Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"An Integrative Toxicological Assessment of the Herbicide Tebuthiuron: Elucidating Biochemical and Behavioral Responses in Developing Zebrafish.","authors":"Giovane Ferreira, Amany Sultan, Fatma Ceren Kirgiz, Jacqueline Cristina Gutierrez, Evelyn C López González, Christopher J Martyniuk","doi":"10.3390/jox16050166","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides represent a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems due to their persistence and widespread use in agricultural areas, altering environments and exerting adverse effects on non-target organisms. Tebuthiuron is a phenylurea herbicide extensively used as an agrochemical to control pests and weeds in various crops, which often leads to contamination of aquatic environments. Despite its high water solubility and relatively long half-life in soil, studies on Tebuthiuron toxicity in fishes at environmental concentrations are limited. This study aimed to unravel the toxicity mechanisms of Tebuthiuron using the zebrafish model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to Tebuthiuron (one concentration of either 0.1, 10, 1000 and 5000 µg/L) for 5 days and assessed for hatchability, heart rate, locomotor activity, oxygen reactive species, apoptosis and gene expression. There was no change in frequency of hatch, heart rate, or apoptosis. However, behavioral changes were noted, with hyperactivity in zebrafish larvae during the first light (at 10 µg/L), second light (at 10 and 1000 µg/L) and third dark (10 µg/L) periods of the Visual Motor Response assay. Biochemically, a significant depletion of basal ROS levels was observed at 1000 µg/L. At the molecular level, downregulation of oxidative stress-related genes (<i>cat</i>, <i>sod1</i>, and <i>sod2</i>) in larval fish was noted with exposure to 10 and 5000 µg/L Tebuthiuron, suggesting a depletion of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, some neurotoxicity-related genes were downregulated, such as acetylcholinesterase (<i>ache</i>), while some genes were upregulated, like microtubule-associated protein tau b (<i>maptb</i>) and synapsin 2 alpha (<i>syn2a</i>), with 5000 µg/L Tebuthiuron exposure. In conclusion, Tebuthiuron induces sublethal toxicity characterized by irregular, concentration-specific disruptions to photomotor behavior, basal ROS levels, and transcriptional markers of oxidative stress and synaptic function, even in the absence of acute morphological defects. Future research should prioritize functional assays targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics and antioxidant enzyme activities, alongside evaluations of later developmental stages, to fully elucidate the long-term ecological risks of phenylurea herbicides to non-target aquatic species.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric Particulate Matter as a Carrier of Pb, Cd, and Ni: From Environmental Transfer and Bioaccessibility to Molecular Toxicity and Predictive Modeling.","authors":"Raluca Grădinaru, Setalia Popa, Ionuț Ciprian Popa, Andrei Cristian Grădinaru, Irina Radinschi, Silviu Gurlui, Liviu Leontie","doi":"10.3390/jox16050167","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a heterogeneous carrier of toxic metals whose environmental fate and biological effects depend on particle size, source-related composition, chemical form, solubility, and bioaccessibility. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) are of particular concern because atmospheric transport and deposition connect air pollution with persistent contamination of soils, vegetation, waters, sediments, food, and feed, followed by human and animal exposure. This review integrates evidence across a source-to-effect continuum encompassing emission, atmospheric transport, deposition, post-depositional redistribution, food-chain transfer, bioaccessibility, toxicokinetics, molecular toxicity, biomonitoring, remediation, and predictive assessment. Total PM mass and total metal concentration do not adequately represent biologically effective exposure, which is additionally determined by respiratory deposition, gastrointestinal release, dissolution kinetics, absorption, tissue distribution, intracellular retention, and interactions with co-associated constituents. Pb, Cd, and Ni share downstream effects including oxidative imbalance, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, impaired genome maintenance, epigenetic remodeling, and cytogenetic abnormalities, but differ in environmental mobility, persistence, target-organ distribution, and molecular mechanisms. Effective risk assessment therefore requires coordinated multi-matrix monitoring, distinction between total and biologically accessible fractions, pathway-specific remediation, and appropriately validated predictive models. An integrated One Health framework can improve identification of priority matrices, exposure pathways, and risk-reduction measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenic in Drinking Water and Human Biomonitoring in Eastern Croatia: An Exploratory Environmental Health Study.","authors":"Marina Vidosavljević, Domagoj Vidosavljević, Vlatka Gvozdić, Dinko Puntarić, Ivana Jelavić, Mario Šekerija, Mario Begović, Miroslav Venus, Lidija Kalinić","doi":"10.3390/jox16050165","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eastern Croatia includes settlements with historically elevated arsenic (As) concentrations in drinking water. Of 488 recruited adults, nine were excluded solely because no questionnaire was available; the exclusion was independent of measured arsenic concentrations, and the harmonised analytical cohort therefore comprised 479 adults from eight settlements. Total As concentrations in drinking water, hair, serum, and urine were measured in samples collected in June 2015 by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Kidney cancer data (ICD-10 C64) for 2000-2018 were obtained from the Croatian National Cancer Registry and analysed ecologically. MDCK1 cells were exposed to As₂O₃ at 10-200 µg/L for 48, 72, and 96 h, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in human erythrocytes. Čepin had the highest median As concentrations in drinking water (191.75 µg/L) and urine (68.14 µg/L). Across all eight settlements, drinking-water As was strongly associated with urinary As (slope = 0.537; 95% CI, 0.352-0.722; R² = 0.894; <i>p</i> < 0.001). However, in a sensitivity analysis excluding Čepin and using the seven non-Čepin settlement means reported, the association weakened (r = 0.740; R² = 0.548; slope = 1.246; 95% CI, -0.054 to 2.547; <i>p</i> = 0.057), indicating substantial influence of the Čepin hotspot. Associations with hair As (R² = 0.294; <i>p</i> = 0.165) and serum As (R² = 0.239; <i>p</i> = 0.219) were not statistically significant. In a multivariable Gamma generalized linear model, residence in Čepin was associated with higher expected urinary As than residence in Vladislavci (adjusted mean ratio, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.90-4.42; <i>p</i> < 0.001), while female sex was associated with a lower expected concentration (adjusted mean ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.97; <i>p</i> = 0.024). No statistically significant effect of As₂O₃ on MDCK1 viability or erythrocyte AChE activity was observed. The findings support urinary total As as a biomarker of recent environmental exposure, but do not establish causal associations with kidney toxicity or kidney cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Evidence Linking Microplastic Exposure and Reproductive Cancers.","authors":"Barira Rais, Abul Vafa, Faten F Bin Dayel, Summya Rashid","doi":"10.3390/jox16050163","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as pervasive environmental contaminants with increasing evidence of human exposure and biological accumulation. Recent studies have confirmed their presence in multiple human reproductive tissues and fluids, including semen, testicular tissue, ovarian follicular fluid, cervicovaginal secretions, placenta, and breast milk, raising concerns regarding their potential implications for reproductive health. Beyond their widespread distribution, MPs have been shown in experimental studies to interact with cellular and molecular processes, including oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage, which are pathways commonly implicated in carcinogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive and critical synthesis of current evidence linking microplastic exposure to reproductive cancers, including prostate, testicular, ovarian, endometrial, cervical, and vaginal malignancies. Available mechanistic studies suggest that MPs may influence cancer-related biological processes through dysregulation of programmed cell death, genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and modulation of signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT and MAPK. Experimental findings also indicate that MPs may alter the tumor microenvironment and affect cellular behaviors associated with proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, the majority of current evidence is derived from in vitro studies, animal models, and indirect mechanistic observations, while direct epidemiological evidence in humans remain limited. Furthermore, methodological heterogeneity in microplastic detection and characterization complicates comparisons across studies and hinders causal inference. Overall, current evidence supports the biological plausibility of an association between microplastic exposure and reproductive cancer-related processes, while highlighting the need for standardized methodologies and well-designed longitudinal human studies to clarify potential health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selenium and Iodine as Susceptibility Modifiers of Thyroid Disruption Associated with Metals: An Overview of Human and Experimental Research Data.","authors":"Maria-Nefeli Georgaki, Despoina Ioannou, Kanellos Skourtsidis, Georgios Kiosis, Theodora Papamitsou, Dimosthenis Sarigiannis","doi":"10.3390/jox16050164","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Thyroid hormone synthesis, deiodination, and redox regulation depend on iodine availability and selenium-dependent proteins. Therefore, these nutrients may alter sensitivity to thyroid disturbance brought on by metals and metalloids; nevertheless, direct human evidence has not been compiled independently from rescue experiments. <b>Goal</b>: To determine the mechanistic, biomarker, and study-design needs for interpretable human research, as well as to critically assess whether iodine or selenium alters metal-associated thyroid effects. <b>Methods:</b> Terms for metals, metalloids, iodine, selenium, and thyroid endpoints were used to search PubMed/MEDLINE until 14 July 2026. The database search was improved by selective forward citation searching, backward citation searching, and exact-title and DOI retrieval. A thyroid-specific outcome, a measurable or experimentally manipulated iodine or selenium variable, and a metal or metalloid exposure were all necessary for studies to be eligible. An author-developed framework that distinguished between formal interaction, stratification, joint-exposure modeling, contextual co-measurement, factorial nutritional-status experiments, physiologically interpretable supplementation, and pharmacological or nanoparticle rescue was used to categorize experimental evidence from humans and mammals. <b>Results:</b> Seven human studies and nine mammalian experimental studies made up the core evidence set. One additional human study was retained as contextual evidence. The results of the three human studies that directly assessed modification were mixed. One showed no clear interactions with iodine or selenium, one discovered an isolated strontium-by-iodine interaction, and one reported a suggestive mercury-by-iodine-supplement interaction. Most experimental trials employed high-dose, combination, parenteral, or nanoparticle rescue methods, but they more consistently demonstrated mitigation of thyroid damage by selenium-containing treatments. <b>Conclusions:</b> Although iodine- and selenium-dependent sensitivity is biologically feasible, there is currently little human data to support a consistent protective or detrimental modifying impact. Rather than supporting population-level prevention, experimental rescue promotes mechanistic modifiability. Repeated iodine testing, functional selenium biomarkers, metal speciation, vulnerable-window sampling, thyroid-specific outcomes, and predetermined interaction analyses are all necessary for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Hepatic Biomarker Responses in Caged <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> Under Chronic Exposure to Micropollutants in the Iguaçu River.","authors":"Lorena Bavia, Rayanne Seibel Littig, Manuela Santos Santana, Milena Carvalho Carneiro, Luiza Santos Barreto, Thaís Muniz Vasconcelos, Marco Antonio Ferreira Randi, Cesar Castro Martins, Andrea Pinto De Oliveira, Iracema Opuskevitch, Fernando Cesar Alves Da Silva Ferreira, Juan Esquivel-Muelbert, Ciro Alberto De Oliveira Ribeiro, Maritana Mela Prodocimo","doi":"10.3390/jox16050162","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemical pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban activities represents a major threat to freshwater ecosystems and aquatic organisms. This study evaluated hepatic biomarker responses in <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> (Nile tilapia) maintained under chronic environmental exposure to water from the Iguaçu River, one of the most polluted urban rivers in Brazil. Juvenile fish were kept in cages at three sites along the river, and hepatic biomarkers were assessed after 15 and 22 months of environmental exposure. Fish showed severe histopathological liver lesions, activation of antioxidant defenses, and oxidative stress responses accompanied by increased DNA damage. Immunological responses, particularly melanomacrophage proliferation and granuloma formation, were also observed across the monitored exposure scenarios. Alterations in plasma biochemical parameters, including AST, ALT, LDH, albumin, and globulin, were consistent with changes in hepatic function. Overall, the integrated biomarker responses revealed distinct patterns of biological alteration among the monitored exposure scenarios and were consistent with chronic exposure to complex environmental contaminant mixtures. These findings are consistent with alterations in liver integrity in fish maintained under long-term environmental exposure in the Iguaçu River. The study highlights the sensitivity of Nile tilapia as a bioindicator species for aquatic biomonitoring and provides valuable information to support environmental monitoring, risk assessment, and conservation strategies for the Iguaçu River Basin.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro- and Nanoplastics as Environmental Stressors: Mechanistic Links Among Gut Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Systemic Health Effects.","authors":"Guilherme de Oliveira Ferreira, Maria Júlia Ferreira Alves, Priscila Oliveira de Paula Charret, Thaysi Rodrigues, Natália A Borges, Ludmila F M F Cardozo, Denise Mafra","doi":"10.3390/jox16050161","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have emerged as widespread environmental contaminants, with increasing evidence suggesting that chronic exposure may adversely affect human health. Experimental and emerging human studies indicate that MNPs can interact with multiple biological systems and trigger a range of mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular injury, barrier disruption, and immune and inflammatory responses. These effects may involve direct interactions with tissues and cells as well as indirect pathways, including alterations in gut microbial and intestinal homeostasis. In turn, persistent inflammatory and metabolic disturbances may contribute to tissue dysfunction and the development or progression of chronic diseases. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the biological effects of MNP exposure, focusing on the mechanisms linking environmental exposure to chronic inflammation and disease. We discuss their potential involvement in cardiovascular, liver, kidney, respiratory, and neurological diseases, while highlighting the emerging role of the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier as potential modulators of these effects. Given the limitations of current human evidence and the heterogeneity of experimental models, we also discuss major knowledge gaps and the need for further mechanistic and epidemiological studies to clarify the clinical relevance of chronic MNPs exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tri-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Induces Dose- and Time-Dependent Disruption of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Repair Responses in Human T84 Cells.","authors":"Yaswanthi Yanamadala, Kuppan Gokulan, Sangeeta Khare","doi":"10.3390/jox16050160","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential for controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, requiring strict daily adherence for lifelong viral suppression. However, this continuous oral dosing results in persistent exposure of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), raising the need to investigate the effects of TC-ART (Tri-combinationL: Abacavir, Dolutegravir, Lamivudine-ART) on epithelial integrity, barrier recovery mechanisms, and surface barrier architecture. TC-ART exposure (125 µM to 4000 µM) showed marked alterations in transepithelial resistance, permeability, and wound-healing abilities even at sub-cytotoxic doses. The dose exposure range at the mid-dose level showed the highest transcriptional activity, characterized by a downregulation of junctional genes [claudins (<i>CLDNs</i>), desmogleins (<i>DSGs</i>), and junctional plakoglobin (<i>JUP</i>)] and signaling mediators [the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (<i>STAT3</i>), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and 3 (<i>MAPK1/3</i>), and catenin beta 1 (<i>CTNNB1</i>)], along with reduced <i>IL-9</i> expression that is linked to mucin loss. These transcriptional changes were consistent with structural findings, including partial transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) recovery followed by a decline, delayed wound closure, and waning of the apical mucin layer in a dose-dependent manner. However, several cytokines, like IL-2 and IL-6, showed increased secretion despite lower transcriptional levels, suggesting alternative regulatory control during early stress responses. Together, these results support that TC-ART exposure alters epithelial responses in a way that may transition from early adaptation to signs of impaired recovery, leading to a gradual decline in mucosal barrier function. Such concentration- and time-dependent epithelial stress may contribute to gastrointestinal disturbances observed in treated HIV populations, emphasizing the need for incorporating intestinal epithelial health endpoints in drug safety evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered miRNA Expression Due to Bisphenol A Exposure and Associated Health Implications: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Sornali Rani Roy, Soumya Sunil Nair, Aamer Mohammed, Stephen L Atkin, Edwina Brennan","doi":"10.3390/jox16050159","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is a non-persistent industrial chemical widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Due to its mass production and versatility, BPA is ubiquitous in environmental matrices, leading to human exposure through ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. As a known endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) with estrogenic activity, BPA exposure has been associated with reproductive, metabolic, immune, oncogenic, and developmental effects. Mechanistically, BPA is reported to exert its toxic effects via multiple pathways, including alterations in epigenetic microRNA (miRNA) expression. miRNAs are endogenous non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs, thereby influencing a wide range of cellular and metabolic pathways involved in development and disease. Importantly, this review consolidates evidence suggesting that the biological effects of BPA may, in part, be mediated through miRNA-driven epigenetic modifications, affecting numerous downstream proteins and signaling pathways. Altered miRNA expression induced by BPA exposure is implicated in diverse health outcomes, including reproductive dysfunction, oncogenesis, metabolic disorders, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Notably, BPA exposure predominantly results in the upregulation of specific miRNAs, such as miR-21 and miR-146a, although tissue-specific and sex-dependent variations are evident. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of human, in vivo, and in vitro studies investigating BPA-induced miRNA dysregulation and its associated biological effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hair-Based Biomonitoring of Phthalate Metabolites and Triclosan in Childhood: Links with Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders.","authors":"Michail Koukakis, Stella Baliou, Athanasios Alegakis, Elena Vakonaki, Dimitra Volakaki, Ilianna Maniadaki, Eleftheria Papadopoulou, Dimitris Mamoulakis, Marilia Lioudaki, Emmanouil Paraskakis, Ioannis Germanakis, Aristides Tsatsakis, Manolis N Tzatzarakis","doi":"10.3390/jox16050158","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox16050158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background-aim: </strong>Children represent a particularly susceptible population to endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure; however, biomonitoring data in this population remain limited. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using hair biomonitoring to simultaneously assess the concentrations of phthalate metabolites (PMs), triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) in children with obesity (OB), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), and hypothalamic-pituitary-related diseases (HPRD), through hair biomonitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to measure TCS, TCC and PM levels in head hair samples from 212 children, categorized into control, T1D, HPRD and OB groups. PMs and TCS levels were compared across groups and evaluated in relation to health issues, cosmetics exposure, dietary habits, cardiometabolic, and somatometric parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our hair biomonitoring results showed that the most commonly detected EDCs were MEHP, MBP, MiBP, and TCS, with detection frequencies of samples 95.3%, 84.4%, 79.7%, and 60.8%, respectively. Children with T1D had statistically significantly higher mean MEHP concentrations than the control group. Children with HPRD exhibited higher PM concentrations, primarily driven by elevated mean MEHP and MBP levels compared with the control group. In contrast, mean MiBP levels were lower in the OB group than in the control group. Regarding TCS levels, no statistically significant differences were observed across the disease groups compared with controls. TCS was inversely associated with somatometric parameters in the OB group. Subgroup analyses by age, sex, residence area, and maternal education were conducted to assess statistically significant differences in concentrations of PM and TCS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, our biomonitoring results indicate group-specific concentration patterns of PMs and TCS among children with T1D, HPRD and OB groups compared to the control group. In particular, PM levels were higher in children with T1D and HPRD and lower in those with OB groups compared to the control group. As a result, this is the first study to assess PM and TCS concentrations in children across clinical groups, using hair matrix.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13608689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}