Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"Lowest Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Ionic Silver in Picograms per Liter Impair Life History Traits and Population Growth of <i>Daphnia magna</i> (Cladocera).","authors":"Jingyun Ding, Stefanie Krais, Zequn Li, Rita Triebskorn, Heinz-R Köhler","doi":"10.3390/jox16020060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although chronic contamination by silver ions (Ag⁺) can persist in aquatic systems over long periods of time and can therefore have an impact on population developments, regulatory testing commonly relies on single-generation endpoints. Here, we used <i>Daphnia magna</i> to quantify long-term effects of pg/L to ng/L concentrations of Ag⁺ across generations and to test whether recovery depends on exposure history. Using 21 d life-cycle assays over up to seven consecutive generations, we quantified survival, key life-history traits, and population fitness (intrinsic rate of natural increase, <i>r</i>). In our study, low environmental concentrations of Ag⁺ caused minimal mortality, but sublethal effects persisted or multiplied over generations. Notably, continuous exposure led to significant reductions in body length and <i>r</i> at 50 pg/L (nominal LOEC) by the fourth generation exposed, representing population-relevant effects of Ag⁺ at very low concentrations which should be given consideration in the assessment of both water quality and the chemical itself. Recovery was concentration-dependent: low-concentration-exposed lineages recovered within a few generations, whereas 15 ng/L exposure resulted in persistent deficits even through the recovery period of three generations. Exposure-history patterns indicated that long-term outcomes were dominated by the cumulative number of exposed generations. These findings highlight the limitations of acute and single-generation assays and emphasize the importance of considering information on the effects of chemicals, including Ag⁺, across multiple generations in risk assessments. They also highlight the need to include expectations regarding recovery after the removal of pollutants in these assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Metal Exposure and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): A Systematic Review of Human and Experimental Evidence.","authors":"Maria-Nefeli Georgaki, Despoina Ioannou, Elpis Chochliourou, Kanellos Skourtsidis, Theodora Papamitsou, Dimosthenis Sarigiannis","doi":"10.3390/jox16020059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is central to synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment. Toxic metal exposure is linked to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, yet its effects on BDNF signaling remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To systematically synthesize evidence from human and experimental studies on the association between environmental or occupational metal exposure and BDNF alterations, and to highlight research gaps with an emphasis on hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included human observational research and animal models reporting quantitative associations between metal exposure (biomarkers/environmental measures) and BDNF outcomes (protein or gene expression). Data were extracted on exposure assessment, BDNF measurement, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Study quality was assessed using NOS (human studies) and SciRAP (experimental studies).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen studies were included. Across metals such as Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Mn, and mixtures, exposure was associated with altered BDNF levels in blood or brain tissue, often alongside oxidative stress markers, inflammatory changes, and cognitive or behavioral impairment in animal models. Most human studies reported decreased circulating BDNF with higher exposure, while experimental evidence suggested context-dependent regulation across exposure windows and brain regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The available evidence supports a biologically plausible link between metal exposure and BDNF dysregulation. No eligible studies evaluated BDNF in relation to Cr(VI), indicating a major research gap. Future studies should integrate neurotrophic biomarkers with exposome-oriented designs to clarify chromium-related neurotoxicity and support Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)-informed frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residue of Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in the Crustacean from Southeast China and Its Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment.","authors":"Hai-Tao Shen, Jian-Long Han, Xiao-Min Xu, Xiao-Dong Pan","doi":"10.3390/jox16020058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a comprehensive investigation of OPE residues, distribution patterns, and dietary exposure risks in crustaceans from southeast China. OPEs were detected in over 90% of samples, with mean total concentrations (ΣOPEs) of 5.80 μg/kg wet weight (ww) in freshwater shrimp, 6.52 μg/kg ww in marine prawn, and 1.25 μg/kg ww in marine crab. Tributyl phosphate (TiBP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) emerged as the dominant congeners, accounting for 68.1% of ΣOPEs, which indicates inputs from industrial emissions, plastic waste leaching, and aquaculture equipment. Spatial analysis revealed striking regional differences: coastal industrial cities (Zhoushan, Taizhou) exhibited ΣOPE levels up to 12-fold higher than inland mountainous areas (Quzhou, Lishui), while no significant temporal variations were observed. Human health risk evaluation, based on estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ), demonstrated negligible non-carcinogenic risks for the general population (HI < 1), though children and frequent seafood consumers have slightly elevated exposure. These findings indicate the value of crustaceans as bioindicators for OPE contamination and require long-term monitoring of emerging OPEs and their synergistic effects with co-occurring pollutants.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117314/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Chemical Environmental Hazards Through Wildlife Assessment: A Review Within the \"One Health\" Approach.","authors":"Claudia A Rocha, Luís M Félix, Dércia Santos, Sandra M Monteiro, Carlos Venâncio","doi":"10.3390/jox16020057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wildlife acts as a sentinel of environmental pollution, providing critical insights into potential risks to human health within the <i>One Health</i> framework. However, knowledge on the occurrence of legacy and emerging contaminants in wildlife, as well as their potential trophic transfer to humans, remains limited. Thus, monitoring contaminants in terrestrial wildlife, particularly in game species, is especially relevant, as game meat represents an important source of high-quality protein that must be safeguarded. This review summarizes current evidence on chemical contaminant levels in terrestrial wildlife from a \"One Health\" perspective. Despite the growing relevance of this approach, few studies have explicitly applied this term, and even fewer have focused on game meat, resulting in an incomplete picture of contamination. Although reported contaminants-metals, metalloids, pesticides, microplastics, and mycotoxins-originate from overlapping natural and anthropogenic sources, such as ammunition, agriculture, and industrial activities, a strong dependence on local environmental conditions continues to hamper cross-regional comparisons and the establishment of representative exposure levels. Overall, this review highlights the need for systematic monitoring of contaminants in terrestrial wildlife, with emphasis on emerging pollutants that are currently underrepresented in literature, to improve risk assessment, protect food safety, and better understand the impacts of environmental contamination on animal and human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Intoxication with Caffeine-Containing Tablets: A Case Report with a Fatal Outcome.","authors":"Maya Radeva-Ilieva, Stanila Stoeva-Grigorova, Ivanesa Yarabanova, Ivelina Panayotova, Georgi Bonchev, Nadezhda Hvarchanova, Mario Milkov, Simeon Marinov, Petko Marinov, Snezha Zlateva","doi":"10.3390/jox16020056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jox16020056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Caffeine is widely consumed and generally considered safe at customary doses. How-ever, high-dose preparations available online pose a risk of severe and potentially fatal intoxication. Although uncommon, lethal caffeine poisoning is associated with profound cardiovascular and neurological toxicity. A rare case of intentional acute caffeine intoxication with fatal outcome is presented. A 25-year-old woman ingested an estimated 60 tablets containing 200 mg of caffeine each, purchased online. She was admitted to hospital shortly after ingestion of the caffeine tablets with palpitations, agitation, dizziness, and repeated vomiting. On examination, she presented with arterial hypotension (90/60 mmHg) and marked sinus tachycardia (150 beats/min), accompanied by psychomotor agitation. Her blood caffeine concentration measured by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was 177 µg/mL. The patient's condition rapidly deteriorated, with the development of convulsive syndrome progressing to coma, extreme ventricular tachycardia, exotoxic shock, and toxic cardiomyopathy. Despite intensive care management, including mechanical ventilation and advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the patient died several hours after admission. In conclusion, this case underscores the life-threatening potential of acute high-dose caffeine ingestion and highlights the risk associated with unrestricted access to concentrated caffeine products. Early recognition and aggressive management are crucial, yet may be insufficient in cases of massive overdose.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13117105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thioxanthone-Mediated Cytoprotection Against Cisplatin Toxicity: Exploring the Potential Involvement of P-Glycoprotein Through Computational and Experimental Approaches.","authors":"Jéssica Veiga-Matos, Daniel J V A Dos Santos, Andreia Palmeira, Emília Sousa, Ana I Morales, Marta Prieto, Fernando Remião, Renata Silva","doi":"10.3390/jox16020055","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16020055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an efflux transporter highly expressed in renal tubules, plays a crucial role in the detoxification and protection of barrier/excretory tissues from harmful xenobiotics. Xanthones and thioxanthones (TXs) are known for their antimicrobial and antitumor activities and for their ability to modulate membrane transporters such as P-gp. Previous studies have reported that (thio)xanthonic derivatives enhance P-gp expression and/or activity in intestinal cells, reducing the intracellular accumulation of toxic substrates; however, their capacity to modulate P-gp in renal cells remains poorly explored. This study aimed to predict, in silico, TXs' binding sites within P-gp and to evaluate, in vitro, in human kidney (HK)-2 cells, the effects of selected TXs (TX1-5) on P-gp activity and expression, and protection against cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Computational studies identified preferential TX1-5 binding to the drug-binding pocket, particularly the rhodamine 123 (R) or modulator (M) sites, and to nucleotide-binding domain 1. In vitro, rhodamine 123 accumulation assays revealed increased P-gp transport activity after 120 min or 24 h exposure to TX1-5, except TX4. TX2 elicited the strongest effect (141% increase, <i>p</i> < 0.0001), upregulated P-gp expression (24 h, <i>p</i> < 0.0001), and significantly protected HK-2 cells from cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity (increased IC₅₀, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Altogether, these findings position thioxanthones as promising scaffolds for the development of P-gp-targeted strategies to mitigate drug-induced nephrotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147504735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crude Extract and Phenol-Rich Fractions from <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> Leaves Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes in Rats by Mitigating Hepatic Injury, Dyslipidemia, and Production of Oxido-Inflammatory Markers.","authors":"Olawale Razaq Ajuwon, Damilola Rebecca Oladejo, Akinwunmi Oluwaseun Adeoye, John Adeolu Falode, Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye, Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye","doi":"10.3390/jox16020053","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16020053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major disorder contributing to human mortality and morbidity globally. The use of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes is gaining global popularity due to their accessibility and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we evaluated the ameliorative potential of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> leaves crude extract (CE), free phenol (FP), and bound phenol (BP) fractions (50 mg/kg body weight) in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The effects of these treatments for 28 days on glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, hepatic injury indices, and lipid profile were assessed in the serum. Furthermore, redox biomarkers (liver) and inflammatory mediators (serum and liver) were analyzed. Our results indicated that CE, FP, and BP fractions of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> inhibited the deleterious effects of T1DM by attenuating hyperglycaemia, insulin deficiency, hepatic injury, and dyslipidemia. Also, CE, FP, and BP fractions differentially improved antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced oxidative and inflammatory markers production. Specifically, CE showed superior effects compared with FP, BP, and metformin across multiple biomarkers, including glycated hemoglobin, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, hepatic glycogen, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, protein carbonyl, SOD, IL-1β, and IL-10. The antidiabetic effects produced by CE, FP, and BP fractions of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> may be ascribed to the presence of different bioactive phytochemicals as revealed by HPLC analysis. Overall, our data would suggest a potential therapeutic role for <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> leaves extracts in addressing hepatic complications due to T1DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Comprehensive In Vitro Evaluation of Serum Albumin Binding of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.","authors":"Hannah M Starnes, Scott M Belcher","doi":"10.3390/jox16020054","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16020054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a large and chemically diverse class of synthetic compounds characterized by one or more fully fluorinated methyl or methylene groups. Many PFAS are toxic, environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative, and highly mobile, resulting in widespread contamination and biological exposure. Across taxa PFAS exhibit affinity for proteins and preferentially accumulates in protein-rich, highly perfused tissues. Protein binding critically influences PFAS distribution, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and elimination. A variety of different approaches for determining bind affinity have existed for decades; however, depending on experimental conditions, calculated affinities can vary over multiple orders of magnitude which limits comparison of protein-PFAS binding affinities across studies and across PFAS chemical space. Addressing this limitation requires robust and standardized experimental platforms capable of rapidly generating quantitative binding data. Among the most important targets is serum albumin-the principal transport protein in vertebrate blood-which plays a central role in governing PFAS toxicokinetics. This review summarizes current methodologies for measuring protein-PFAS binding affinities, evaluates the strengths and limitations of each approach, synthesizes the existing literature on serum albumin-PFAS interactions, and highlights differential scanning fluorimetry as a rapid, reproducible, and sensitive technique for in vitro assessment of relative protein-PFAS binding.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147504733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glyphosate-Induced Metabolic and Immune Modulation in Hepatoma Cells: Identification of Key Genes as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets Using an In Silico Systems Biology Approach.","authors":"Divya Mishra","doi":"10.3390/jox16020051","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16020051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glyphosate, one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide, has raised significant concerns regarding its potential involvement in hepatotoxicity and molecular changes associated with liver cancer biology. These concerns highlight the need to better understand its underlying molecular mechanisms in hepatoma cells. Emerging evidence suggests that glyphosate exposure may increase the risk of liver cancer and chronic liver disease. However, the precise molecular alterations and promising biomarkers associated with glyphosate-induced hepatic toxicity and disease remain largely unexplored. In this study, an RNA-Seq-based in silico systems biology approach was employed to elucidate glyphosate-induced differential transcriptional profiling in hepatoma cells. This analysis revealed significant transcriptional profiling characterized by the upregulated hub genes <i>ATF3, JUNB, ALDOA, FOSB, PFKFB3, G6PD, ENO2, HK2, FOS</i> and <i>PGK1</i>. These genes were primarily associated with glucose metabolism, TNF-α/NF-κB signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cellular stress responses. Conversely, several key genes were significantly downregulated, including <i>PIK3R1</i>, <i>FYN</i>, <i>CEBPA</i>, <i>MLXIPL</i>, <i>PPARA</i>, <i>CD36</i>, <i>PCK2</i>, <i>PNPLA3</i>, <i>NR1H4</i> and <i>MGLL</i>, which were involved in lipid metabolism, immune regulation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathways. Notably, all hub genes demonstrated strong diagnostic performance, highlighting their potential as sensitive biomarkers of glyphosate exposure. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive insights into gene expression changes associated with glyphosate exposure in hepatoma cells, linking them to hepatic metabolic dysregulation and immune modulation and suggesting a panel of hub genes with potential diagnostic and therapeutic significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro- and Nanoplastics Exposure Across the Lifespan: One Health Implications for Aging and Longevity.","authors":"Chantalle Moulton, Anna Baroni, Ennio Tasciotti","doi":"10.3390/jox16020052","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16020052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants with growing relevance for human health across the lifespan. Older adults may be especially vulnerable to their effects due to cumulative lifetime exposure, age-related physiological changes, and a higher burden of chronic disease. Adopting a One Health perspective, this review synthesizes current evidence on the sources, exposure pathways, and biological effects of MNPs, integrating findings from environmental, animal, and human studies with a specific focus on aging populations. Experimental studies consistently show that MNP exposure triggers oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence, mechanisms central to biological aging. These processes are linked to dysfunction of the cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, suggesting that MNPs may contribute to the development or progression of age-related diseases. Within the One Health framework, MNPs also act as carriers of chemical additives and environmental pollutants, potentially amplifying health risks through combined and cumulative exposures along food chains and ecosystems. Despite increasing mechanistic evidence, direct epidemiological data in older adults remain limited. This review highlights key knowledge gaps and emphasizes the need for integrative, longitudinal research to clarify the role of MNPs in aging and to inform public health and environmental policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13010698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147504107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}