitro</em> release studies at pH 7.4 show glucose-dependent insulin release, with HP40 achieving up to 65 % cumulative release at 3 mg/mL glucose. The synthesized polymers show ∼90 % cell viability for HFF-2 cells, showing low toxicity. Fluorescence microscopy confirms preserved cell morphology showing p(HEMA-CPBA) as biocompatible platform for diabetic treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100893"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Recent advances in nano-enhanced biosensors: Innovations in design, applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety, and emerging research challenges” <[Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research Volume 48, June 2025, 100783]>","authors":"Mohamed Hemdan ,&nbsp;Khaled Abuelhaded ,&nbsp;Abanoub A.S. Shaker ,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Ashour ,&nbsp;Moustafa M. Abdelaziz ,&nbsp;Mohammed I. Dahab ,&nbsp;Yara A. Nassar ,&nbsp;Amir M.M. Sarguos ,&nbsp;Pola S. Zakaria ,&nbsp;Haidy A. Fahmy ,&nbsp;Sherif S. Abdel Mageed ,&nbsp;Mariam O.A. Hamed ,&nbsp;Mahmoud F. Mubarak ,&nbsp;Mostafa A. Taher ,&nbsp;Najla F. Gumaah ,&nbsp;Ahmed H. Ragab","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100903","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100903"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}