Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects最新文献

{"title":"Optimization on the design of nano-patterned ZnS:Cu LED surface using FDTD simulation","authors":"Fathi Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Damar Rastri Adhika ,&nbsp;Aulia Ghifari Nurlis ,&nbsp;Arfat Pradana ,&nbsp;Widayani Sutrisno ,&nbsp;Akhmadi Surawijaya","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Communication technology is one of the most important parts of human history and is fast developing. Visible Light Communication (VLC) can be categorized as a Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) communication that uses visible light through a Light Emitting Diode (LED) to transfer data and information. Even though LEDs are considered as very good light sources, they also have problems with effectiveness, which is influenced by their surface structures. The LEDs must also be able to focus the transmitted data and greatly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio. One of the problems encountered with LEDs is the presence of Total Internal Reflection (TIR) due to the large difference in refractive index between the LED and air, which causes photons to be trapped in the LED. Some trapped photons' energy may change into heat, thus reducing the LED's Light Extraction Efficiency (LEE). Using nanopatterns on the surface of LEDs is one way to reduce TIR on LEDs and enhance photon extraction from LEDs. Many parameters can influence the performance of nanopatterns on LEDs, so modelling efforts are needed before fabrication to save time and cost. Ansys Lumerical FDTD can be used to simulate and model the effects of nanopatterns on LED surfaces on LEE and beam focusing effect. In this study, simulations were carried out using Ansys Lumerical FDTD with variations in nanopattern shape parameters in the form of grating, blaze grating, triangular grating, and hemisphere. Apart from that, variations were also made to the height and width parameters of the grating to see the effect of these parameters on the efficiency of the LED. The FDTD simulation codes were validated using the Ansys database. The optimization results show that the most optimum shape is the grating nanopattern with a width of 216 nm and a height of 300 nm, which produces a peak wavelength of 480 nm in the far field pattern and has the highest increase in the LEE of 300 times in ±15° and 5500 times in ±5°. The huge spike in LEE enhancement at ±5° indicates that the nanopattern caused a focusing effect. The simulation results were compared using previous experimental data of Fabricated ZnS:Cu LED. It is shown that the simulation results are in line with the experimental data. The result shows that the simulation is very useful in designing the nano-patterned ZnS:Cu LED surface to achieve the best performance in the LEE and LED focusing effect for a specific application such as the VLC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101410"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical properties, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of graphene-based nanofluids for solar collectors","authors":"M.A. Morozova ,&nbsp;A.A. Osipov ,&nbsp;E.A. Maksimovskiy ,&nbsp;A.V. Zaikovsky","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluids based on graphene and water are promising working fluids for use in solar collectors. In this study, the optical properties, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of nanofluids based on water and graphene material, with the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant, were experimentally investigated. To obtain these nanofluids, graphene nanoparticles were synthesized using a plasma-chemical method and were later characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The relationships between the concentrations of graphene in the nanofluids and the geometric parameters of vessels for effective absorption of solar energy were determined. The spectral dependences of the extinction coefficient for the nanofluids and for aqueous solutions with black aniline dye were compared. It was found that the application of graphene-based nanofluids is more effective than aqueous solutions based on aniline dye in photothermal energy conversion. Additionally, it was noted that the addition of graphene and the SDS surfactant does not lead to an increase in viscosity or a significant change in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids for concentrations up to 0.02 wt%. The results showed that the studied nanofluids are effective absorbers of solar energy and, at the same time, do not require additional energy consumption to move through the solar harvesting circuit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101409"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicine and drug delivery: A comprehensive review of applications and challenges","authors":"Kalpana Singh ,&nbsp;Shiwani Singhal ,&nbsp;Shilpa Pahwa ,&nbsp;Vandana Arora Sethi ,&nbsp;Shashank Sharma ,&nbsp;Preeti Singh ,&nbsp;R.D. Kale ,&nbsp;S. Wazed Ali ,&nbsp;Suresh Sagadevan","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanotechnology is instrumental across various fields of life, offering transformative approaches to solving complex problems. At the core of this innovation is nanomedicine, a new field that leverages the unique properties of nanoparticles to revolutionize pharmaceutical delivery and clinical practices. Nanomedicine focuses on using nanoparticles as nanodrugs to create highly effective drug delivery systems, marking a significant advancement in treating various diseases. Several nanomaterials, already commercially accessible as pharmaceutical delivery agents, have shown substantial efficacy in clinical studies. Recent developments in nanomedicine have led to significant innovations, including nanomedicines based on natural products, carbon dots (CDs), nanorobots, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and metal-based nanoparticles. Each of these advancements brings unique properties that enhance drug delivery, targeting, and overall therapeutic efficacy. Biomedical applications of nanomedicine are diverse, addressing several critical areas, such as cancer treatment through passive and active targeting mechanisms, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, ophthalmological conditions, and combating antibiotic resistance. Specifically, nanotherapeutics have shown promising results in treating Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases by offering targeted and site-specific drug delivery systems, thus reducing side effects and improving patient outcomes. In cancer treatment, nanomedicines such as Marqibo® (2012) (vincristine) and Myocet® (2000) (doxorubicin) have successfully transitioned from clinical trials to commercial availability, providing new options for oncogenic therapies that were otherwise hazardous and challenging to deliver. Moreover, natural polymers, particularly those derived from plants, are gaining popularity in nanodrug administration due to their affordability, non-toxicity, and efficacy. This trend reflects a broader movement towards safer and more effective nanodrug formulations. Nanotechnology’s potential to treat chronic illnesses through targeted drug delivery is undeniable, yet there remain significant challenges and limitations that must be addressed to fully realize its benefits. The review discusses the recent breakthroughs in nanomaterial-based nanodrug delivery and explores the current challenges and outlook for future advancements in nanomedicine. Despite the progress, there is a need for continued innovation to overcome existing hurdles, such as optimizing drug formulations for oral delivery and addressing resistance mechanisms. The future of nanomedicine promises to bring new technologies and treatments, continually expanding the possibilities for curing human diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green and chemical synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles: An In-depth comparative analysis and photoluminescence study","authors":"A. Sangeetha ,&nbsp;Adithi Ambli ,&nbsp;B.M. Nagabhushana","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titania nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method using chemical and natural solvents. Isopropanol is used as a chemical solvent for the reduction of ions. Further, Jasminum and Magnolia champaca flower extracts were individually used as natural solvents which acts as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The role of natural solvents over chemical solvents on the structure, phase, morphology, and optical properties of TiO₂ nanoparticles were investigated. Synthesis using natural solvents led to rutile phase of TiO₂ nanoparticles while, chemical synthesis produced anatase phase. Green synthesis yielded larger crystallite size TiO₂ compared to chemical synthesis. Synthesized TiO₂ exhibited PL emission centered at 397 nm with excitation 325 nm associated with weak emissions noticed at 450 nm, 470 nm, and 520 nm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with exposed {001} facets using Chromolaena odorata leaf extract for photodegradation of pollutants under visible light","authors":"Anu K. John,&nbsp;Shiny Palaty","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facet-tailored TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit exceptional properties due to high surface energy. Conventional strategies for the fabrication of such TiO₂ NPs involve harmful chemicals, which necessitates the development of environmentally benign pathways. Plant extract-assisted synthesis has emerged as a promising green alternative to conventional nanomaterial synthesis. This work introduces an innovative method for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped TiO₂ (N-TiO₂) NPs with exposed {001} facets using the leaf extract of a weed plant <em>Chromolaena odorata,</em> which is commonly known as Siam weed. The synthesis was carried out by sol-gel process with triethylamine (TEA), hydrazine hydrate and urea being the nitrogen precursors. The synthesised N-TiO₂ NPs exhibited exposed {001} facets and showed a reduction in band gap. Photo-induced degradation of methylene blue dye was used to analyse the photocatalytic capability of N-TiO₂ NPs in the visible range. The effect of N precursor, N dosage and light exposure time on the catalytic efficacy was studied. N-TiO₂ NPs derived from TEA with 1 mol.% dopant achieved 98 % degradation in 180 minutes, while those synthesized with hydrazine and urea attained 96 % and 93 %, respectively when compared to 90 % degradation for undoped samples. The N-doping leads to significant advancement of photocatalytic effectiveness of the TiO₂ NPs by introducing mid-gap levels in the forbidden energy gap that diminishes the charge carrier-recombination and boost the charge-carrier mobility of TiO₂. This along with the existence of high energy facets causes a substantial advancement in the photocatalytic function in the visible region. The proposed method is a sustainable way for synthesising N-TiO₂ NPs with exposed {001} facets for environment remediation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101402"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive scrutinization on tamarind kernel powder-based derivatives and nanomaterials in modern research","authors":"Sakshi Saini ,&nbsp;Jagram Meena ,&nbsp;Rajdeep Malik ,&nbsp;Teena Saini ,&nbsp;Vratika Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A natural biopolymer, tamarind exhibits eco-friendly, biodegradable, and biocompatible characteristics, offering a renewable and sustainable alternative for nanoparticle formulation compared to synthetic polymers. The chelation effect of (-OH), (-COOH), and (-C<img>O) in tamarind plays an important role in the binding and stabilizing of metal ions, during nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis and enhances the stability and uniformity of NPs. Tamarind has some drawbacks e.g., low solubility, and dullness. Derivatization of tamarind improved swelling, water solubility, mucoadhesive properties, and viscosity, which was achieved through grafting, copolymerization, and cross-linking. NPs of tamarind have been synthesized using various methods, including the co-precipitation method, sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, green synthesis method, in-situ, ex-situ, and solvent casting method. The derivatization and fabrication of tamarind NPs were confirmed via some techniques including fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ay dispersive diffraction (XRD), ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS), dynamic light scattering (DSC), nuclear genetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Tamarind-based NPs exhibit a spectrum of versatile applications including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, immunomodulatory, anticancer, drug delivery, hazardous metal, and dye removal, agriculture, biosensing, food packaging, electrochemical devices, and many more. This review provides the details regarding tamarind derivatives and nanoparticles introduced to date. It incites us about the synthesis of a novel derivative of tamarind and explores its applications in various fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101393"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of solriamfetol-loaded PVA/PLGA electrospun nanofiber membranes: A promising approach for sustained narcolepsy treatment","authors":"J. Nandhini ,&nbsp;E. Karthikeyan ,&nbsp;E. Elizabeth Rani ,&nbsp;V.S. Karthikha","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Narcolepsy presents challenges in medication adherence and delivery, with traditional oral medications not always suitable for patients experiencing unexpected sleep episodes or difficulty in swallowing pills. This study focused on developing a solriamfetol (SF) loaded nanofiber membrane using a polymer blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) for the management of narcoleptic patients with non-oral dosage options. The design required synthesis, optimization, characterization, and evaluation of these nanofibers for transdermal drug delivery. Using a Box-Behnken design, the nanofibers were produced via the electrospinning technique, achieving a high drug content of 96.31 ± 1.21 % and entrapment efficiency of 96.18 ± 1.42 %. The in vitro drug release studies demonstrated a prolonged release profile of SF over 24 h, with 97 % ± 2 % of the drug released. The SEM analysis revealed that the surface morphology of the nanofibers was smooth and homogenous, and the average diameter of the SF/PVA/PLGA nanofibers was found to be 150.23 ± 2.50 nm. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the amorphous structure of the nanofibers. The zebrafish embryonic toxicological study did not reveal any signs of toxicity or morphological abnormalities in the developing embryos, indicating that the nanofibers are safe. The results point to the applicability of SF nanofiber membranes in personalized narcolepsy therapy, which improves patients’ quality of life and the efficacy of their treatment. These nanofibers can be given in the form of a transdermal patch to patients for sustained drug delivery, even when they fall asleep or when they cannot take medicines orally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101407"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moringa oleifera: A plethora of bioactive reservoirs with tremendous opportunity for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles enabled with multifaceted applications","authors":"Pooja V. Nagime ,&nbsp;Sudarshan Singh ,&nbsp;Vijay R. Chidrawar ,&nbsp;Amarjitsing Rajput ,&nbsp;Dwi Marlina Syukri ,&nbsp;Nusri T. Marwan ,&nbsp;Sheeba Shafi","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to superior stability and minimal chemical reactivity compared to other metals, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent a significant breakthrough in nanotechnology. Given their special physicochemical characteristics, AgNPs have drawn much interest in biological applications. AgNPs are produced using various techniques, including chemical and physical ones. These techniques frequently require harmful substances as reducing agents to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs). To prevent the use of hazardous materials; however, several attempts have been made in the last few decades to develop green synthesis processes. Green synthesis AgNPs have gained broader attention due to excellent antibacterial and allied biological applications. <em>Moringa oleifera</em> is renowned for its lightning-fast growth and broad site adaptability and contains diverse bioactive compounds used traditionally to treat several diseases. Owing to these broad utility <em>M. oleifera</em> plant extract has been widely explored to reduce and stabilize the metallic NPs. Therefore, the green production of <em>moringa</em> various plant part extract-based AgNPs and the function of plant metabolites in the synthesis process is briefly discussed considering their multifaceted applications. Moreover, updates on potential biomedical applications of biosynthesized AgNPs using <em>M. oleifera</em> in a variety of domains with insights into future research directions and strategies for overcoming the challenges have been elaborated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101404"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced delivery of rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease: Convolvulus pluricaulis lipid hybrid nanoparticles","authors":"Twinkle Garg ,&nbsp;Saraswati Patel ,&nbsp;Divya Yadav ,&nbsp;Vivek Dave ,&nbsp;Rakesh Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigates the formulation and characterization of polymeric lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLHNs) for targeted delivery of Rivastigmine and <em>Convolvulus pluricaulis</em> (<em>C. pluricaulis,</em> Shankhpushpi) extract to the brain. Employing a modified film hydration technique, PLHNs were optimized by adjusting lipid-to-polymer ratios, achieving nanoparticles with optimal size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The resulting nanoparticles, with sizes between approximately 150–225 nm, exhibited excellent physical stability and encapsulation efficiencies. Characterization through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed their spherical and smooth morphology. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses showed no significant interactions between the drug, polymer, and plant extract, ensuring formulation stability. In vitro release studies demonstrated a controlled and sustained drug release, with the optimal formulation showing substantial release over 24 hours. The novel object recognition (NOR) test indicated enhanced cognitive function in animals treated with the optimal formulation, suggesting effective brain targeting and neuroprotective activity. Biochemical analyses supported these findings, revealing significant improvements in antioxidant enzyme levels and reductions in oxidative stress markers in treated animals. This study underscores the potential of PLHNs to enhance the delivery of neuroprotective agents, offering a promising strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy for targeted treatment of breast cancer","authors":"Shivam Rajput ,&nbsp;Rishabha Malviya ,&nbsp;Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breast cancer is the predominant malignancy afflicting women globally, profoundly influencing their physical and psychological well-being. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a viable non-invasive treatment modality. Photodynamic therapy utilizes photosensitizers activated by laser light in an oxygen-rich environment to selectively destroy cancer cells. This process produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that efficiently eradicate tumor tissues. In the comparison of free photosensitizers and nanoparticles in PDT, nanoparticles offer significant benefits, such as increased solubility, enhanced biodistribution, and superior intercellular penetration, resulting in more effective targeting of cancer cells. Current research concentrates on the development of nanocarrier photosensitizers by non-covalent methods (including self-aggregation and interfacial polymerization) and covalent techniques (such as chemical immobilization). These nanoparticles may accumulate in tumors by passive and/or active targeting, guaranteeing both chemical and physical stability of the photosensitizer payload. Their advantageous traits namely remarkable stability, variable dimensions, and facile surface functionalization render nanoparticles especially suitable for biological applications. This article elucidates the processes of breast cancer treatment utilizing nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy, emphasizing recent progress in nanocarrier technologies and synergistic treatments. It seeks to deliver a thorough summary of existing knowledge, establishing a basis for novel research concepts and systematic assessments of potential results. The review also addresses the use of PDT with traditional medicines in breast cancer treatment, highlighting its potential to improve therapeutic efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}