Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"<i>Posidonia oceanica</i> Extract Inhibits VEGF-Induced Angiogenic and Oxidative Responses in Human Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells.","authors":"Francesca Margheri, Cecilia Anceschi, Elena Frediani, Alessandra Marzoppi, Marzia Vasarri, Donatella Degl'Innocenti, Emanuela Barletta, Anna Laurenzana, Anastasia Chillà","doi":"10.3390/jox15050153","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is essential for physiological processes such as development and wound healing, but its dysregulation contributes to a range of pathological conditions including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and chronic inflammation. In recent years, marine-derived compounds have emerged as promising multitarget agents with anti-angiogenic potential. <i>Posidonia oceanica</i>, a Mediterranean seagrass traditionally used in folk medicine, is increasingly recognized for its pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-invasive activities. This study investigated the effects of a hydroethanolic extract from <i>P. oceanica</i> leaves (POE) on human Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells (ECFCs), a subpopulation of endothelial progenitor cells with high proliferative and vessel-forming capacity, and a relevant model for studying pathological angiogenesis. ECFCs were treated with POE (4-8 µg/mL), and cell viability, morphology, migration, invasion, tube formation, oxidative stress, and activation markers were evaluated. POE did not alter ECFC morphology or viability, as confirmed by Trypan Blue and MTT assays. However, functional assays revealed that POE significantly impaired ECFC migration, invasion, and in vitro angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Under VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor) stimulation, POE reduced intracellular ROS accumulation and downregulated key redox-regulating genes (<i>hTRX1</i>, <i>hTRX2</i>, <i>PRDX2</i>, <i>AKR1C1</i>, <i>AKR1B10</i>). Western blot analysis showed that POE inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of KDR, mTOR and p-ERK, while p-AKT remained elevated, indicating selective disruption of VEGF downstream signaling. Furthermore, POE reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant markers (<i>VCAM-1</i>, <i>ICAM-1</i>, <i>TF</i>) and partially reversed TNF-α-induced endothelial activation. These findings suggest that POE exerts anti-angiogenic effects through a multitargeted mechanism, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for diseases characterized by aberrant angiogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different Interventions Aimed at Reducing Dermal and Internal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure Among Firefighters.","authors":"Anne Thoustrup Saber, Marie Frederiksen, Simon Pelle Jensen, Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen, Per Axel Clausen, Anja Julie Huusom, Tanja Carøe, Niels Ebbehøj, Maria Helena Guerra Andersen, Ulla Vogel","doi":"10.3390/jox15050150","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Firefighters are inherently exposed to soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at work. In this repeated measures study, we assessed if three different interventions reduced PAH exposure. For each sub-study, the firefighters participated in two sampling periods and thereby served as their own controls. The first period served as baseline, while the second period was the intervention period where the participants received education on health effects of soot, information on own PAH exposure, and participated in one of three interventions: (1) sauna after fire calls, (2) use of fire suits with improved barrier, and (3) showering after every fire call. We recruited 26 firefighters from three different fire stations. Dermal wipes were assessed for 16 PAHs and spot urine for eight hydroxylated metabolites. Pre-shift PAH burden was significantly reduced compared to our previous biomonitoring study. Post-shift levels of two PAH metabolites (1-hydroxypyrene and 1-hydroxyfluorene) were increased for firefighters after a work shift without fire calls compared to pre-shift. The sauna intervention significantly reduced the levels of all the measured urinary PAH metabolites while the dermal PAH exposure remained unaffected. The fire suit intervention yielded more inconsistent results. While standard shower reduced dermal PAH levels, no additional effects were observed for the shower intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Stratified Spatial Radiological Risk Assessment of ²²⁶Ra ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in Water Surrounding the Geita Gold Mine in Tanzania.","authors":"Jerome M Mwimanzi, Nils H Haneklaus, Farida Lolila, Janeth J Marwa, Mwemezi J Rwiza, Kelvin M Mtei","doi":"10.3390/jox15050152","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-term ingestion of water contaminated with naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) may pose health risks. Water around the Geita Gold Mine in Tanzania was assessed by high-purity germanium gamma spectrometry to quantify the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, and computed age-stratified ingestion doses and risk indices were determined. The average activity concentrations were 57 mBq L^-1 for ²²⁶Ra and 5026 mBq L^-1 for ⁴⁰K, while the activity concentrations of ²³²Th were below the detection limit in all samples. The estimated adult fatal cancer risk ranged from 0.9 × 10^-6 to 3.1 × 10^-6 (mean 2.0 × 10^-6). The excess lifetime hereditary effect ranged from 2.0 × 10^-6 to 7.3 × 10^-6 for males (average 4.5 × 10^-6 ± 1.5 × 10^-6) and 2.1 × 10^-6 to 7.7 × 10^-6 for females (average 4.8 × 10^-6 ± 1.6 × 10^-6). One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlations indicated significant spatial variation in activities and indices across sites and age groups. Under current conditions, waters appear to be radiologically safe. However, mine-adjacent hotspots warrant targeted surveillance. The obtained results provide a baseline for sound monitoring approaches at the Geita Gold Mine and other mines showing similar activity profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Analytical Approaches for Food Pesticide Residue Detection: Towards One Health-Oriented Risk Monitoring.","authors":"Alexandra Andreea Botnaru, Ancuta Lupu, Paula Cristina Morariu, Alin Horatiu Nedelcu, Branco Adrian Morariu, Maria Luisa Di Gioia, Vasile Valeriu Lupu, Oana Maria Dragostin, Ioana-Cezara Caba, Emil Anton, Madalina Vieriu, Ionela Daniela Morariu","doi":"10.3390/jox15050151","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing use of pesticides in agricultural products raises concerns over food safety. Furthermore, uncontrolled pesticide usage on food products can lead to residual levels that exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and are potentially harmful to human health. Long-term consumption of food contaminated with pesticides can contribute to the buildup of toxic substances in the body, which has negative health effects. Advanced analytical techniques are essential to ensure the accurate and effective monitoring of pesticide residues. To ensure adherence to legal requirements, it is essential to employ rapid and accurate methods for detecting these contaminants. This review outlines current advancements (2020-2025) in the assessment of pesticide residues in diverse food matrices, including sample preparation procedures and detection methods. This review provides a standardized comparative analysis of analytical methods for detecting pesticide residues, emphasizing their advantages and limitations, sensitivity, costs, and applicability to complex food matrices, while evaluating its findings through the One Health approach, linking residue evaluation to cumulative exposure and regulatory standards. This study provides practical guidelines for laboratories and regulators while delineating research requirements for more environmentally friendly, rapid, and sensitive residue analysis in accordance with One Health-oriented risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multisampling Strategies for Determining Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) in the Marine Environment.","authors":"Enrique J Díaz-Montaña, Sofía Domínguez-Gil","doi":"10.3390/jox15050149","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The determination of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the marine environment is performed through many different sampling approaches. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to compare different existing sampling strategies: biofilm mesocosms, considering micro- and macrofouling; passive sampling; and grab marine water. The sampling of grab water was performed considering spatial and time-line variations. The spatial analysis of CECs showed that three sun agents and caffeine represent the biggest proportion of CECs in the Malaga Mediterranean coastal area, ranging from 0.391 to 0.495 ng/L. The time-line analysis did not show any upward or downward trend in CEC concentration. The mesocosm study comprised a separate evaluation of micro- and macrofouling that showed similar profiles, in which the sun agents presented the highest concentrations. While certain compounds were detected at comparable levels in both fouling types, such as clotrimazole around 0.001 ng/L, others exhibited significant differences in concentration, like caffeine. The passive sampling was also performed, obtaining similar results to those observed in the biofilm mesocosm macrofouling. Finally, all the obtained results from the different samplings were statistically compared, showing that passive sampling presented greater similarities with macrofouling and that there are significant differences between the sampling approach employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Estrogens as Emerging Contaminants in Water: A Global Overview Study from the One Health Perspective.","authors":"Rhitor Lorca da Silva, Marco Antonio Lima E Silva, Tiago Porfírio Teixeira, Thaís Soares Farnesi de Assunção, Paula Pinheiro Teixeira, Wagner Antonio Tamagno, Thiago Lopes Rocha, Julio Cesar de Souza Inácio Gonçalves, Matheus Marcon","doi":"10.3390/jox15050148","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread presence of estrogens in aquatic environments represents a One Health concern, as it simultaneously threatens environmental integrity, wildlife health, and human well-being. These compounds, widely used in human and veterinary medicine, are excreted in partially or unmetabolized forms and persist in the environment due to the inefficiency of conventional water treatment systems in removing them. This systematic review provides a global overview of the occurrence of estrogens in water resources. We synthesized data on study characteristics, estrogen compounds detected, their concentrations, types of water bodies, and geographic locations. In total, 39 estrogens, including natural, synthetic, and metabolite forms, were reported at concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 10,380,000.0 ng/L across 40 water body types in 59 countries on all continents. The most frequently detected compounds were estrone, estradiol, and ethinylestradiol. Estrogens were predominantly identified in wastewater treatment plant effluents, rivers, lakes, surface waters, and even drinking water sources. These findings underscore the estrogen contamination and its potential to disrupt endocrine functions across species, posing serious implications for ecosystems. Within the One Health framework, this review highlights the urgent need for integrated strategies to improve water quality monitoring, develop advanced treatment technologies, and update regulatory standards to address the multifaceted risks posed by estrogenic contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles on Plant Growth and Cytogenotoxicity Using <i>Triticum</i> and <i>Allium</i> Bioassays.","authors":"Simona Elena Pisculungeanu, Liliana Cristina Soare, Oana Alexandra Luțu, Alina Păunescu, Georgiana Cîrstea, Aurelian Denis Negrea, Codruța Mihaela Dobrescu, Nicoleta Anca Ionescu Șuțan","doi":"10.3390/jox15050147","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The production and extensive use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields necessitate thorough testing, not only in terms of their potential applications but also regarding the effects they induce on various organisms. In addition, nanoparticles generated from various anthropogenic activities, which reach or are formed in the atmosphere, have a significant impact on the health of humans and other living organisms. Recent research indicates that the effects produced by these nanoparticles are dependent on their size and applied dose. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the physiological, biochemical and cytogenotoxic effects induced by different doses of AgNPs compared to positive and negative controls in <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. and <i>Allium cepa</i> L. A significant stimulatory effect of the treatment performed with the solution of AgNPs with a size of 20 nm, at the lowest concentration (0.02 µg mL^-1), in the two tested species, was obtained. The growth and weight of the seedling were significantly increased, and the mitotic index was also elevated. Additionally, this treatment variant showed the lowest percentage of chromosomal aberrations. No significant differences were observed in cell viability, total polyphenol content, proline levels, or assimilatory pigment concentrations compared to the control. Our findings show that AgNPs may exert stimulatory effects, whether significant or not, on certain physiological and biochemical parameters. However, they also interfere with cell cycle regulation and genomic stability, raising concerns regarding their environmental and biological safety. The <i>Allium</i> test proved to be an effective method for detecting nanoparticle-induced genotoxicity and can be recommended as a preliminary screening assay in nanoparticle safety evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity in Living Organisms.","authors":"Anastasiia Generalova, Slavena Davidova, Galina Satchanska","doi":"10.3390/jox15050146","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead (Pb) is a non-essential, toxic heavy metal with no known biological function that has caused widespread environmental contamination throughout human history. Pb toxicity represents one of the most persistent environmental health challenges, with no safe exposure threshold identified. The metal demonstrates remarkable persistence in biological systems, with approximately 90% of it stored in bone tissue for decades, mimicking calcium due to its similar ionic properties. Contemporary contamination primarily stems from mining activities, battery manufacturing, electronic waste recycling, and deteriorating infrastructure. Pb enters organisms through multiple pathways and causes severe health impacts across all biological systems, with particularly devastating neurodevelopmental and bone effects in children and cardiovascular and reproductive consequences in adults. On a molecular level, Pb disrupts cellular processes through ion mimicry, replacing essential metals in enzymes and proteins and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and epigenetic modifications. This review examines the sources of Pb pollution and its toxicological impacts on bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and humans. It explores the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, including neuroinflammation, genotoxicity, and cell death pathways. The paper considers current approaches for Pb removal from contaminated environments and therapeutic interventions for Pb poisoning.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Azithromycin on the Functioning of the Food Web in Freshwater Plankton.","authors":"Anita Galir, Dubravka Špoljarić Maronić, Filip Stević, Tanja Žuna Pfeiffer, Fran Prašnikar, Nikolina Bek, Eva Penava, Petra Križevac","doi":"10.3390/jox15050145","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High doses of the antibiotic azithromycin in freshwater environments can impact planktonic organisms at both the individual and community levels, influencing interactions at the base of the food web. This study investigated the effects of azithromycin on the natural rotifer community feeding on phytoplankton from a eutrophic water body and its potential impacts on rotifer fitness (impaired mastax movement: slow, irregular or reduced frequency), grazing and mortality following acute exposure. The natural plankton community was exposed to three azithromycin concentrations based on the EC₅₀ value (EC₅₀, 1/2 EC₅₀ and 1/3 EC₅₀) and assessed at different exposure times (24, 48 and 72 h) in the microcosm experiments. The results showed that all azithromycin concentrations reduced the fitness of the rotifers, as indicated by impaired mastax movement and/or slow, irregular or reduced movement frequency. Impairment of mastax movement altered rotifer grazing and the abundance of phytoplankton. The rotifers in the control group suppressed abundant phytoplankton growth, suggesting that azithromycin impairs interspecific interactions between plankton species. Rotifer mortality occurred at 48 h after azithromycin exposure in all treated samples. These findings show that the effects of azithromycin can be observed at different trophic levels, affecting both phytoplankton and zooplankton through altered biotic interactions and suppressed grazing.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse Event Signals Associated with Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors: Disproportionality Analysis of USFDA Adverse Event Reporting System.","authors":"Kannan Sridharan, Gowri Sivaramakrishnan","doi":"10.3390/jox15050144","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Beta-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) are widely used with beta-lactam antibiotics to combat resistant infections, yet their safety profiles, especially for newer agents, remain underexplored. This study aimed to identify potential adverse event (AE) signals associated with BLIs using the USFDA Adverse Event Reporting System (USFDA AERS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The USFDA AERS was queried for AE reports involving FDA-approved BLIs from March 2004 to March 2024. After removing duplicates, only reports with BLIs listed as primary suspects were included. Disproportionality analysis was conducted using frequentist and Bayesian approaches, with statistical significance assessed by chi-square testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 12,456 unique reports were analyzed. Common AEs across BLIs included hematologic disorders, hypersensitivity reactions, emergent infections, organ dysfunction, and neurological complications. Signal detection revealed specific associations: septic shock and respiratory failure with avibactam; lymphadenopathy and congenital anomalies with clavulanic acid; antimicrobial resistance and epilepsy with relebactam; disseminated intravascular coagulation and cardiac arrest with sulbactam; and agranulocytosis and conduction abnormalities with tazobactam. For vaborbactam, no distinct AE signals were identified apart from off-label use. Mortality was significantly more frequent with avibactam and relebactam (<i>p</i> < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This analysis highlights a spectrum of AE signals with BLIs, including unexpected associations warranting further investigation. While some events may reflect comorbidities or concomitant therapies, these findings underscore the importance of continued pharmacovigilance and targeted clinical studies to clarify causality and ensure the safe use of BLIs in practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}