Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"Nominal Concentration-Based Assessment of Structure-Dependent PFAS Responses in the Freshwater Diatom <i>Cyclotella meneghiniana</i> Using Dual Physiological Endpoints.","authors":"Hojun Lee, Taejun Han, Jihae Park","doi":"10.3390/jox16040155","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent, structurally diverse contaminants whose ecological hazard assessment remains challenging, particularly for primary producers. Conventional growth-based algal bioassays often overlook sublethal responses associated with chronic exposure. Here, we developed a 7-day multigenerational bioassay using the freshwater diatom <i>Cyclotella meneghiniana</i> that integrates chlorophyll fluorescence (photosynthetic biomass) and lipid accumulation (oxidative stress and carbon reallocation) as complementary endpoints. Ten PFAS spanning carbon chain lengths from C4 to C11 and representing both perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates were evaluated under identical nominal exposure conditions. Distinct structure-dependent toxicity patterns emerged. Long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids elicited the strongest responses, whereas short-chain compounds produced no measurable effects. Among the sulfonates, PFHxS reduced chlorophyll fluorescence with limited effects on lipid accumulation, whereas PFOS produced no measurable response. Exploratory species sensitivity distribution analyses indicated compound-specific differences, although predicted no-effect concentrations should be interpreted cautiously because they combine literature-derived growth endpoints with endpoint-specific values generated in this study. This dual-endpoint diatom bioassay provides a proof-of-concept platform for structure-informed PFAS hazard ranking rather than regulatory toxicity assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514860/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher's Note: Update of Journal Title Abbreviation.","authors":"Journal Of Xenobiotics Editorial Office","doi":"10.3390/jox16040154","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Starting with Issue 5 Volume 16, the <i>Journal of Xenobiotics</i> will adopt the abbreviation <i>J. X</i><i>enobiotics,</i> in accordance with ISO 4 standards for the abbreviation of journal titles [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food-Source Patterns and Serum Trace-Metal Biomarkers in the SPES Population Biomonitoring Study, Campania, Italy.","authors":"Annachiara Coppola, Paolo Montuori, Maria Triassi, Alessandro Federico, Marcello Dallio, Fabiana Di Duca, Elvira De Rosa, Carlo Buonerba, Pellegrino Cerino","doi":"10.3390/jox16040153","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>SPES links municipal-cluster biomonitoring with questionnaire data in Campania. We evaluated associations between food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ)-derived food-source patterns, water intake, and serum trace-element biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional analysis included 4137 diet responders. Fifteen food-density groups and water were modelled with covariate adjustment and municipal-cluster random intercepts. Below-LOQ values underwent censoring-aware multiple imputation; false discovery rate (FDR) control was applied within prespecified families. Primary endpoints were Hg-202, As-75, Cd-111, Pb-208, and Ni-60.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five of 65 primary tests met the FDR threshold. Per interquartile-range (IQR) increase, seafood total density was associated with higher As-75 (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 1.238, 95% CI 1.147-1.335) and Hg-202 (GMR 1.145, 1.084-1.210). Sentinel models showed positive associations of fish and crustaceans/molluscs with As-75 and of fish with Hg-202. Quartile, spline, measured-only, energy-intake, and alcohol-adjusted analyses supported these findings. No association met the FDR threshold for Cd-111, Pb-208, or Ni-60.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Seafood intake was associated with total serum Hg-202 and As-75. Because As-75 was non-speciated and may partly reflect recent seafood-derived organic arsenic, its toxicological significance was uncertain. The design did not establish speciation, source, causality, or individual clinical risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Exposure Characteristics and Self-Reported Symptom Burden in a Romanian Region with Heterogeneous Arsenic-Related Drinking-Water Risk.","authors":"Dana Claudia Filipoiu, Daniela Gitea, Manuela Bianca Pasca, Gabriela S Bungau, Ada Radu, Raul Ștefan-Pantiș, Alin Mogoș, Bogdan Uivaraseanu, Delia Mirela Tit","doi":"10.3390/jox16040152","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental contamination by potentially toxic elements remains a public health concern in groundwater-dependent regions. This exploratory community-based cross-sectional study examined associations among a historical area-level arsenic screening classification, questionnaire-derived potential-exposure indicators, and self-reported symptom count in 275 adults from 37 standardized locality clusters in Satu Mare County, Romania. The arsenic Health Risk Index (HRI) screening classification was derived entirely from drinking-water measurements collected in a preceding regional study during 2022-2024; no water samples or exposure biomarkers were obtained in the present survey. The questionnaire-derived potential exposure index was calculated as the unweighted sum of seven binary indicators covering residential, drinking-water, occupational, dental, and dietary characteristics (theoretical range, 0-7; observed range, 0-6) and was analyzed continuously. Symptom count (theoretical range, 0-8) was analyzed primarily using negative binomial regression with locality-clustered standard errors and adjustment for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, HRI classification, and self-reported comorbidity. Each one-point increase in the potential exposure index was associated with a modestly higher expected symptom count (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 1.106, 95% CI: 1.031-1.186; <i>p</i> = 0.005), whereas the area-level HRI classification was not statistically associated with symptom count (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 1.135, 95% CI: 0.829-1.554; <i>p</i> = 0.431). The association remained positive across alternative index specifications, although the drinking-water-focused estimate was smaller and less precise. These findings represent exploratory associations between reported potential-exposure characteristics and nonspecific self-reported symptoms; they do not establish individual arsenic exposure, contaminant-specific effects, or causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Status Quo: Particulate Matter Standards in Oral Dosage Forms.","authors":"Gourav Pandey, Hitesh Chavda","doi":"10.3390/jox16040151","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Particulate contamination in oral dosage forms poses significant challenges to product integrity and patient trust, yet these formulations lack the well-defined regulatory limits established for injectables. This review comprehensively analyses existing literature, regulatory guidelines, and analytical techniques to identify primary contamination sources, assess regulatory gaps, and propose science-based mitigation strategies. Key contamination vectors include raw materials, manufacturing equipment, facilities, packaging, personnel activities, utilities, processing aids, cleaning residues, and process design deficiencies. While solid oral dosage forms can encapsulate particulates, liquid formulations present a heightened ingestion risk. To combat these vulnerabilities, advanced analytical techniques-such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence-are evaluated alongside emerging artificial intelligence-driven detection and real-time monitoring systems. Because current regulations inadequately address particulate matter in oral dosage forms, this paper introduces a structured decision pathway model to enhance contamination management. Ultimately, regulatory harmonization is essential for patient safety, and future research must focus on refining detection methodologies, risk-based strategies and establishing scientifically justified particulate thresholds.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Safety Evaluation of Potential Human Exposure to Toxic Metals in Tuna Species.","authors":"József Lehel, Mihály Németh, Péter Palotás, Balázs Berlinger","doi":"10.3390/jox16040150","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fish has secured its spot as an important source of human nutrition with its extraordinarily rich nutritional contents; however, it also has the ability to bioaccumulate different potentially toxic elements. They can then end up in the human diet, inducing a wide range of negative effects on consumers' health. The aim of this study was to measure and evaluate arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) concentrations in Yellowfin tuna (<i>Thunnus albacares</i>) and Bluefin tuna (<i>Thunnus thynnus</i>) acquired at a Hungarian fishery market. The metal concentrations in the flesh of the investigated fish were measured by the ICP-MS method. The average concentrations of metals were As: 2.23, Cd: 0.01, Hg: 0.22, and Pb: 0.29 mg/kg in Yellowfin tuna, and those in Bluefin tuna were As: 1.26, Cd: <0.004, Hg: 0.47, and Pb: 0.28 mg/kg. Pb was found to be over the limit set by the European Commission of 0.3 mg/kg in 17.5% of samples of both Yellowfin and Bluefin tuna. Based on the calculated EDI values, As and Cd content was acceptable, but Hg and Pb were non-compliant. THQ was >1 for Hg in Bluefin tuna and for Pb in both tuna species. HI was >1 for the mixture of metals for adults and children in both tunas. These results indicate potential health risks for consumers over long-term consumption of these fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro- and Nanoplastic Pollution and Renal Health: Human Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.","authors":"Aris Tsalouchos, Pietro Claudio Dattolo","doi":"10.3390/jox16040149","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are reported in blood, urine, and tissues, including the kidney, raising concern that the urinary system may be both a target and a route of elimination. This narrative review integrates analytical, toxicokinetic, experimental, epidemiological, and dialysis-related evidence on MNPs and renal health. Human studies report polymer-confirmed particles or polymer-associated signals in blood, urine, and kidney-related specimens, supporting systemic presence and compatibility with renal exposure; however, estimates are strongly method-dependent and do not establish anatomical localization, tissue dose, clearance, or a disease threshold. Cell, kidney-organoid, and animal studies consistently identify oxidative and mitochondrial stress, endoplasmic-reticulum dysfunction, inflammation, altered autophagy, regulated cell death, senescence, and fibrotic remodelling. Effects vary with polymer, size, shape, surface ageing, route, dose, and chemical co-exposures, and many experiments remain difficult to map to typical human exposure. Direct human outcome evidence is limited to cross-sectional or exploratory studies; plasticizer epidemiology is informative for chemical co-exposure but cannot establish particle-specific toxicity. Patients with chronic kidney disease may be more susceptible, while kidney dysfunction may also alter measured blood or urinary concentrations. Dialysis introduces an additional, incompletely quantified exposure system. MNP-related renal injury is biologically plausible, but causal contribution to human kidney disease and clinical actionability remain unproven. Standardized methods, paired-matrix kinetics, prospective cohorts, and complete dialysis mass-balance studies are priorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514148/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histochemical and Semi-Quantitative Evidence of Dimoxystrobin-Induced Liver Extracellular Matrix Remodelling in Adult Zebrafish.","authors":"Ilaria Olivito, Valentina Basile, Antonio Paolo Maria Graziani, Naouel Gharbi, Rachele Macirella","doi":"10.3390/jox16040148","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Strobilurin fungicides are among the most widely used agrochemicals worldwide. Dimoxystrobin has been shown to induce hepatic injury in adult zebrafish; however, whether this damage also involves early extracellular matrix remodelling and hepatobiliary remodelling remains unknown. Here, we investigated early remodelling of the extracellular matrix, focusing on initial collagen deposition and glycosaminoglycan redistribution after a short-term exposure (96 h) to two environmentally relevant concentrations of dimoxystrobin (6.56 and 13.13 µg/L) on the liver of <i>Danio rerio</i> using an integrated histological, histochemical, and semi-quantitative approach. The results showed a progressive dose-dependent alteration of hepatic architecture, accompanied by a significant increase in bile pigment-like deposits and collagen deposition. Exposure also induced a significant increase in the deposition of acidic glycosaminoglycans and a severe depletion of glycogen-dependent Periodic Acid-Schiff positivity components, accompanied by an increase in amylase-resistant Periodic Acid-Schiff reactive components. Overall, these findings indicate that dimoxystrobin-induced hepatotoxicity extends beyond parenchymal degeneration to encompass coordinated stromal and hepatobiliary remodelling. The present study also indicates that the periductal microenvironment may represent a sensitive target of dimoxystrobin toxicity and supports the use of histochemical and semi-quantitative analyses as sensitive tools for detecting sublethal pesticide-induced early extracellular matrix remodelling in fish liver.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elemental Composition of <i>Adansonia digitata</i> L. Bark from Two Sudanese Regions: Effects of Sample Preparation and Preliminary Safety Screening.","authors":"Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed, Abdaljbbar B A Dawod, Eltayeb Omaima Awad Mustafa, Ismail H Abdi, Elshafia Ali Hamid Mohammed, Béla Kovács","doi":"10.3390/jox16040147","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growing interest in underutilized plant resources has increased the need for comprehensive characterization of their elemental composition. This study investigated the elemental composition of <i>Adansonia digitata</i> L. bark collected from two ecologically distinct regions of Sudan and compared elemental distributions among three bark sample forms: whole, cryogenically ground bark (Bark-N), mechanically separated powder (Bark-P), and fibre fraction (Bark-F). Following HNO₃-H₂O₂ wet digestion, elemental concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Generalized linear mixed-effects models revealed significant differences in regional and bark sample forms for several essential macroelements, essential trace elements, and other naturally occurring elements. Samples from the Blue Nile region contained higher concentrations of K, P, Fe, Cu, Co, and Mo, whereas bark from North Kordofan showed higher Mg, Na, Mn, Zn, Ba, and Sr concentrations. Distinct elemental profiles were also observed among the three bark sample forms. Selected potentially toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Cr, and As) were detected at low concentrations, providing baseline data for preliminary elemental safety screening. In general, this study provides one of the first comprehensive elemental characterizations of Sudanese baobab bark and establishes a reference dataset for future compositional, pharmaceutical, and industrial research.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative In Vitro Response of HaCaT and A375 Melanoma Cells to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Puerarin.","authors":"Sergio Liga, Raluca Vodă, Lavinia Lupa, Raluca Pop, Diana Haj Ali, Iasmina-Alexandra Predescu, Cristina Adriana Dehelean, Francisc Péter","doi":"10.3390/jox16040146","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16040146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zinc oxide nanobiocomposites were successfully synthesized using a green synthesis approach based on the isoflavone Puerarin, resulting in the formation of PUE-ZnO NPs. Building on their previous physicochemical and in ovo characterization, the present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the biological response induced by PUE-ZnO NPs in non-tumorigenic HaCaT keratinocytes and A375 melanoma cells. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, and the cellular response was further investigated through bright-field morphological evaluation, Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining, MitoTracker mitochondrial staining, and clonogenic assay. PUE-ZnO NPs showed a favorable cytocompatibility profile in HaCaT cells, with viability remaining above 80% at the highest tested concentration and only moderate impairment of clonogenic capacity at higher concentrations. In contrast, A375 melanoma cells exhibited a stronger response, characterized by reduced viability, marked morphological alterations, nuclear changes, mitochondrial staining disruption, and a pronounced decrease in colony-forming ability. PUE-ZnO NPs may represent a promising phytochemical-assisted ZnO-based nanosystem for further investigation in melanoma-related models.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13514754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148833155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}