Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"In Silico Approach for Fluorene Biodegradation, and the Impacts of Derivatives on the Environment and Health.","authors":"Syed Raju Ali, Yasir Anwar, Hani Mohammed Ali","doi":"10.3390/jox16020070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fluorene poses ecological and health hazards that originate from biomass combustion and petroleum. However, some microorganisms can counter fluorene through complex enzymatic degradation pathways. This research aimed to explore the catalytic efficiency of enzymes on metabolites and their toxicity levels throughout the fluorene biodegradation pathway. Several web servers and software were used to characterize them and analyse molecular dockings between ligands and proteins. Fluorene and its metabolites have mild toxicities to the brain, lung, neurons, and kidneys, and consequent endpoints cause mutations, cancer, and ecotoxicity at different levels. The catalytic enzymes are well-folded, single-chained, medium-sized proteins that are acidic, thermostable, and with few exceptions, hydrophilic, cytoplasmic, non-allergenic, and nonvirulent, possessing multiple active sites. The ERRAT, PROCHECK, and VERIFY 3D tools successfully validated the SWISS-modelled 3D structures of proteins. Molecular docking results showed moderate binding affinities between proteins and ligands, ranging from -9.4 to -6.1 kcal/mol, indicating potential activities of the enzymes. This computational study supports the conventional fluorene degradation pathway and may provide a new avenue for further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluopyram Induces Multilevel Toxicity in Zebrafish: Insights from Developmental Impairment, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Disruption.","authors":"Ningbo Wang, Yingying Zhong","doi":"10.3390/jox16020069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fluopyram (FO), a widely used succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, poses a potential risk to aquatic ecosystems due to its mitochondrial toxicity in non-target organisms. This study investigated its toxic effects on zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>). Embryos (<i>n</i> = 30 per concentration) were exposed to FO (0, 0.375, 0.75, 1.5 mg/L) for 96 h, resulting in concentration-dependent developmental toxicity, including increased malformations, reduced heart rate, and inhibited swimming behavior. Adult zebrafish were chronically exposed to lower concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/L; <i>n</i> = 20 per concentration per replicate) for 28 days. Biochemical analyses across both life stages revealed that FO significantly inhibited succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and mitochondrial complex II, reduced ATP levels, and induced oxidative stress. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that FO profoundly perturbed specific metabolic pathways, primarily glutathione metabolism, cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification, and core nutrient metabolism pathways involving carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. In adults, chronic exposure induced significant hepatotoxicity, evidenced by histopathological damage, altered liver enzyme activities (GPT/GOT), and activation of autophagy and PPAR/FoxO signaling pathways. Our results demonstrate that FO induces multifaceted toxicity in zebrafish, from developmental defects to hepatic metabolic dysfunction, primarily driven by mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress. This study provides crucial mechanistic hazard data and insights for the ecological risk assessment of SDHI fungicides.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space-Time Analysis of Burgeoning US Atrial Septal Defect Rates Driven by Cannabis.","authors":"Albert Stuart Reece, Gary Kenneth Hulse","doi":"10.3390/jox16020068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atrial septal defect (ASD) has become increasingly common in the USA and now affects 1 in 11.3 children in some places, but space-time analysis has not been applied to this emerging trend. ASD rate (ASDR) data were obtained from the National Birth Defects Prevention Network 2003-2020. Substance (cigarettes, alcohol, cannabis, analgesics, cocaine) use data were obtained from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Income data were obtained from the US Census. Analysis was limited to the Non-Hispanic White population by technical factors. Time-sequential univariate and bivariate maps were prepared for both covariates and outcomes and their combinations. Spatial regression of the ASDR was performed using the R package splm. A total of 7.6% of data was interpolated by linear regression. A total of 110,107 ASD cases were identified amongst 17,751,437 live births in 27 US states across 10 reporting periods. Time series maps showed that ASDR showed concordant patterns with indices of cannabis use rather than other substances. This was confirmed by multivariate spatial regression where cannabis and cannabinoids alone were found to significantly relate to ASDR, with <i>p</i> = 0.00002 for cannabidiol. Cannabis legal status similarly tracked with ASDR. Compared to states where cannabis was not legal, ASDR was more prevalent in cannabis-legal states (OR = 2.73 (2.66, 2.80); E-Value 4.90 (lower C.I. 4.76)). Twenty-seven of 34 (79.4%) E-values were >9 (high range) and 34/34 were > 1.25 (causal threshold). Data show that cannabis, including cannabis legalization, is driving the US ASD epidemic. While most high-ASDR states have high rates of cannabis use, Midwestern states where cannabis is farmed, such as Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri, do not, suggesting other routes of exposure, potentially implicating environmental contamination. ASD is a bellwether marker for cannabinoid teratogenicity, indicating that communities should carefully control cannabinoid exposure and limit transgenerational cannabinoid genotoxicity more generally.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecticides Promote Inflammation and Gut Barrier Alteration in In-Vitro Human Models.","authors":"Carlos Sanchez-Martin, Mariagrazia D'Agostino, Stefano Miglietta, Veronica Cocetta, Luna Laera, Isabella Giacomini, Martina Lanza, Marica Mennini, Maria Maddalena Storelli, Ettore Cicinelli, Monica Montopoli, Alessandra Castegna","doi":"10.3390/jox16020066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The extensive use of insecticides in modern agriculture has raised concerns about potential chronic effects on human health beyond acute toxicity. Limited evidence exists regarding their impact on immune regulation and intestinal barrier integrity, two key components of host-environment interactions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Human in-vitro models were used to investigate the immunomodulatory and intestinal effects of several commonly used agricultural insecticides. Primary human macrophages derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to insecticides to assess cell viability and polarization status. Intestinal barrier function was evaluated using Caco-2 cell monolayers by measuring oxidative stress, epithelial integrity, paracellular permeability, and tight junction organization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The tested insecticides induced a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, characterized by increased expression of M1 markers and reduced M2 markers, without affecting cell viability. In Caco-2 cells, insecticide exposure compromised epithelial barrier integrity and disrupted tight junction organization. In this context, neither Spinetoram nor Spirotetramat induced notable oxidative stress under pro-oxidant conditions. However, Spirotetramat caused a significant increase in paracellular permeability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that commonly used insecticides can modulate immune responses and impair intestinal barrier function, suggesting potential mechanisms by which chronic low-level exposure may contribute to immune dysregulation and epithelial dysfunction in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) Disrupts Mitochondrial Activity and Cell Adhesion in Liver Cells.","authors":"Phuong D Tran, Kyoungtae Kim","doi":"10.3390/jox16020065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent environmental pollutant associated with potential hepatoxic effects and other health risks. Despite its widespread distribution, the mechanisms underlying its toxicities remain to be fully understood. To investigate PFOS toxicology, our study utilized HepG2 and THLE-2 human hepatic cell models to replicate conditions reflecting PFOS accumulation in the liver. Cell viability, cell stress, and cell death assays were conducted to assess the toxicological influence of the chemical on both cell lines. Total RNA extraction was performed, followed by cDNA sequencing, and rt-qPCR. The XTT viability assay revealed a dose-dependent decrease in the number of viable cells when incubated with increasing concentrations of PFOS. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were approximately 100 micromolar, which led to morphological changes, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induced early apoptosis in liver cells after 6 h. Based on the transcriptomic analysis for HepG2 cells, mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation were downregulated, including COX, ND, and the ATP synthase family. Additionally, significant alterations of transcripts implicated in cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were observed. In conclusion, PFOS inhibited cell growth, induced oxidative stress, and elevated apoptotic levels via transcriptomic alteration, including gene transcripts required for mitochondrial activity and cell adhesion.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Quantification of 50 Pesticide Biomarkers Across Nine Current-Use Chemical Classes in Human Urine.","authors":"Ravikumar Jagani, Jasmin Chovatiya, Hiraj Patel, Sandipkumar Teraiya, Divya Pulivarthi, Syam S Andra","doi":"10.3390/jox16020067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A comprehensive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of 50 pesticide biomarkers across nine current-use chemical classes in human urine. These classes include organophosphorus insecticides (which encompass dialkyl phosphates and specific metabolites), pyrethroid insecticides, fungicides, neonicotinoid insecticides, herbicides, insect repellents, organochlorine pesticide metabolites, and plant growth regulators. The method employs solid-phase extraction (SPE) for sample preparation, requiring only 0.2 mL of urine. Chromatographic separation was optimized using a Hypersil Gold AQ column, achieving a total run time of 18 min. Mass spectrometric detection utilized polarity switching in electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring. Method validation demonstrated satisfactory linearity (R² > 0.99), high sensitivity with limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 0.88 ng/mL, and extraction efficiencies between 85% and 113%. Precision and accuracy were within acceptable ranges, with relative standard deviations generally below 15%. The method's robustness was confirmed through participation in external quality assessment schemes. Application to real samples revealed significant inter-individual variability in pesticide biomarker concentrations, with total measured biomarker levels ranging from 89 to 1242 ng/mL across the 10 individuals analyzed. This method offers comprehensive coverage of current-use pesticide chemical classes, including 30 biomarkers from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) biomonitoring program, and demonstrates improved sensitivity and broader analyte coverage compared to existing methods. The developed assay provides a valuable tool for large-scale biomonitoring studies and environmental health research.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Targeted and Targeted Screening of Organic Contaminants in Honeybees' Death Incidents in Greece: A Story Beyond Pesticides.","authors":"Eirini Baira, Evangelia N Tzanetou, Electra Manea-Karga, Kyriaki Machera, Konstantinos M Kasiotis","doi":"10.3390/jox16020064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the undisputable ecosystem importance of honeybees, human activities have a substantial impact on their health. Since foraging is directly linked to a wide range of crops and bee-attracting flowers, plant protection products are at the forefront of chemical scrutiny, along with contamination of pollen, nectar, beehive components and water by other xenobiotics. In this study, a non-targeted Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) screening was applied to 25 honeybee samples collected after reported death incidents in Greece. This approach led to the tentative annotation of over 50 compounds across various chemical classes, including pesticides, PFAS candidates not included in the EFSA \"PFAS-4\", pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, industrial chemicals, and natural product constituents. In parallel, targeted pesticide residue analysis using liquid and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS) was performed, covering more than 250 active substances and providing direct quantitative results, revealing 11 active substances in concentrations ranging from <limit of quantification (LOQ) to 0.95 mg/kg, overlapping substantially with the HRMS detection. Overall, this study does not allow concrete causal attribution of mortality to specific chemicals; however, it documents complex co-occurrence patterns (pesticides together with other xenobiotics and plant bioactives), not excluding sublethal and mixture-toxicity effects. Quantified pesticide concentrations were below acute LD50-based thresholds, yet selected samples combined neonicotinoid/pyrethroid/fungicide signatures and other contaminants, supporting the need for mixture-toxicity frameworks and effect-based follow-ups.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmark Approach to Unravel Fluoride Toxicity: Liver and Kidney Disruptions in Subacutely Exposed Rats.","authors":"Jelena Radovanović, Sanja Milutinović-Smiljanić, Biljana Antonijević, Katarina Baralić, Marijana Ćurčić, Đurđica Marić, Zoran Mandinić","doi":"10.3390/jox16020063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dose-response relationship for fluoride (F^-) exposure remains largely unexplored. Hence, the current study assessed the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of subacute exposure (28 days) to increasing F^- concentrations in Wistar rats via the benchmark dose (BMD5) method. Thirty male rats were assigned to six groups (n = 5): a control group (tap water) along with five groups that received F^- via drinking water at increasing concentrations (10, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L). F^- toxicity was determined via water intake, weight gain, histological analyses, redox status, and essential element levels. PROASTweb 70.1 software was utilized to investigate the external and internal F^- dose-response relationships. Specified major cytoarchitecture damage and superoxide anion (O₂·^-), total oxidative status (TOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total thiol groups (SH), and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) level alterations were detected in both sets of tissues. Moreover, F^- caused an imbalance in copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). The most sensitive parameters were O₂·^- (0.06 mg F^-/kg) in the liver and AOPP (6.5 × 10^-6 mg F^-/L) in the kidneys. These findings contribute to the limited risk assessment of fluorides and highlight the dose-dependent relationship between redox status parameters and bioelements in the liver and kidneys.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glyphosate Bioremediation Facilitated by <i>Serratia ureilytica</i>-Derived Biosurfactants Using Amazonian Biodiversity: Genomic Insights and Adsorption Dynamics.","authors":"Kleyson Willames da Silva, Emilly Cruz da Silva, Giulian César da Silva Sá, Joane de Almeida Alves, Darlisson de Alexandria Santos, Alexandre Orsato, Karoline Leite, Dante Santos da Silva, Adriano Richard Santos da Silva, Zanderluce Gomes Luis, Flavia Karoliny Araujo Dos Santos, José Augusto Pires Bitencourt, Cristina Maria Quintella, Pamela Dias Rodrigues, Doumit Camilios-Neto, Paul R Race, James E M Stach, Sidnei Cerqueira Dos Santos","doi":"10.3390/jox16020062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pervasive environmental dispersal of glyphosate has established this herbicide as a dominant anthropogenic xenobiotic, necessitating advanced bioremediation strategies to restore soil integrity. This study assessed the bioremediation efficacy of biosurfactants produced by <i>Serratia ureilytica</i> BM01-BS in glyphosate-contaminated soils, establishing their adsorption dynamics and ecotoxicological safety. The strain <i>S. ureilytica</i> BM01-BS gave a biosurfactant yield of 3.7 g·L^-1 with promising surface properties, utilizing babassu (<i>Attalea speciosa</i>) waste as the sole nutrient source. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Biosynthetic Gene Cluster mining identified a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase cluster homologous to rhizomide-type lipopeptides responsible for biosurfactant production. Bioremediation assays in glyphosate-contaminated soils demonstrated a removal efficiency exceeding 95% in approximately 60 min, outperforming the synthetic surfactant SDS (20-30% efficiency). Kinetic and isothermal modeling suggest that the bioremediation process is governed by chemisorption, adhering to a pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.998) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 845 µg·kg^-1. Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the biosurfactant effectively removes glyphosate and restores the soil's mineral integrity, as evidenced by the complete disappearance of glyphosate-associated phosphonic and carboxylic bands. Ecotoxicological assessments verified the environmental safety of the bioremediation process. These findings position the BM01-BS biosurfactant as a sustainable, biodiversity-based adjuvant for enhancing ecological resilience in glyphosate-impacted landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Environmental Glyphosate in Northeastern Romania and Its Cytotoxic Impact on Human Fibroblasts.","authors":"Ioana-Cezara Caba, Raluca Stefănescu, Alexandra-Andreea Botnaru, Ionela Daniela Morariu, Liliana Vereștiuc, Florina-Daniela Cojocaru, Bogdan Caba, Oana Cioancă, Alexandra Jităreanu, Luminița Agoroaei","doi":"10.3390/jox16020061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glyphosate is the most widely used pesticide globally, raising concerns about its environmental persistence and biological impacts. Therefore, monitoring pesticide use is essential for assessing agricultural practices and the risks to human health associated with chemical use. This research examined glyphosate contamination in water (40 samples) and soil (28 samples) from northeastern Romania, an important agricultural region. Glyphosate concentrations in environmental water and soil samples were quantified using a spectrophotometric method based on ninhydrin derivatization, with good linearity over the concentration range 1-30 µg/mL (R² = 0.9981). Glyphosate was detected at concentrations above the LOQ in one water sample. Also, the study proposes a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the confirmation of glyphosate presence in the analyzed sample. Additionally, this study contributes to the characterization of the toxicity profiles of glyphosate and a commercial glyphosate-based formulation (Roundup^®) in primary human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cell lines. The commercial product Roundup, containing glyphosate, exhibited cytotoxicity similar to that of the active compound at low and intermediate doses; a significant cytotoxic effect was observed at a maximum concentration of 1 mM, with prolonged exposure. These findings demonstrate minimal cytotoxicity under the examined conditions and underscore the need for dose- and time-dependent assessments to evaluate the biological impact of herbicide formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}