Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"Unveiling the Effects of Two Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Two Temperatures on the Trout RTL-W1 Cell Line Expression of Detoxification-Related Target Genes.","authors":"Margarida Vilaça, Telma Esteves, Rosária Seabra, Eduardo Rocha, Célia Lopes","doi":"10.3390/jox15030084","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), prevalent aquatic contaminants, arise from burning fossil fuels, a major source of greenhouse gases driving global warming. PAHs and warmer temperatures individually exert diverse negative effects on aquatic organisms. However, the effects of PAH exposure and/or rising temperature remain largely unknown. Liver in vitro models, like the rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) RTL-W1 liver cell line, have been employed to unravel PAH-exposure effects, primarily on cell viability and enzymatic activity. Here, monolayer-cultured (2D) RTL-W1 cells were used to assess the co-exposure effects of temperature (18 and 21 °C) and two PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F), at 10 and 100 nM. After a 72 h exposure, the cell density and viability were evaluated using the trypan blue and LDH assays. The mRNA levels of the detoxification-associated genes <i>aryl hydrocarbon receptor</i> (<i>AhR</i>), <i>cytochrome P450</i> (<i>CYP</i>)<i>1A</i>, <i>CYP3A27</i>, <i>glutathione S-transferase omega 1</i> (<i>GSTO1</i>), <i>uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase</i> (<i>UGT</i>), <i>catalase</i> (<i>CAT</i>), and <i>multidrug resistance-associated protein 2</i> (<i>MRP2</i>) were measured by RT-qPCR. Temperature influenced cell viability and LDH leakage. Both PAHs reduced the cell density and upregulated the mRNA levels of <i>AhR</i>, <i>CYP1A, CYP3A27</i>, and <i>UGT</i>, while <i>GSTO1</i> and <i>MRP2</i> were only augmented after the higher B[k]F concentration. Temperature influenced <i>CAT</i> and <i>UGT</i> expression. There was no interaction between temperature and the PAHs. Overall, the results show that B[k]F has more effects on detoxification targets than B[a]P, whereas a temperature increase mildly affects gene expression. The RTL-W1 in 2D seems useful for unravelling not only the liver effects of PAH but also the impact of temperature stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12193872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monte Carlo Simulation of Pesticide Toxicity for Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) Using New Criteria of Predictive Potential.","authors":"Alla P Toropova, Andrey A Toropov, Emilio Benfenati","doi":"10.3390/jox15030082","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: The toxicity of pesticides for fish in general and Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) in particular is an important ecological indicator required by regulations, and it implies the use of a large number of fish. The number of animals needed would be even higher to evaluate metabolites and pesticide impurities. Considering ethical issues, the costs, and the necessary resources, the use of in silico models is often proposed. <i>Aim of the study</i>: We explore the use of advanced Monte Carlo methods to obtain improved results for models testing Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) acute toxicity. Several versions of the stochastic Monte Carlo simulation of pesticide toxicity for Rainbow Trout, carried out using CORAL software, were studied. The set of substances was split into four subsets: active training, passive training, calibration, and validation. Modeling was repeated five times to enable better statistical evaluation. To improve the predictive potential of models, the index of ideality of correlation (IIC), correlation intensity index (CII), and coefficient of conformism of correlation prediction (CCCP) were applied. <i>Main results and novelty</i>: The most suitable results were observed in the case of the CCCP-based optimization for SMILES-based descriptors, achieving an R² of 0.88 on the validation set, in all five random splits, demonstrating consistent and robust modeling performance. The relationship of information systems related to QSAR simulation and new ideas is discussed, assigning a key role to fundamental concepts like mass and energy. The study of the mentioned criteria of predictive potential during the conducted computer experiments showed that even though they are all aimed at improving the predictive potential, their values do not correlate, except for the CII and the CCCP. This means that, in general, the information impact of the considered criteria has a different nature, at least in the case of the simulation of toxicity for Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>). The applicability domain of the model is specific for pesticides; the software identifies potential outliers by looking at rare molecular fragments.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12193767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unregulated and Regulated PFASs in Bottled and Tap Water: Occurrence, Co-Occurrence Patterns, and Implications for Human Health and Regulatory Frameworks.","authors":"Ioana-Antonia Cimpean, Iuliana Paun, Florinela Pirvu, Vasile Ion Iancu, Florentina Laura Chiriac","doi":"10.3390/jox15030081","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water remains a critical environmental and public health concern. This study examines the presence of both regulated and unregulated PFASs in twenty-one bottled water and twenty-four tap water samples, assessing their concentrations, co-occurrence patterns, and potential human health implications. Regulated PFASs accounted for 87% of total PFASs in bottled water and 92% in tap water, demonstrating the effectiveness of current EU regulations. However, unregulated PFASs were detected in both water sources, contributing to 13% and 8% of total PFAS concentrations in bottled and tap water, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation matrices revealed distinct clustering patterns, suggesting common contamination sources and potential cumulative exposure risks. The presence of emerging PFASs, such as 4:2 FTSA and HFPO-DA, raises concerns about gaps in regulatory oversight, as their long-term health effects remain largely unknown. Despite EU Directive 2020/2184 setting limits on select PFASs, this study highlights the need for expanded monitoring and stricter regulations to address the full spectrum of PFAS contamination. Given the persistence and bioaccumulative nature of these compounds, a comprehensive human health risk assessment is essential to safeguard public health and ensure the safety of drinking water sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QSAR Models for Predicting the Antioxidant Potential of Chemical Substances.","authors":"Sofia Ghironi, Edoardo Luca Viganò, Gianluca Selvestrel, Emilio Benfenati","doi":"10.3390/jox15030080","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antioxidants are widely studied compounds with significant applications in the nutraceutical and dietary industries. To enable the rapid screening of large libraries of substances for antioxidant activity and to provide a useful tool for the initial evaluation of substances of interest with unknown activity, we developed Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models to predict the antioxidant potential of chemical substances. We started from a dataset of 1911 antioxidant substances, retrieved from the AODB database by selecting the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity assay and the experimental value of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Different machine learning algorithms were applied to build regression models, and the goodness-of-fit of each model was assessed using the statistical parameters of R squared (R²), the Root-Mean-Squared Error, and the Mean Absolute Error. The Extra Trees model outperformed the other models in both internal and external validations, achieving the highest R² of 0.77 and the lowest RMSE on the test set. Gradient Boosting and eXtreme Gradient Boosting also achieved promising results with R² values of 0.76 and 0.75, respectively. Given these results, we developed an integrated method that not only outperformed the individual models, achieving an R² of 0.78 on the external test set, but also provided valuable insights into the range of predicted values.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of 97 Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Receiving Waters: Analytical Validation and Treatment Influence.","authors":"Paula Paíga, Sónia Figueiredo, Manuela Correia, Magda André, Roberto Barbosa, Sandra Jorge, Cristina Delerue-Matos","doi":"10.3390/jox15030078","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study analyzed 97 pharmaceuticals in samples of surface water, as well as influent and effluent from various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), during winter 2022 and spring 2023. Approximately 40% of the tested compounds were detected, at amounts ranging from below the methods' detection limits to 5623 ng/L (2-hydroxyibuprofen in surface water) and 12,664 ng/L (caffeine in wastewater). Twelve compounds (acetaminophen, ampicillin, azithromycin, caffeine, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, 2-hydroxyibuprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, mazindol, naproxen, and salicylic acid) were detected with a 100% frequency in both surface water and wastewater samples. The observed high detection frequency of pharmaceuticals within the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/analgesics, antibiotics, and psychiatric drug classes aligns with their high consumption. Caffeine was both the compound with the highest concentration and the most prevalent compound detected. Seasonal differences were observed, with higher concentrations detected during winter. Six of the eleven targeted metabolites and degradation products were detected in at least one sample. Risk quotient assessment revealed potential ecological risks, particularly for atorvastatin, caffeine, carbamazepine, and venlafaxine, exceeding risk thresholds for various trophic levels. The studied WWTPs showed limited removal efficiencies, with some compounds presenting higher concentrations in effluent than in influent, emphasizing the need for enhanced treatment to mitigate micropollutant risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12193875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicity of Fire Retardants to Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) in Early Life Stages.","authors":"Darlan Quinta Brito, Tathyana Benetis Piau, Carlos Henke-Oliveira, Eduardo Cyrino Oliveira-Filho, Cesar Koppe Grisolia","doi":"10.3390/jox15030079","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the escalating frequency and intensity of global wildfires driven by climate change, fire retardants (FRs) have become essential tools in wildfire management. Despite their widespread use, the environmental safety of newer FR formulations-particularly in relation to aquatic ecosystems and developmental toxicity-remains insufficiently understood. In particular, their effects on fish embryos, which represent a sensitive and ecologically important life stage, are poorly characterized. This study investigated the acute toxicity of three commercially available FRs-N-Borate, N-Phosphate+, and N-Phosphate--on early life stages of zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>), based on an OECD 236 Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) test. Notably, N-Phosphate- FR exhibited significant toxicity with a 96 h LC50 of 60 mg/L (0.0055%), while N-Borate (>432 mg/L, >0.032%) and N-Phosphate+ (>1181 mg/L, >0.08%) showed substantially lower toxicity. Sublethal effects, including reduced yolk sac absorption and yolk sac darkening, were observed across all FRs, highlighting potential developmental disruptions. The elevated toxicity of N-Phosphate- FR likely stems from its surfactant content. These findings reveal variations in the acute toxicity of different FR formulations, emphasizing the need for ecotoxicological assessments to guide the selection of safer FRs for wildfire management and to protect aquatic biodiversity. The results highlight the importance of incorporating developmental endpoints in FR risk assessments and provide foundational data for regulatory decisions regarding FR application near aquatic habitats. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms underlying observed effects and to evaluate cross-species toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a Proteinase Inhibitor from <i>Inga laurina</i> Seeds (ILTI) on <i>Aedes aegypti</i> Larval Development.","authors":"Ana Jacobowski, Welington Leite, Antolim Martinez Júnior, Eduarda Reis, Lorena Pires, Vitória Silva, Layza Rocha, Eduardo Arruda, Octávio Franco, Marlon Cardoso, Priscila Hiane, Maria Macedo","doi":"10.3390/jox15030077","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aedes aegypti</i> (Linnaeus, 1762) is Brazil's primary vector of epidemiologically significant arboviruses such as yellow fever, dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Despite using conventional chemical control measures, this species has developed resistance to standard chemical insecticides, prompting the search for natural larvicidal compounds. Plant protease inhibitors offer an insecticidal alternative as the primary digestive enzymes in the midgut of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> are proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin). <i>Ae. aegypti</i> larvae fed with ILTI, a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor derived from <i>Inga laurina</i> seeds, at concentrations between 0.03 mg of protein per mL (mgP/mL) and 0.12 mgP/mL, exhibited delayed larval development, with a lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of 0.095 mgP mL^-1 of ILTI for 50% of fourth-instar larvae (L₄). The ex vivo assay indicated that ILTI effectively inhibited the activity of larval trypsin, which remained susceptible to the inhibitor. Additionally, molecular modelling and docking studies were conducted to predict the three-dimensional ILTI/enzyme molecular complexes at the atomic level. Therefore, the results demonstrate that ILTI functions as a protease inhibitor in this species, presenting itself as a promising larvicidal tool in the control of <i>Ae. aegypti</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12194339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144486481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon-Nanotube-Based Nanocomposites in Environmental Remediation: An Overview of Typologies and Applications and an Analysis of Their Paradoxical Double-Sided Effects.","authors":"Silvana Alfei, Guendalina Zuccari","doi":"10.3390/jox15030076","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incessant urbanization and industrialization have resulted in several pollutants being increasingly produced and continuously discharged into the environment, altering its equilibrium, with a high risk for living organisms' health. To restore it, new advanced materials for remediating gas streams, polluted soil, water, wastewater, groundwater and industrial waste are continually explored. Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), including quantum dots, nanotubes, fullerenes and graphene, have displayed outstanding effectiveness in the decontamination of the environment by several processes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), due to their nonpareil characteristics and architecture, when included in absorbents, filter membranes, gas sensors, etc., have significantly improved the efficiency of these technologies in detecting and/or removing inorganic, organic and gaseous xenobiotics and pathogens from air, soil and aqueous matrices. Moreover, CNT-based membranes have displayed significant potential for efficient, fast and low-energy water desalination. However, despite CNTs serving as very potent instruments for environmental detoxification, their extensive utilization could, paradoxically, be highly noxious to the environment and, therefore, humans, due to their toxicity. The functionalization of CNTs (F-CNTs), in addition to further enhancing their absorption capacity and selectivity, has increased their hydrophilicity, thus minimizing their toxicity and carcinogenic effects. In this scenario, this review aims to provide evidence of both the enormous potential of CNTs in sustainable environmental remediation and the concerning hazards to the environment and living organisms that could derive from their extensive and uncontrolled utilization. To this end, an introduction to CNTs, including their eco-friendly production from biomass, is first reported. Several literature reports on CNTs' possible utilization for environmental remediation, their potential toxicity due to environmental accumulation and the challenges of their regeneration are provided using several reader-friendly tools, to better capture readers' attention and make reading easier.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Nanoplastics in Biological Systems: Systematic Review of In Vitro Animal Studies.","authors":"Maria Viana, Fernanda S Tonin, Carina Ladeira","doi":"10.3390/jox15030075","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoplastic (NP) pollution has emerged as a growing concern due to its potential impact on human health, although its adverse effects on different organ systems are not yet fully understood. This systematic scoping review, conducted in accordance with international guidelines, aimed to map the current evidence on the biological effects of NPs. In vitro animal studies assessing cellular damage caused by exposure to any type of NP were searched on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Data on primary outcomes related to genotoxicity and cytotoxicity (cell viability, oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA and cytoplasmic damage, apoptosis) were extracted from the included studies, and overall reporting quality was assessed. A total of 108 articles published between 2018 and 2024, mostly by China (54%), Spain (14%), and Italy (9%), were included. Polystyrene (PS) was the most frequently studied polymer (85%). NP sizes in solution ranged from 15 to 531 nm, with a higher prevalence in the 40-100 nm range (38%). The overall quality of studies was rated as moderate (60%), with many lacking essential details about cell culture conditions (e.g., pH of the medium, passage number, substances used). A higher frequency of negative effects from NP exposure was observed in respiratory cell lines, while immune, digestive, and hepatic cell lines showed greater resistance. Nervous, urinary, and connective tissue systems were impacted by NPs. Positively charged and smaller PS particles were consistently associated with higher toxicity across all systems. In summary, this review highlights the multifactorial nature of NP toxicity, influenced by size, surface charge, and polymer type. It also reveals a significant knowledge gap, stemming from the predominant use of immortalized monocultures exposed to commercially available PS NPs, the limited use of environmentally relevant particles, and the underutilization of advanced experimental models (e.g., organ-on-chip systems) that better mimic physiological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals and Arsenic Concentrations in Wild Boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i> L.) from Papuk Nature Park (Croatia).","authors":"Domagoj Vidosavljević, Miroslav Venus, Dinko Puntarić, Lidija Kalinić, Marina Vidosavljević, Mario Begović, Marta Despot, Vlatka Gvozdić","doi":"10.3390/jox15030074","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15030074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn in the muscle, liver and kidney of wild boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) in Papuk Nature Park, Eastern Croatia. Muscles, liver and kidney of 38 wild boars, up to 3 years of age, were collected and the concentrations of elements were determined by ICP-MS. Cadmium exceeded the permitted levels acceptable for human consumption in 50% of kidney samples (max. = 6.64 mg kg^-1), 20% of liver samples (max. = 4.60 mg kg^-1) and 43% of muscle samples (max. = 0.672 mg kg^-1). Lead exceeded acceptable levels in 63% of liver samples (max. = 0.463 mg kg^-1), 51% of kidney samples (max. = 11.8 mg kg^-1) and 65% of muscle samples (max. = 9.10 mg kg^-1). Mercury concentrations in the liver were higher than allowed in 13% (max. = 0.552 mg kg^-1) in kidneys in 27% (max. = 0.484 mg kg^-1), and in the muscles in 15% (max. = 0.103 mg kg^-1) of cases. Arsenic concentrations in muscles exceeded the permissible value in 30% of cases (max. = 0.286 mg kg^-1). The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn did not significantly differ from the values reported in other studies. Median concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn ranged as follows: muscle (0.193, 2.94, 44.5 and 20.6 mg kg^-1), kidney (0.140, 5.32, 110 and 23.3 mg kg^-1) and liver (0.130, 3.71, 278 and 36.0 mg kg^-1).</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144129131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}