Journal of Xenobiotics最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Prostate Cancer.","authors":"Guilherme Henrique Tamarindo, Gustavo Matheus Amaro, Alana Della Torre da Silva, Rejane Maira Góes","doi":"10.3390/jox15040111","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 class have been widely investigated due to their antitumor properties, including in prostate cancer (PCa). Among them is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω-3), whose biological activity is higher than other omega-3s, exhibiting a stronger impact on PCa. The specific mechanisms triggered by DHA are blurred by studies that used a blend of omega-3s, delaying the understanding of its biological role, and hence alternative therapeutic approaches. DHA is differentially processed between normal and malignant epithelial PCa cells, which suggests its function as a tumor suppressor. At cell-specific level, it downregulates key pathways in PCa, such as androgen signaling and lipid metabolism, but also changes membrane composition by disrupting phospholipid balance and increasing unsaturation status, arrests the cell cycle, and induces apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. At the tissue level, DHA seems to influence stromal components, such as the inhibition of cancer-associated fibroblast differentiation and resolution of inflammation, which generates a microenvironment favorable to PCa initiation and progression. Considering that such effects are misunderstood and assigned to omega-3s in general, this review aims to discuss the specific effects of DHA on PCa based on in vitro and in vivo evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286034/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immobilization of <i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> Laccase via a Protein-Inorganic Hybrid for Efficient Degradation of Bisphenol A as a Potent Xenobiotic.","authors":"Sanjay K S Patel, Rahul K Gupta, Jung-Kul Lee","doi":"10.3390/jox15040108","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present investigation, an eco-friendly biocatalyst was developed using <i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> laccase (<i>Pe</i>Lac) through a copper (Cu)-based protein-inorganic hybrid system for the degradation of bisphenol A, a representative xenobiotic. After partial purification, the specific activity of crude <i>Pe</i>Lac was 92.6 U/mg of total protein. Immobilization of <i>Pe</i>Lac as Cu₃(PO₄)₂-Lac (Cu-<i>Pe</i>Lac) nanoflowers (NFs) at 4 °C resulted in a relative activity 333% higher than that of the free enzyme. The Cu-<i>Pe</i>Lac NFs exhibited greater pH and temperature stability and enhanced catalytic activity compared to free laccase. This enhanced activity was validated through improved electrochemical properties. After immobilization, Cu-<i>Pe</i>Lac NFs retained up to 8.7-fold higher residual activity after storage at 4 °C for 30 days. Free and immobilized laccase degraded bisphenol A by 41.6% and 99.8%, respectively, after 2 h of incubation at 30 °C. After ten cycles, Cu-<i>Pe</i>Lac NFs retained 91.2% degradation efficiency. In the presence of potent laccase inhibitors, Cu-<i>Pe</i>Lac NFs exhibited a 47.3-fold improvement in bisphenol A degradation compared to free <i>Pe</i>Lac. Additionally, the synthesized Cu-<i>Pe</i>Lac NFs demonstrated lower acute toxicity against <i>Vibrio fischeri</i> than Cu nanoparticles. This study presents the first report of <i>Pe</i>Lac immobilization through an eco-friendly protein-inorganic hybrid system, with promising potential for degrading bisphenol A in the presence of inhibitors to support sustainable development.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Intracellular Quantification of the Active Triphosphate Metabolite of Remdesivir: GS-443902.","authors":"Alice Palermiti, Amedeo De Nicolò, Miriam Antonucci, Sara Soloperto, Martina Billi, Alessandra Manca, Jessica Cusato, Giorgia Menegatti, Mohammed Lamorde, Andrea Calcagno, Catriona Waitt, Antonio D'Avolio","doi":"10.3390/jox15040107","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Remdesivir (RDV) is a broad-spectrum antiviral prodrug, which is rapidly metabolized in vivo within cells to the pharmacologically active triphosphate metabolite, GS-443902. On the other hand, the dephosphorylated metabolite GS-441524 is the main form detected in plasma. RDV acts against RNA viruses, and it was the first antiviral drug to receive EMA and FDA approval for treating COVID-19. Nevertheless, its intracellular pharmacokinetics in real life are poorly explored, particularly due to technical challenges.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The aim of this study was to validate an HPLC-MS/MS method for the direct quantification of GS-443902 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a chromatographic separation of 15 min.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The method was validated following EMA and FDA guidelines in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery, carryover, and stability, and then applied to PBMC isolates from a small cohort of patients with severe COVID-19 who received RDV.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work represents the first method for the direct quantification of GS-443902 in PBMCs, with possible future application to intracellular pharmacokinetic studies in different scenarios, such as new oral prodrugs or drug-drug interaction studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12285933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Metals on Infectious Diseases in Wildlife and Zoonotic Spillover.","authors":"Joel Henrique Ellwanger, Marina Ziliotto, José Artur Bogo Chies","doi":"10.3390/jox15040105","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change, mining activities, pollution and other human impacts on the natural environment cause significant changes in the concentrations and mixtures of metallic elements found in different ecosystems. Metals such as cadmium, copper, lead and mercury affect multiple aspects of host-pathogen interactions, influencing the risk of infectious diseases caused by various classes of pathogens. Notably, exposure to metals in doses and combinations toxic to the immune system can favor the dissemination of pathogens in natural environments, threatening the reproduction, well-being and survival of varied animal species. However, these problems remain neglected, since the influences of metals on infectious diseases are studied with a primary focus on human medicine. Therefore, this article aims to review the influence of metals/metalloids (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc) on infectious and parasitic diseases in animals living in natural environments. The potential impact of metals on the risk of zoonotic spillover events is also discussed. Metal pollution tends to increase as the demand for elements used in the manufacture of industrial products, batteries, and electronic devices increases globally. This problem can aggravate the biodiversity crisis and facilitate the emergence of infectious diseases. Considering the interconnections between pollution and immunity, measures to limit metal pollution are necessary to protect human health and biodiversity from the risks posed by pathogens. This review helps fill the gap in the literature regarding the connections between metal pollution and various aspects of infectious diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12285991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative Stress, Phytochemical Screening, and Antioxidant Activity on Microalgae (<i>Arthrospira platensis</i>) After Exposure to Glyphosate and Microplastics.","authors":"Dércia Santos, Edna Cabecinha, Jesús Gago, Sandra Mariza Monteiro, Ana Luzio","doi":"10.3390/jox15040106","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The knowledge about the potential toxic effects of microplastics (MPs) combined with herbicides at lower trophic levels is still largely unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential toxic effects of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide (PA), isolated or combined with the pesticide glyphosate (GLY), on the microalgae <i>Arthrospira platensis</i>. For this, microalgae were exposed to control, GLY (3 μg/L), PET (0.5 and 1 mg/L), PA (0.5 and 1 mg/L), and the respective mixtures of each MP with GLY, for 12 days. The photosynthetic pigment content, phytochemicals, antioxidants, and enzymatic activity were determined. Cell growth was significantly enhanced on day 4 in the GLY+PA1 group (~80%), compared to the control. At day 12, biomass was significantly higher in the GLY (~25%) and GLY+PET0.5 (~26%) groups relative to the control. Significant effects on the enzymatic and detoxification mechanisms were observed, including increased SOD (PET0.5, <i>p</i> = 0.011) and CarE (GLY, PA and GLY+PA, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and decreased GST in combined exposures, which support stress-induced enzymatic activation and adaptive biochemical responses. Significant effects on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity were also observed, with PET0.5 significantly reducing total carotenoids (~65%), and flavonoids (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and ortho-diphenols (<i>p</i> < 0.05) being decreased in all exposure groups, in comparison to the control group. The decrease in flavonoids and ortho-diphenols, important antioxidant molecules, suggests the depletion of these key compounds under stress. DPPH scavenging activity, a measure of antioxidant potential, was inhibited in the GLY+PA groups, indicating compromised antioxidant defense. Results confirmed that combined stressors elicit distinct and sometimes deleterious responses not predicted by single exposures. Our findings highlight that the combined exposure to glyphosate and MPs significantly disrupts antioxidant defenses and enzymatic activity in <i>A. platensis</i>, indicating potential risks to primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and underscoring the ecological implications of co-contaminant stressors. In fact, the results indicate that MPs can modify herbicide toxicity, posing enhanced risks to microalgal physiology and potentially affecting primary productivity and nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems. In turn, negative effects of MPs on microalgae can have serious consequences for food webs, food security, and ecological health.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of High Urban Temperatures on Pesticide Residues Accumulation in Vegetables Grown in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area of Ghana.","authors":"Joyce Kumah, Eric Kofi Doe, Benedicta Yayra Fosu-Mensah, Benjamin Denkyira Ofori, Millicent A S Kwawu, Ebenezer Boahen, Doreen Larkailey Lartey, Sampson D D P Dordaa, Christopher Gordon","doi":"10.3390/jox15040103","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the effect of high urban land temperatures on pesticide residue (PR) accumulation in cabbage and lettuce and on public health in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) in Ghana. A comparative toxicological analysis regarding the food system was conducted with 66 farmers across three land surface temperatures: low (Atomic, <i>n</i> = 22), moderate (Ashaiman, <i>n</i> = 22), and high (Korle-Bu, <i>n</i> = 22). Pesticide residue concentrations were assessed using an ANOVA to examine spatial variations across sites. The results indicate a strong correlation between high land surface temperatures and pesticide residue accumulation, with lettuce recording significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) higher PR levels than cabbage. Several pesticides, including carbendazim (CBZ), Imidacloprid (IMI), Thiamethoxam (TMX), and Chlorpyrifos (CHL), exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Union (EU) at moderate and high-temperature sites. carbendazim was the dominant pesticide detected, with a concentration of 19.0 mg/kg in lettuce, which far exceeded its maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.10 mg/kg across all study sites. Statistical analyses (PERMANOVA) confirmed that land surface temperatures and pesticide types significantly influenced the PR concentrations. Public health risk assessments indicate that children are more vulnerable to pesticide exposure than adults. The toxicity hazard quotient (THQ) for organophosphate pesticides, particularly CHL and Dimethoate (DMT), exceeded safe thresholds at moderate and high-temperature sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pesticide Surveillance in Fruits and Vegetables from Romanian Supply: A Data-Driven Approach.","authors":"Diana Ionela Popescu Stegarus, Ana-Maria Nasture, Violeta-Carolina Niculescu, Corina Mihaela Oprita Cioara, Nicoleta Anca Șuțan Ionescu","doi":"10.3390/jox15040104","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The evolution of global agriculture encourages the extensive use of pesticides although significant concerns regarding their impact on human health and the environment must be considered. The present paper highlights the presence and concentrations of various pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables available on Romanian markets. A total of 74 pesticide compounds authorized for agricultural use were identified and quantified in 620 randomly selected samples spanning a wide range of horticultural products by employing the QuEChERS extraction method and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The most often detected pesticides comprised boscalid and azoxystrobin, present in 42% and 37% of apple and strawberry samples, respectively, with mean concentrations of 0.12 mg/kg and 0.09 mg/kg. In cucumbers and tomatoes, difenoconazole and acetamiprid were predominant, detected in 35% and 40% of samples, with average residue amounts of 0.08 mg/kg and 0.07 mg/kg, respectively. Statistical analysis, achieved with Python 3.13.2, the pandas library (alongside descriptive statistics), and ANOVA, revealed significant variations in residue levels based on the product type and geographic origin. Boscalid and azoxystrobin were commonly encountered in apples and strawberries while difenoconazole and acetamiprid predominated in cucumbers and tomatoes. Even though the majority of pesticide residues conformed to EU maximum residue limits (MRLs), about 6% of samples, generally from imported products, displayed some residue concentrations approaching critical thresholds, with the highest exceedance observed for chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin at concentrations of up to 0.25 mg/kg. This research provides a comprehensive overview of pesticide residues prevalence in Romania's fresh product supply while, at the same time, supporting consumer awareness initiatives and evidencing the critical demand for continuous monitoring and strengthened regulatory frameworks for food safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12285958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and Simplified Determination of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Using One-Pot Synthesized Magnetic Adsorbents with Built-In pH Regulation Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.","authors":"Yabing Shan, Ying Chen, Jiayi Li, Xianbin Zeng, Rui Jia, Yuwei Liu, Dongmei Li, Di Chen","doi":"10.3390/jox15040102","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in water pose significant public health and ecological risks, necessitating reliable and efficient detection methods. Current approaches often involve time-consuming pH adjustments and post-processing steps, limiting their practicality for high-throughput analysis. This study aimed to develop a streamlined method integrating pH regulation and adsorption into a single material to simplify sample preparation and enhance analytical efficiency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A novel Fe₃O₄/MWCNTs-OH/CaO composite adsorbent was synthesized via a one-pot grinding method, embedding pH adjustment and adsorption functionalities within a single material. This innovation enabled magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) without pre-adjusting sample pH or post-desorption steps. The method was coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for ATS detection. Optimization included evaluating adsorption/desorption conditions and validating performance in real water matrices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The method demonstrated exceptional linearity (R² > 0.98), low detection limits (0.020-0.060 ng/mL), and high accuracy with relative recoveries of 92.8-104.8%. Precision was robust, with intra-/inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 11.6%. Single-blind experiments confirmed practical applicability, yielding consistent recoveries (relative errors: 1-8%) for ATS-spiked samples at 0.8 and 8 ng/mL. Compared to existing techniques, the approach reduced processing time to ~5 min by eliminating external pH adjustments and post-concentration steps.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work presents a rapid, reliable, and user-friendly method for ATS detection in complex environmental matrices. The integration of pH regulation and adsorption into a single adsorbent significantly simplifies workflows while maintaining high sensitivity and precision. The technique holds promise for large-scale environmental monitoring and forensic toxicology, offering a practical solution for high-throughput analysis of emerging contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cataloging Actionable Pharmacogenomic Variants for Indian Clinical Practice: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Sacheta Sudhendra Kulkarni, Venkatesh R, Anuradha Das, Gayatri Rangarajan Iyer","doi":"10.3390/jox15040101","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pharmacogenomics (PGx), a pivotal branch of personalized medicine, studies how genetic variations influence drug responses. Despite its transformative potential, the adoption of PGx in Indian clinical practice faces challenges, such as the lack of population-specific data, evidence-based guidelines, and complexities in interpreting genomic reports. Comprehensive datasets tailored to Indian patients are essential to facilitate the integration of PGx into clinical settings.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The study collates pharmacogenomic data from multiple sources, including essential drugs listed by the World Health Organization (WHO), drugs used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), minimum sets of alleles recommended by the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP), and catalogs the allele frequencies from the IndiGenomes database to address gaps in actionable PGx for the Indian population. Curated datasets were used to identify pharmacogenomic variants relevant to clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 24 prime genes are essential for the outcomes of 57 drugs. In adults, 18 genes influence the metabolism of 44 drugs whereas, in pediatric populations, genotypes of 18 genes significantly impact the metabolism of 18 drugs. Two over-the-counter drugs with actionable PGx variants were identified: ibuprofen and omeprazole. These findings emphasize the clinical relevance of PGx for commonly used drugs, underscoring the need for population-specific data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As the data of several Indian human genome projects become available, an overarching need exists to establish and regulate the dynamic actionable PGx in Indian clinical practice. This will facilitate the integration of pharmacogenomic data into healthcare, enabling effective and personalized drug therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes as Organic Amendments to Reduce Herbicide Leaching into Soil.","authors":"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, Andrea Martínez-Zapata, Simón Navarro","doi":"10.3390/jox15040100","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jox15040100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High levels of pesticide use are associated with intensive crop production. Pesticides are increasingly prevalent in surface and groundwater, which is a major environmental concern. Various methods have been proposed to improve the retention and/or degradation of pesticides in soils. These methods are mainly based on soil adaptation with organic wastes to mitigate soil and water pollution. In addition, there has recently been increased interest in assessing the influence of organic waste additions on pesticide movement in soils with low contents of organic matter. Agriculture and related industries generate large amounts of waste each year. Because of their components, they have the great ability to produce high-value products for environmental restoration. This study reports on the influence of four different agro-industrial wastes (orange peel, beer bagasse, grape pomace, and gazpacho waste) used as organic amendments on the leaching of metobromuron and chlorbromuron (phenylurea herbicides) on a silty clay loam soil (gypsic-calcaric regosol) with low organic matter contents from a semiarid area (southeastern Spain). The adsorption, leaching, and dissipation processes of these herbicides were evaluated on a laboratory scale in amended and unamended soils. In addition, the main leaching indices (GUS, LIX, LEACH, M LEACH, LIN, GLI, HI, and ELI) commonly used to assess groundwater protection against pesticide pollution were evaluated. The sorption coefficients (<i>K</i>_OC) increased in the amended soils. Metobromuron was found in leachates in all cases, although a marked reduction was observed in amended soils, while chlorbromuron was mainly retained in soils, especially in the top layer. The disappearance time (DT₅₀) for metobromuron and chlorbromuron in soil ranged from 11 to 56 d and 18 to 95 d, respectively. All indices except GLI categorize metobromuron as mobile or very mobile in unamended soil. For chlorbromuron, GUS, LIX, LEACH, MLEACH, and Hornsby classify this compound as a medium-to-high leache, while GLI and ELI classify it as having low mobility. In amended soils, most indices classify metobromuron as transitioning to mobile, while most indices catalog chlorbromuron as immobile/transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":42356,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Xenobiotics","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}