Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献_第2页

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Seawater of Taizhou Bay, China. 台州湾海水中重金属、氮、磷的风险评价

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.3390/jox15050143

Guanghua Xia, Chunling Han, Manting Chen, Guanjie Wang, Kejia Lu, Jianqiang Zhu, Jiachao Yao

{"title":"Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Seawater of Taizhou Bay, China.","authors":"Guanghua Xia, Chunling Han, Manting Chen, Guanjie Wang, Kejia Lu, Jianqiang Zhu, Jiachao Yao","doi":"10.3390/jox15050143","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050143","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals, nitrogen, and phosphorus play a significant role in the marine ecosystem and human health. In this work, the concentrations of heavy metals, inorganic nitrogen, and phosphorus were determined to assess the distribution characteristics, risk levels, and possible sources in seawater from Taizhou Bay. The concentration ranges of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate were 1.87-3.65 μg/L, 0.10-0.95 μg/L, 2.98-16.80 μg/L, 0.07-0.38 μg/L, 0.011-0.043 μg/L, 0.93-2.06 μg/L, 0.011-0.608 mg-N/L, 0.012-0.722 mg-N/L, 0.001-0.022 mg-N/L, and 0.004-0.044 mg-P/L, respectively. The ecological risks were evaluated by the single factor index, Nemerow pollution index, and risk quotient. The results indicated that Taizhou Bay is not currently facing ecological risk related to heavy metals, nitrogen, and phosphorus, but the RQ values emphasized the urgency of strengthening continuous monitoring of As, Cu, and Zn. The results of Pearson's correlation indicated that salinity and chemical oxygen demand had a significant impact on nitrogen and phosphorus but little impact on heavy metals. Principal component analysis was then applied to analyze the probable origins of heavy metals and inorganic pollutants, suggesting that these pollutants were mainly derived from human activities along the bay.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sub-Toxic Exposure to DEPs and PM_2.5 Impairs Dendritic Cell Function Through Intracellular Particle Accumulation. 亚毒性暴露于DEPs和PM2.5通过细胞内颗粒积累损害树突状细胞功能。

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.3390/jox15050142

Yuki Nakahira, Daisuke Otomo, Tomoaki Okuda, Akira Onodera

{"title":"Sub-Toxic Exposure to DEPs and PM2.5 Impairs Dendritic Cell Function Through Intracellular Particle Accumulation.","authors":"Yuki Nakahira, Daisuke Otomo, Tomoaki Okuda, Akira Onodera","doi":"10.3390/jox15050142","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050142","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution, particularly exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), poses a substantial risk to human health. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), a major constituent of PM2.5, contain chemically reactive components that promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction. Although the acute toxicity of PM2.5 and DEPs has been extensively studied, their effects under \"sub-toxic\" conditions-defined here as exposures that do not cause measurable cytotoxicity based on LDH release but still impair cellular function-remain poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of low-toxicity exposure to DEPs and PM2.5 on dendritic cell (DC) function using the human plasmacytoid DC-like cell line PMDC05. Cells exposed to DEPs or PM2.5 exhibited minimal cytotoxicity but accumulated intracellular particles, resulting in impaired endocytosis, phagocytosis, and interferon gene expression upon TLR7 stimulation. These functional impairments were not observed following TLR4 stimulation, suggesting a selective disruption of endolysosomal signalling. The findings demonstrate that DEPs and PM2.5 can impair innate immune responses without inducing cell death, likely through lysosomal overload and altered intracellular trafficking. This study identifies a non-cytotoxic pathway through which particulate air pollution may compromise antiviral immunity, thereby increasing susceptibility to infection in polluted environments. Strategies aimed at preserving lysosomal integrity and dendritic cell function may help mitigate the immunotoxic effects of airborne particles.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive Biomarker Assessment of Pesticide Exposure and Telomere Attrition in Mexican Children from Agricultural Communities. 墨西哥农业社区儿童农药暴露和端粒磨损的综合生物标志物评估。

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.3390/jox15050141

Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias, Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández, Irma Martha Medina-Díaz, José Francisco Herrera-Moreno, Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco, Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt, Cyndia Azucena González-Arias, Eugenia Flores-Alfaro, Kenneth S Ramos, Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman, Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García

{"title":"Comprehensive Biomarker Assessment of Pesticide Exposure and Telomere Attrition in Mexican Children from Agricultural Communities.","authors":"Miguel Alfonso Ruiz-Arias, Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández, Irma Martha Medina-Díaz, José Francisco Herrera-Moreno, Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco, Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt, Cyndia Azucena González-Arias, Eugenia Flores-Alfaro, Kenneth S Ramos, Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman, Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García","doi":"10.3390/jox15050141","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050141","url":null,"abstract":"Children are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of pesticides due to physiological factors and behavioral habits. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of pesticide exposure on telomere length (TL) and the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and β-glucuronidase (β-Glu) in children ages 6 to 12 from an agricultural area in Mexico. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted involving 471 children. Blood samples were collected to assess TL through qPCR and enzymatic activity using established protocols. A pesticide exposure index (PEI) was developed incorporating biomarker levels, urinary dialkylphosphates (DAP), and proximity to farmland. No significant differences were observed in AChE activity across communities; however, BuChE activity was significantly higher in agricultural communities, while β-Glu activity varied among communities. Notably, children aged 6 in agricultural areas showed TL values similar to 12-year-old children in the reference community. Adjusted regression models revealed significantly shorter TL in children from agricultural communities and in children with moderate to high PEI. The findings indicate that chronic pesticide exposure was associated with telomere shortening in children, suggesting accelerated biological aging and potential genomic instability during critical developmental periods.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Arginine-Derived Cationic Surfactants Containing Phenylalanine and Tryptophan: Evaluation of Antifungal Activity, Biofilm Eradication, Cytotoxicity, and Ecotoxicity. 含有苯丙氨酸和色氨酸的精氨酸衍生阳离子表面活性剂：抗真菌活性、生物膜根除、细胞毒性和生态毒性的评价。

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.3390/jox15050140

M Teresa García, M Carmen Morán, Ramon Pons, Zakaria Hafidi, Elena Bautista, Sergio Vazquez, Lourdes Pérez

{"title":"Arginine-Derived Cationic Surfactants Containing Phenylalanine and Tryptophan: Evaluation of Antifungal Activity, Biofilm Eradication, Cytotoxicity, and Ecotoxicity.","authors":"M Teresa García, M Carmen Morán, Ramon Pons, Zakaria Hafidi, Elena Bautista, Sergio Vazquez, Lourdes Pérez","doi":"10.3390/jox15050140","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050140","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the growing emergence of bacterial and fungal resistance, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial compounds. Cationic surfactants are effective antimicrobial agents; however, traditional quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are increasingly scrutinized due to their cytotoxicity, poor biodegradability, and harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems. While the antimicrobial efficacy of many new biocides, including QACs, has been extensively studied, comprehensive experimental strategies that simultaneously assess antimicrobial activity, mammalian cell toxicity, and ecotoxicity remain limited. Recent studies have reported that amino-acid-based surfactants containing arginine-phenylalanine and arginine-tryptophan exhibit excellent antibacterial activity and are biodegradable. This work extends their biological characterization to evaluate their potential applications. Specifically, we examined how variations in the head group architecture and hydrophobic moiety influence antifungal and antibiofilm activity. We also assessed how these structural parameters impact cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity. These compounds demonstrated strong activity against a wide range of Candida strains. Their hydrophobic character primarily influenced both antifungal efficacy and cytotoxicity. Importantly, these surfactants exhibited potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Notably, their aquatic toxicity was significantly lower than that of conventional QACs.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antioxidant Effect of Curcumin and Its Impact on Mitochondria: Evidence from Biological Models. 姜黄素的抗氧化作用及其对线粒体的影响：来自生物学模型的证据。

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-08-31 DOI: 10.3390/jox15050139

Karla Alejandra Avendaño-Briseño, Jorge Escutia-Martínez, Estefani Yaquelin Hernández-Cruz, José Pedraza-Chaverri

{"title":"Antioxidant Effect of Curcumin and Its Impact on Mitochondria: Evidence from Biological Models.","authors":"Karla Alejandra Avendaño-Briseño, Jorge Escutia-Martínez, Estefani Yaquelin Hernández-Cruz, José Pedraza-Chaverri","doi":"10.3390/jox15050139","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050139","url":null,"abstract":"Curcumin, the principal active component of turmeric, is a polyphenol that has been used in various countries for the treatment of numerous conditions due to its wide range of health benefits. Curcumin exhibits bifunctional antioxidant properties: the first is attributed to its chemical structure, which enables it to directly neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS); the second is related to its ability to induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes via the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Both ROS and Nrf2 are closely associated with mitochondrial function and metabolism, and their dysregulation may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially contributing to the development of various pathological conditions. Therefore, curcumin treatment appears highly promising and is strongly associated with the preservation of mitochondrial function. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on the impact of curcumin's antioxidant properties on mitochondrial function. Specifically, studies conducted in different biological models are included, with emphasis on aspects such as mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant enzyme activity, interactions with mitochondrial membranes, and the role of curcumin in the regulation of intrinsic apoptosis.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Evolutionary Study in Glyphosate Oxidoreductase Gox Highlights Distinct Orthologous Groups and Novel Conserved Motifs That Can Classify Gox and Elucidate Its Biological Role. 草甘膦氧化还原酶Gox的进化研究突出了不同的同源基团和新的保守基序，可以分类Gox并阐明其生物学作用。

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.3390/jox15050138

Marina Giannakara, Vassiliki Lila Koumandou, Louis Papageorgiou

{"title":"An Evolutionary Study in Glyphosate Oxidoreductase Gox Highlights Distinct Orthologous Groups and Novel Conserved Motifs That Can Classify Gox and Elucidate Its Biological Role.","authors":"Marina Giannakara, Vassiliki Lila Koumandou, Louis Papageorgiou","doi":"10.3390/jox15050138","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050138","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate Oxidoreductase (Gox) is an enzyme known to degrade glyphosate, an intensively used wide-spectrum herbicide. Although it was first reported back in 1995, much remains unknown about its role in bacteria, its distribution across the bacterial kingdom, and its structure. This information would be valuable for better understanding the degradation pathway of glyphosate and for discovering new enzymes with the same potential. In the present study, a holistic evolutionary analysis has been performed towards identifying homologue proteins within the FAD-dependent/binding oxidoreductases family and extracting critical characteristics related to conserved protein domains and motifs that play a key role in this enzyme's function. A total of 2220 representative protein sequences from 843 species and 10 classes of bacteria were analyzed, from which 4 protein domains, 2 characteristic/functional regions, and 8 conserved motifs were identified based on multiple sequence alignment and the annotated information from biological databases. The major goal of this study is the presentation of a novel phylogenetic tree for the Gox-related proteins to identify the major protein clusters and correlate them based on their sequence, structural, and functional information towards identifying new possible pharmacological targets that are related to this specific enzyme function. Considering the lack of information about Gox, the aim of this paper is to fill in these knowledge gaps, which can help determine the biological role of Gox and consequently better understand its function.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Silica Nanoparticles Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in BEAS-2B Cells via ER Stress and SIRT1/HSF1/HSPs Signaling Pathway. 二氧化硅纳米颗粒通过内质网应激和SIRT1/HSF1/HSPs信号通路诱导BEAS-2B细胞上皮-间质转化

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.3390/jox15050137

Jinyan Pang, Liyan Xiao, Zhiqin Xiong, Kexin Zhang, Man Yang, Ji Wang, Yanbo Li, Yang Li

{"title":"Silica Nanoparticles Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in BEAS-2B Cells via ER Stress and SIRT1/HSF1/HSPs Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Jinyan Pang, Liyan Xiao, Zhiqin Xiong, Kexin Zhang, Man Yang, Ji Wang, Yanbo Li, Yang Li","doi":"10.3390/jox15050137","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050137","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive utilization of amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) has raised concerns regarding the potential health risks. Previous studies have indicated that SiNPs could trigger both the activation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in BEAS-2B cells; however, the underlying mechanisms require further elucidation. This study aimed to investigate how SiNPs activate the heat shock response (HSR) in BEAS-2B cells, which subsequently triggers EMT. Firstly, we observed that SiNPs were internalized by BEAS-2B cells and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), inducing ER stress. The ER stress led to the activation of SIRT1 by phosphorylation, which enhanced the nuclear transcriptional activity of HSF1 via deacetylation. HSF1 was found to upregulate the levels of HSP70 and HSP27 proteins, which further affected EMT-related genes and, ultimately, induced EMT. Additionally, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) inhibited ER stress, which attenuated the SIRT1/HSF1 signaling pathway. The knockdown of SIRT1 and HSF1 using siRNA effectively suppressed the EMT progression. In summary, these results suggested that SiNPs activated the SIRT1/HSF1/HSPs pathway through ER stress, thereby triggering EMT in BEAS-2B cells. The present study identified a novel mechanism of SiNP-induced EMT, which has provided valuable insights for future toxicity studies and risk assessments of SiNPs.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of Endocrine Disruptome and VirtualToxLab for Predicting Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Binding to Nuclear Receptors. 评价内分泌干扰素和VirtualToxLab预测全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质与核受体的结合。

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-08-22 DOI: 10.3390/jox15050136

Nina Franko, Manca Vetrih, Marija Sollner Dolenc

{"title":"Evaluation of Endocrine Disruptome and VirtualToxLab for Predicting Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Binding to Nuclear Receptors.","authors":"Nina Franko, Manca Vetrih, Marija Sollner Dolenc","doi":"10.3390/jox15050136","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15050136","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated whether the Endocrine Disruptome and VirtualToxLab in silico platforms are suitable for predicting the endocrine disrupting effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)-in particular, for interactions with oestrogen receptors (ERs) and androgen receptor (AR). Compounds included in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's PFAS working list were analysed with both models, and the results were compared with the available in vitro data regarding their modulation of nuclear receptors. Based on the identified prediction parameters, such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and Mathews' correlation coefficient, VirtualToxLab was found to be a reliable model for predicting the reactivity of PFASs with AR, while a positive consensus approach of both platforms provided reliable predictions of the PFAS reactivity with ERα and ERβ. This study provides the evidence that Endocrine Disruptome and VirtualToxLab can be used as a tier 1 screening tool for assessment of the endocrine disrupting effect of PFASs. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the likelihood of endocrine disrupting properties increases with the lipophilicity of PFASs and identifies the understudied PFHpS, PFNS, PFDS, 9-Cl, NMeFOSAA, NEtFOSAA, 4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS, 8:2 FTS, 6:2 monoPAP, 8:2 monoPAP, and 5:3 acid as potential ligands of AR and/or ERs.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Managing PFAS in Sewage Sludge: Exposure Pathways, Impacts, and Treatment Innovations. 污水污泥中PFAS的管理：暴露途径、影响和处理创新。

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.3390/jox15040135

Luoana Florentina Pascu, Valentina Andreea Petre, Ioana Antonia Cimpean, Iuliana Paun, Florinela Pirvu, Florentina Laura Chiriac

{"title":"Managing PFAS in Sewage Sludge: Exposure Pathways, Impacts, and Treatment Innovations.","authors":"Luoana Florentina Pascu, Valentina Andreea Petre, Ioana Antonia Cimpean, Iuliana Paun, Florinela Pirvu, Florentina Laura Chiriac","doi":"10.3390/jox15040135","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040135","url":null,"abstract":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a global concern due to their persistence, ubiquity, and accumulation in living organisms. Found in soils, biosolids, water, and the food chain, they pose health risks such as hormone disruption, immune damage, reproductive issues, and cancer. Regulations mainly target older PFAS like PFOA and PFOS, while many newer PFAS, including breakdown products, are poorly understood in terms of distribution, behavior, and toxicity. To address this complex issue, this review offers a detailed overview of human exposure to PFAS and their toxic effects. It highlights biosolids as a key, understudied source of PFAS in the environment. The review also discusses limitations of testing, missing long-term cleanup data, and regulatory issues that neglect total exposure and vulnerable populations. Additionally, it evaluates, in the specific context of biosolids management, the effectiveness, scalability, benefits, and drawbacks of various treatment technologies, such as thermal processes (pyrolysis, incineration, smoldering combustion), advanced oxidation, adsorption, hydrothermal liquefaction, and biological degradation. This work combines environmental science, toxicology, and engineering to outline PFAS management in biosolids and proposes a research and policy plan. Focusing on regulating PFAS as a group, validating real-world results, and employing adaptable treatment strategies underscores the need for a coordinated, science-based effort to reduce PFAS risks worldwide.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lead Poisoning in the Americas: Sources, Regulations, Health Impacts, and Molecular Mechanisms. 美洲的铅中毒：来源、法规、健康影响和分子机制。

IF 4.4

Journal of Xenobiotics Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.3390/jox15040134

Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza, Asbiel Felipe Garibaldi-Ríos, Lourdes Del Carmen Rizo De La Torre, Ana María Puebla-Pérez, Luis E Figuera, Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González, Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda, Itzae Adonai Gutiérrez-Hurtado, Elvia Harumi Scott-López, Verónica Vázquez-González, Celeste Patricia Gazcón-Rivas, Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola

{"title":"Lead Poisoning in the Americas: Sources, Regulations, Health Impacts, and Molecular Mechanisms.","authors":"Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza, Asbiel Felipe Garibaldi-Ríos, Lourdes Del Carmen Rizo De La Torre, Ana María Puebla-Pérez, Luis E Figuera, Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González, Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda, Itzae Adonai Gutiérrez-Hurtado, Elvia Harumi Scott-López, Verónica Vázquez-González, Celeste Patricia Gazcón-Rivas, Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola","doi":"10.3390/jox15040134","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040134","url":null,"abstract":"Lead poisoning is a significant public health issue, contributing to 0.6% of the global disease burden and disproportionately affecting developing countries. Vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women, and low-income communities, remain at high risk, often exposed to lead levels exceeding safe thresholds. While the problem is global, this review focuses specifically on the Americas, regions with diverse regulatory landscapes and persistent environmental lead exposure. Regulatory frameworks vary widely, and the lack of global consensus on acceptable blood lead levels leaves important gaps in protection. This review compiles and updates knowledge on emerging sources of lead exposure in the region, evaluates advancements in regulatory approaches, and analyzes the molecular impacts of lead on human health. Using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), lead was found to interact with 3448 genes, including those linked to inflammation and oxidative stress, and is associated with 4401 diseases and 799 disrupted pathways. These findings emphasize the need for regionally tailored interventions, strengthened policies, and further research on its health impacts.","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0