Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticle Size and Surface Properties on Neuronal PC-12 Cells: Unraveling Cytotoxicity, Dopaminergic Gene Expression, and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition","authors":"Jitendra Kumar Suthar, Balaji Rakesh, Anuradha Vaidya, Selvan Ravindran","doi":"10.3390/jox13040043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040043","url":null,"abstract":"Titanium oxide nanoparticles can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, infiltrate the central nervous system, and induce neurotoxicity. One of the most often utilized nanoparticles has been investigated for their neurotoxicity in many studies. Nonetheless, there remains an unexplored aspect regarding the comparative analysis of particles varying in size and nanoparticles of identical dimensions, both with and devoid of surface coating. In the current study, we synthesized two differently sized nanoparticles, TiO2-10 (10 nm) and TiO2-22 (22 nm), and nanoparticles of the same size but with a polyvinylpyrrolidone surface coating (TiO2-PVP, 22 nm) and studied their toxic effects on neural PC-12 cells. The results highlighted significant dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥10 μg/mL. The exposure of TiO2 nanoparticles significantly elevated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species levels, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced apoptosis-related caspase-3 activity, irrespective of size and surface coating. The interaction of the nanoparticles with acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was also investigated, and the results revealed a dose-dependent suppression of enzymatic activity. However, the gene expression studies indicated no effect on the expression of all six genes associated with the dopaminergic system upon exposure to 10 μg/mL for any nanoparticle. The results demonstrated no significant difference between the outcomes of TiO2-10 and TiO2-22 NPs. However, the polyvinylpyrrolidone surface coating was able to attenuate the neurotoxic effects. These findings suggest that as the TiO2 nanoparticles get smaller (towards 0 nm), they might promote apoptosis and inflammatory reactions in neural cells via oxidative stress, irrespective of their size.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"56 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic Microparticles in Sea-Surface Microlayer in Osaka Bay, Japan","authors":"Mi Zhou, Hirofumi Yanai, Chee Kong Yap, Christina Emmanouil, Hideo Okamura","doi":"10.3390/jox13040044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040044","url":null,"abstract":"The abundance, distribution, and composition of microparticles (MPs) in the sea-surface microlayer (S-SML, less than 100 μm of sea surface in this experiment) and in bulk water (1 m under the sea surface) were investigated to evaluate the pollution level of MPs in Osaka Bay in Japan. Both seawater fractions were collected at eight sites including ship navigation routes, the coastal area, and the center of Osaka Bay for 2021–2023. MPs were filtered for four size ranges (10–53, 53–125, 125–500, and >500 μm) and then digested with H2O2. MPs’ abundance was microscopically assessed; and polymer types of MPs were identified by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). For the 22 collections performed along eight sites, the average MPs’ abundance was 903 ± 921 items/kg for S-SML, while for the 25 collections performed along the same sites, the average MPs’ abundance was 55.9 ± 40.4 items/kg for bulk water, respectively. MPs in both S-SML and bulk water exhibited their highest abundance along the navigation routes. The smallest MPs (10–53 μm) accounted for 81.2% and for 62.2% of all MPs in S-SML and in bulk water among all sites, respectively. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was the major type of MPs identified while minor ones were polyethylene, polyesters, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, etc. PMMA comprised 95.1% of total MPs in S-SML and 45.6% of total MPs in bulk water. In addition, PMMA accounted for 96.6% in S-SML and 49.5% in bulk water for the smallest MP category (10–53 μm). It can be assumed that the MP sources were marine paints—primarily APPs (antifouling paint particles)—as well as land coatings. Sea pollution due to microparticles from ship vessels should be given proper attention.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"56 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cellular Accumulation of Vehicle Exhaust Particulates Changes the Acidic pH Environment of Lysosomes in BEAS-2B Airway Epithelial Cells","authors":"Akira Onodera, Takuya Shimomura, Hirohisa Ochi, Ryuto Sunada, Eiko Fukutomi, Koushi Hidaka, Yuichi Kawai","doi":"10.3390/jox13040042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040042","url":null,"abstract":"Many people are exposed every day to vehicle exhaust particulates (VEPs), which are thought to be taken up by epithelial cells that are the first barrier in our biological defense. The study aim was to investigate how VEPs are processed in the lysosomal degradation system. BEAS-2B airway epithelial cells easily ingest VEPs and have been shown to accumulate in cells for several days, but no elevated cytotoxicity was observed over that time period. An analysis of 3D images confirmed the presence of VEPs in or near lysosomes, and an accumulation of VEPs resulted in an increase in the normal acidic pH in lysosomes and the extracellular release of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase. Epithelial cells were thought to activate the lysosome-mediated secretion of extracellular vesicles to avoid damage caused by non-degradable foreign substances, such as VEPs, and as a side reaction, the acidic pH environment of the lysosomes could not be maintained.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"77 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135271334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baccharis Species Essential Oils: Repellency and Toxicity against Yellow Fever Mosquitoes and Imported Fire Ants","authors":"Abbas Ali, Farhan Mahmood Shah, Jane Manfron, Luciane M. Monteiro, Valter P. de Almeida, Vijayasankar Raman, Ikhlas A. Khan","doi":"10.3390/jox13040041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040041","url":null,"abstract":"Essential oils from five Baccharis species were screened for their toxicity and biting deterrence/repellency against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), and imported fire ants, including Solenopsis invicta Buren (RIFA), Solenopsis richteri Forel (BIFA) and their hybrids (HIFA). Baccharis microdonta DC. and B. punctulata DC. at 10 µg/cm2 showed biting deterrence similar to DEET, N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide at 25 nmol/cm2, whereas the repellency of B. pauciflosculosa DC., B. sphenophylla Dusén ex Malme and B. reticularioides Deble & A.S. Oliveira essential oils was significantly lower than DEET against mosquitoes. Two major compounds from the active essential oils, kongol and spathulenol, also exhibited biting deterrence similar to DEET against mosquitoes. The highest toxicity exhibited against mosquitoes was by Baccharis punctulata essential oil (LC50 = 20.4 ppm), followed by B. pauciflosculosa (LC50 = 31.9 ppm), B. sphenophylla (LC50 = 30.8 ppm), B. microdonta (LC50 = 28.6 ppm), kongol (LC50 = 32.3 ppm), spathulenol (LC50 = 48.7 ppm) and B. reticularioides essential oil (LC50 = 84.4 ppm). Baccharis microdonta essential oil showed repellency against RIFA, BIFA and HIFA at 4.9, 4.9 and 39 µg/g, respectively. Baccharis microdonta essential oil also showed toxicity with LC50 of 78.9, 97.5 and 136.5 µg/g against RIFA, BIFA and HIFA, respectively, at 24 h post treatment.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"2 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136263304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic Contamination in Seabass and Seabream from Off-Shore Aquaculture Facilities from the Mediterranean Sea","authors":"Giacomo Mosconi, Sara Panseri, Stefano Magni, Renato Malandra, Alfonsina D’Amato, Marina Carini, Luca Chiesa, Camilla Della Torre","doi":"10.3390/jox13040040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040040","url":null,"abstract":"We characterized the presence of plastics in different organs of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from some off-shore aquaculture facilities of the Mediterranean Sea. Plastics were detected in 38% of analyzed fish. Higher contamination was observed in fish from Turkey and Greece with respect to Italy, without significant differences between the geographical areas. Plastics accumulated mostly in the gastrointestinal tract and, to a lower extent, in the muscle, which represents the edible part of fish. Based on the particle detected, a maximum amount of 0.01 plastic/g wet weight (w.w.) can occur in muscles, suggesting a low input for humans through consumption. A large portion of the particles identified was represented by man-made cellulose-based fibers. The characterization of the polymeric composition suggests that plastics taken up by fish can have land-based and pelagic origins, but plastics can be introduced also from different aquaculture practices.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"53 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135111363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underestimations in the In Silico-Predicted Toxicities of V-Agents.","authors":"Georgios Pampalakis","doi":"10.3390/jox13040039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox13040039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>V-agents are exceedingly toxic nerve agents. Recently, it was highlighted that V-agents constitute a diverse subclass of compounds with most of them not extensively studied. Although chemical weapons have been banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), there is an increased concern for chemical terrorism. Thus, it is important to understand their properties and toxicities, especially since some of these agents are not included in the CWC list. Nonetheless, to achieve this goal, the testing of a huge number of compounds is needed. Alternatively, in silico toxicology offers a great advantage for the rapid assessment of toxic compounds. Here, various in silico tools (TEST, VEGA, pkCSM ProTox-II) were used to estimate the acute oral toxicity (LD50) of different V-agents and compare them with experimental values. These programs underestimated the toxicity of V-agents, and certain V-agents were estimated to be relatively non-toxic. TEST was also used to estimate the physical properties and found to provide good approximations for densities, surface tensions and vapor pressures but not for viscosities. Thus, attention should be paid when interpreting and estimating the toxicities of V-agents in silico, and it is necessary to conduct future detailed experiments to understand their properties and develop effective countermeasures.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"13 4","pages":"615-624"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Silent Threat: Exploring the Ecological and Ecotoxicological Impacts of Chlorinated Aniline Derivatives and the Metabolites on the Aquatic Ecosystem.","authors":"Daniela Rebelo,&nbsp;Sara C Antunes,&nbsp;Sara Rodrigues","doi":"10.3390/jox13040038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox13040038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing concern over the environmental impacts of industrial chemicals on aquatic ecosystems has prompted increased attention and regulation. Aromatic amines have drawn scrutiny due to their potential to disturb aquatic ecosystems. 4-chloroaniline and 3,4-dichloroaniline are chlorinated derivatives of aniline used as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, cosmetics, and laboratory chemicals. While industrial applications are crucial, these compounds represent significant risks to aquatic environments. This article aims to shed light on aromatic amines' ecological and ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic ecosystems, given as examples 4-chloroaniline and 3,4-dichloroaniline, highlighting the need for stringent regulation and management to safeguard water resources. Moreover, these compounds are not included in the current Watch List of the Water Framework Directive, though there is already some information about aquatic ecotoxicity, which raises some concerns. This paper primarily focuses on the inherent environmental problem related to the proliferation and persistence of aromatic amines, particularly 4-chloroaniline and 3,4-dichloroaniline, in aquatic ecosystems. Although significant research underscores the hazardous effects of these compounds, the urgency of addressing this issue appears to be underestimated. As such, we underscore the necessity of advancing detection and mitigation efforts and implementing improved regulatory measures to safeguard the water bodies against these potential threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"13 4","pages":"604-614"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Exudates as Biostimulants: Role in Plant Growth Promotion and Stress Mitigation.","authors":"Mariya Ansari,&nbsp;B Megala Devi,&nbsp;Ankita Sarkar,&nbsp;Anirudha Chattopadhyay,&nbsp;Lovkush Satnami,&nbsp;Pooraniammal Balu,&nbsp;Manoj Choudhary,&nbsp;Muhammad Adnan Shahid,&nbsp;A Abdul Kader Jailani","doi":"10.3390/jox13040037","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox13040037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbes hold immense potential, based on the fact that they are widely acknowledged for their role in mitigating the detrimental impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which were extensively employed during the Green Revolution era. The consequence of this extensive use has been the degradation of agricultural land, soil health and fertility deterioration, and a decline in crop quality. Despite the existence of environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives, microbial bioinoculants encounter numerous challenges in real-world agricultural settings. These challenges include harsh environmental conditions like unfavorable soil pH, temperature extremes, and nutrient imbalances, as well as stiff competition with native microbial species and host plant specificity. Moreover, obstacles spanning from large-scale production to commercialization persist. Therefore, substantial efforts are underway to identify superior solutions that can foster a sustainable and eco-conscious agricultural system. In this context, attention has shifted towards the utilization of cell-free microbial exudates as opposed to traditional microbial inoculants. Microbial exudates refer to the diverse array of cellular metabolites secreted by microbial cells. These metabolites enclose a wide range of chemical compounds, including sugars, organic acids, amino acids, peptides, siderophores, volatiles, and more. The composition and function of these compounds in exudates can vary considerably, depending on the specific microbial strains and prevailing environmental conditions. Remarkably, they possess the capability to modulate and influence various plant physiological processes, thereby inducing tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, these exudates facilitate plant growth and aid in the remediation of environmental pollutants such as chemicals and heavy metals in agroecosystems. Much like live microbes, when applied, these exudates actively participate in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere, engaging in continuous interactions with plants and plant-associated microbes. Consequently, they play a pivotal role in reshaping the microbiome. The biostimulant properties exhibited by these exudates position them as promising biological components for fostering cleaner and more sustainable agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"13 4","pages":"572-603"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Behavior of Terbuthylazine, Tebuconazole, and Alachlor during Denitrification Process.","authors":"Kristína Pániková,&nbsp;Zuzana Bílková,&nbsp;Jitka Malá","doi":"10.3390/jox13040036","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox13040036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticide compounds can influence denitrification processes in groundwater in many ways. This study observed behavior of three selected pesticides under denitrifying conditions. Alachlor, terbuthylazine, and tebuconazole, in a concentration of 0.1 mL L^-1, were examined using two laboratory denitrifications assays: a \"short\" 7-day and a \"long\" 28-day test. During these tests, removal of pesticides via adsorption and biotic decomposition, as well as the efficiency of nitrate removal in the presence of the pesticides, were measured. No considerable inhibition of the denitrification process was observed for any of the pesticides. On the contrary, significant stimulation was observed after 21 days for alachlor (49%) and after seven days for terbuthylazine (40%) and tebuconazole (36%). Adsorption was in progress only during the first seven days in the case of all tested pesticides and increased only negligibly afterwards. Immediate adsorption of terbuthylazine was probably influenced by the mercuric chloride inhibitor. A biotic loss of 4% was measured only in the case of alachlor.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"13 4","pages":"560-571"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Risks from Intake and Contact with Toxic Metal-Contaminated Water from Pager River, Uganda.","authors":"Patrick Onen,&nbsp;Robin Akemkwene,&nbsp;Caroline K Nakiguli,&nbsp;Daniel Nimusiima,&nbsp;Daniel Hendry Ruma,&nbsp;Alice V Khanakwa,&nbsp;Christopher Angiro,&nbsp;Gadson Bamanya,&nbsp;Boniface Opio,&nbsp;Allan Gonzaga,&nbsp;Timothy Omara","doi":"10.3390/jox13040035","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox13040035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pollution of water resources is one of the major impediments to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical quality and potentially toxic element (lead and cadmium) concentrations in surface water sampled from Pager River, a tributary of the Nile River in Northern Uganda. Water samples (<i>n</i> = 18) were taken from six different points upstream (A, B, and C) and downstream (D, E, and F) of the river and analyzed following standard methods for their physiochemical properties. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify lead and cadmium concentrations. Human health risks from ingestion and dermal contact with potentially toxic metal-contaminated water were calculated. The results obtained indicated that the mean temperature (27.7 ± 0.5-29.5 ± 0.8 °C), turbidity (40.7 ± 2.1-50.1 ± 1.1 NTU), lead (0.296 ± 0.030-0.576 ± 0.163 mg/L) and cadmium (0.278 ± 0.040-0.524 ± 0.040 mg/L) occurred at levels that surpassed their permissible limits as per World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water. Human health risk assessment showed that there are potential non-cancer risks from the ingestion of water from Pager River by adults, as the total hazard quotients were greater than one. These results emphasize the urgency to restrict the dumping of wastes into the river to minimize chances of impacting the Nile River, which flows northwards to the Mediterranean Sea. Further studies should perform routine monitoring of the river during both dry and wet seasons to establish the spatiotemporal variations of physicochemical, microbial, and trace metal profiles of the river and the associated health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"13 4","pages":"544-559"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}