Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"Berberine Attenuates Acetamiprid Exposure-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Rats via Regulating the Antioxidant Defense System.","authors":"Annu Phogat, Jagjeet Singh, Reena Sheoran, Arun Hasanpuri, Aakash Chaudhary, Shakti Bhardwaj, Sandeep Antil, Vijay Kumar, Chandra Prakash, Vinay Malik","doi":"10.3390/jox14030061","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acetamiprid (ACMP) is a neonicotinoid insecticide that poses a significant threat to the environment and mankind. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are considered prime contributors to ACMP-induced toxic effects. Meanwhile, berberine (BBR) a natural plant alkaloid, is a topic of interest because of its therapeutic and prophylactic actions. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of BBR on ACMP-mediated alterations in mitochondrial functions and apoptosis in rat liver tissue. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (I) control, (II) BBR-treated, (III) ACMP-exposed, and (IV) BBR+ACMP co-treated groups. The doses of BBR (150 mg/kg b.wt) and ACMP (1/10 of LD_50, i.e., 21.7 mg/kg b.wt) were given intragastrically for 21 consecutive days. The results showed that the administration of ACMP diminished mitochondrial complex activity, downregulated complex I (ND1 and ND2) and complex IV (COX1 and COX4) subunit mRNA expression, depleted the antioxidant defense system, and induced apoptosis in rat liver. BBR pre-treatment significantly attenuated ACMP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by maintaining mitochondrial complex activity and upregulating ND1, ND2, COX1, and COX4 mRNA expression. BBR reversed ACMP-mediated apoptosis by diminishing Bax and caspase-3 and increasing the Bcl-2 protein level. BBR also improved the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system by upregulating mRNA expression of PGC-1α, MnSOD, and UCP-2 in rat liver tissue. This study is the first to evaluate the protective potential of BBR against pesticide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in liver tissue. In conclusion, BBR offers protection against ACMP-induced impairment in mitochondrial functions by maintaining the antioxidant level and modulating the apoptotic cascade.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"1079-1092"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estrogenic Responsiveness of Brown Trout Primary Hepatocyte Spheroids to Environmental Levels of 17α-Ethinylestradiol.","authors":"Rodrigo F Alves, Célia Lopes, Eduardo Rocha, Tânia Vieira Madureira","doi":"10.3390/jox14030060","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) fish hepatocyte cultures are promising alternative models for replicating in vivo data. Few studies have attempted to characterise the structure and function of fish 3D liver models and illustrate their applicability. This study aimed to further characterise a previously established spheroid model obtained from juvenile brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) primary hepatocytes under estrogenic stimulation. The spheroids were exposed for six days to environmentally relevant concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol-EE2 (1-100 ng/L). The mRNA levels of peroxisome (<i>catalase-Cat</i> and <i>urate oxidase-Uox</i>), lipid metabolism (<i>acyl-CoA long chain synthetase 1-Acsl1</i>, <i>apolipoprotein AI-ApoAI</i>, and <i>fatty acid binding protein 1-Fabp1</i>), and estrogen-related (<i>estrogen receptor α-ERα</i>, <i>estrogen receptor β-ERβ</i>, <i>vitellogenin A-VtgA</i>, <i>zona pellucida glycoprotein 2.5-ZP2.5</i>, and <i>zona pellucida glycoprotein 3a.2-ZP3a.2</i>) target genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess Vtg and ZP protein expressions. At the highest EE2 concentration, <i>VtgA</i> and <i>ZP2.5</i> genes were significantly upregulated. The remaining target genes were not significantly altered by EE2. Vtg and ZP immunostaining was consistently increased in spheroids exposed to 50 and 100 ng/L of EE2, whereas lower EE2 levels resulted in a weaker signal. EE2 did not induce significant changes in the spheroids' viability and morphological parameters. This study identified EE2 effects at environmentally relevant doses in trout liver spheroids, indicating its usefulness as a proxy for in vivo impacts of xenoestrogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"1064-1078"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol A and/or Diethylhexyl Phthalate Impacts Brain Monoamine Levels in Rat Offspring.","authors":"Amrita Kaimal, Jessica M Hooversmith, Maryam H Al Mansi, Philip V Holmes, Puliyur S MohanKumar, Sheba M J MohanKumar","doi":"10.3390/jox14030058","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the sex-specific effects of gestational exposure (days 6-21) to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), or their combination on brain monoamine levels that play an important role in regulating behavior. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered saline, low doses (5 µg/kg BW/day) of BPA or DEHP, and their combination or a high dose (7.5 mg/kg BW/day) of DEHP alone or in combination with BPA during pregnancy. The offspring were subjected to a behavioral test and sacrificed in adulthood, and the brains were analyzed for neurotransmitter levels. In the paraventricular nucleus, there was a marked reduction in dopamine levels (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in male offspring from the BPA, DEHP, and B + D (HD) groups, which correlated well with their shock probe defensive burying times. Neurotransmitter changes in all brain regions examined were significant in female offspring, with DEHP (HD) females being affected the most, followed by the B + D groups. BPA and/or DEHP (LD) increased monoamine turnover in a region-specific manner in male offspring (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Overall, prenatal exposure to BPA, DEHP, or their combination alters monoamine levels in a brain region-specific, sex-specific, and dose-dependent manner, which could have implications for their behavioral and neuroendocrine effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"1036-1050"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Liver and Kidney Function and Birth Outcomes in Pregnant Surinamese Women Exposed to Mercury and Lead in the Caribbean Consortium for Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (CCREOH) Environmental Epidemiologic Cohort Study.","authors":"Sheila Kort, Jeffrey Wickliffe, Arti Shankar, Hannah H Covert, Maureen Lichtveld, Wilco Zijlmans","doi":"10.3390/jox14030059","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), in combination with liver and kidney impairment, may result in adverse birth outcomes. From 408 women in the age range of 16 to 46 years, living in rural and urban areas in the interior of Suriname, we looked at the association between adverse birth outcomes and exposure to Hg and Pb in combination with liver and kidney function. This group of women represented a subcohort of pregnant women who participated in the Caribbean Consortium for Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (CCREOH)-Meki Tamara study. Liver function was assessed by measuring aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Kidney function was assessed by measuring creatinine, urea, and cystatin C. We defined preterm births as birth before 37 weeks of gestation, low birthweight as birthweight < 2500 g, and low Apgar score as a score < 7 at 5 min, and these were used as indicators for adverse birth outcomes. Small size for gestational age was defined as gestational age < -2SD weight for GA. We found significant statistical associations between biomarkers for liver and kidney functions and adverse birth outcomes Apgar score and gestational age. No significant association was found between heavy metals Hg and lead and adverse birth outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"1051-1063"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Data to Improve Chemical-Disease Inference of in Silico Toxicogenomics Methods.","authors":"Shan-Shan Wang, Chia-Chi Wang, Chien-Lun Wang, Ying-Chi Lin, Chun-Wei Tung","doi":"10.3390/jox14030057","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In silico toxicogenomics methods are resource- and time-efficient approaches for inferring chemical-protein-disease associations with potential mechanism information for exploring toxicological effects. However, current in silico toxicogenomics systems make inferences based on only chemical-protein interactions without considering tissue-specific gene/protein expressions. As a result, inferred diseases could be overpredicted with false positives. In this work, six tissue-specific expression datasets of genes and proteins were collected from the Expression Atlas. Genes were then categorized into high, medium, and low expression levels in a tissue- and dataset-specific manner. Subsequently, the tissue-specific expression datasets were incorporated into the chemical-protein-disease inference process of our ChemDIS system by filtering out relatively low-expressed genes. By incorporating tissue-specific gene/protein expression data, the enrichment rate for chemical-disease inference was largely improved with up to 62.26% improvement. A case study of melamine showed the ability of the proposed method to identify more specific disease terms that are consistent with the literature. A user-friendly user interface was implemented in the ChemDIS system. The methodology is expected to be useful for chemical-disease inference and can be implemented for other in silico toxicogenomics tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"1023-1035"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vivo Antischistosomicidal and Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Supplementation with <i>Taraxacum officinale</i>.","authors":"Amany Ebrahim Nofal, Amal Mohamed Shaaban, Hany Mohammed Ibrahim, Faten Abouelmagd, Azza Hassan Mohamed","doi":"10.3390/jox14030056","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bilharziasis is a widespread trematode parasite that poses a severe public health burden. Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i>) has several pharmacological and traditional properties critical for treating several hepatic disorders. The present study was designed to assess the potential efficacy of <i>T. officinale</i> root (TOR) dietary supplementation with or without praziquantel (PZQ) against liver and intestinal disorders in mice infected with <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>. This study was conducted on five groups; G1: uninfected control, G2: untreated <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice, G3: infected animals treated with 250 mg/kg PZQ for three alternative days, G4: infected animals were orally administered 600 mg/kg bw TOR daily for 10 days, and G5: infected animals that received both PZQ and TOR as previously described. The current findings after different treatments indicated topographical scanning electron microscopy alterations of male adult worms and a critical reduction in worm burden, ova count, granuloma diameter, hepatic and intestinal histological abnormalities, fibrosis, immunohistochemical expression of CD3⁺ and CD20⁺ cells, oxidative stress, and interleukin-10, also upregulation of interferon-gamma, and antioxidant enzymes, when compared to the infected untreated mice. The best results were obtained in mice administered PZQ+TOR together because of their antioxidant properties and ability to promote the host immune response to parasitic infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"1003-1022"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11348042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Exposure to Both Electronic and Conventional Cigarettes Alters Ileum and Colon Turnover, Immune Function, and Barrier Integrity in Mice.","authors":"Madjid Djouina, Anaïs Ollivier, Christophe Waxin, Gwenola Kervoaze, Muriel Pichavant, Ségolène Caboche, Djamal Achour, Céline Grare, Delphine Beury, David Hot, Sébastien Anthérieu, Jean-Marc Lo-Guidice, Laurent Dubuquoy, David Launay, Cécile Vignal, Philippe Gosset, Mathilde Body-Malapel","doi":"10.3390/jox14030053","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) on the development of several intestinal diseases is well documented, the impact of e-cigarette aerosol (e-cig) on digestive health is largely unknown. To compare the effects of e-cig and CS on mouse ileum and colon, animals were chronically exposed for 6 months by nose-only inhalation to e-cig at 18 or 30 W power, or to 3R4F CS. Results showed that e-cig exposure decreased colon cell proliferation. Several other proliferative defects were observed in response to both e-cig and CS exposure, including up- and down-regulation of cyclin D1 protein levels in the ileum and colon, respectively. E-cig and CS exposure reduced myeloperoxidase activity in the ileum. In the colon, both exposures disrupted gene expression of cytokines and T cell transcription factors. For tight junction genes, ZO-1- and occludin-protein expression levels were reduced in the ileum and colon, respectively, by e-cig and CS exposure. The 16S sequencing of microbiota showed specific mild dysbiosis, according to the type of exposure. Overall, e-cig exposure led to altered proliferation, inflammation, and barrier function in both the ileum and colon, and therefore may be a gut hazard on par with conventional CS.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"950-969"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underexplored Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity.","authors":"Olatunbosun Arowolo, Alexander Suvorov","doi":"10.3390/jox14030052","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social biases may concentrate the attention of researchers on a small number of well-known molecules/mechanisms leaving others underexplored. In accordance with this view, central to mechanistic toxicology is a narrow range of molecular pathways that are assumed to be involved in a significant part of the responses to toxicity. It is unclear, however, if there are other molecular mechanisms which play an important role in toxicity events but are overlooked by toxicology. To identify overlooked genes sensitive to chemical exposures, we used publicly available databases. First, we used data on the published chemical-gene interactions for 17,338 genes to estimate their sensitivity to chemical exposures. Next, we extracted data on publication numbers per gene for 19,243 human genes from the Find My Understudied Genes database. Thresholds were applied to both datasets using our algorithm to identify chemically sensitive and chemically insensitive genes and well-studied and underexplored genes. A total of 1110 underexplored genes highly sensitive to chemical exposures were used in GSEA and Shiny GO analyses to identify enriched biological categories. The metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose were identified as underexplored molecular mechanisms sensitive to chemical exposures. These findings suggest that future effort is needed to uncover the role of xenobiotics in the current epidemics of metabolic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"939-949"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contamination Profiles of Selected Pollutants in <i>Procambarus clarkii</i> Non-Edible Portions Highlight Their Potential Exploitation Applications.","authors":"Dario Savoca, Mirella Vazzana, Vincenzo Arizza, Antonella Maccotta, Santino Orecchio, Francesco Longo, Vittoria Giudice, Gaetano D'Oca, Salvatore Messina, Federico Marrone, Manuela Mauro","doi":"10.3390/jox14030049","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Properly managing aquatic organisms is crucial, including protecting endemic species and controlling invasive species. From a circular economy perspective, the sustainable use of aquatic species as a source of bioactive molecules is an area that is increasingly being explored. This includes the use of non-edible portions of seafood, which could pose considerable risks to the environment due to current methods of disposal. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to ensure that the exploitation of these resources does not result in the transfer of pollutants to the final product. This study analyzed two types of non-edible parts from the crayfish <i>Procambarus clarkii</i>: the abdominal portion of the exoskeleton (AbE) and the whole exoskeleton (WE), including the cephalothorax. These portions could potentially be utilized in the context of eradication activities regulated by local authorities. A screening analysis of four classes of pollutants, including pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalic acid esters (PAEs), and trace elements (TEs), was performed. The only analytes detected were TEs, and significant differences in the contamination profile were found between AbE and WE. Nevertheless, the levels recorded were comparable to or lower than those reported in the literature and below the maximum levels allowed in the current European legislation for food, suggesting that their potential use is legally permitted. In terms of scalability, the utilization of the entire non-edible <i>P. clarkii</i> portion would represent a sustainable solution for the reuse of waste products.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"893-906"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision Nanomedicine with Bio-Inspired Nanosystems: Recent Trends and Challenges in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Membrane-Coated Bioengineered Nanocarriers in Targeted Nanotherapeutics.","authors":"Mirza Salman Baig, Anas Ahmad, Rijawan Rajjak Pathan, Rakesh Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.3390/jox14030047","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox14030047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the recent past, the formulation and development of nanocarriers has been elaborated into the broader fields and opened various avenues in their preclinical and clinical applications. In particular, the cellular membrane-based nanoformulations have been formulated to surpass and surmount the limitations and restrictions associated with naïve or free forms of therapeutic compounds and circumvent various physicochemical and immunological barriers including but not limited to systemic barriers, microenvironmental roadblocks, and other cellular or subcellular hinderances-which are quite heterogeneous throughout the diseases and patient cohorts. These limitations in drug delivery have been overcome through mesenchymal cells membrane-based precision therapeutics, where these interventions have led to the significant enhancements in therapeutic efficacies. However, the formulation and development of nanocarriers still focuses on optimization of drug delivery paradigms with a one-size-fits-all resolutions. As mesenchymal stem cell membrane-based nanocarriers have been engineered in highly diversified fashions, these are being optimized for delivering the drug payloads in more and better personalized modes, entering the arena of precision as well as personalized nanomedicine. In this Review, we have included some of the advanced nanocarriers which have been designed and been utilized in both the non-personalized as well as precision applicability which can be employed for the improvements in precision nanotherapeutics. In the present report, authors have focused on various other aspects of the advancements in stem cells membrane-based nanoparticle conceptions which can surmount several roadblocks and barriers in drug delivery and nanomedicine. It has been suggested that well-informed designing of these nanocarriers will lead to appreciable improvements in the therapeutic efficacy in therapeutic payload delivery applications. These approaches will also enable the tailored and customized designs of MSC-based nanocarriers for personalized therapeutic applications, and finally amending the patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"14 3","pages":"827-872"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141761500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}