Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects最新文献

{"title":"Nanocomposite biosensors for cancer biomarker detection: From sensing mechanisms to prognostic applications","authors":"Begüm Sarac ,&nbsp;Burhan Adıgüzel ,&nbsp;Seydanur Yücer ,&nbsp;Dilara Gülsüm Ozdemir Karabag ,&nbsp;Berfin Gürbüz Sahin ,&nbsp;Fatih Ciftci","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanocomposite biosensors have emerged as promising tools in the field of cancer detection and prognosis due to their enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response times. These biosensors integrate nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles within polymer matrices, resulting in hybrid materials that exhibit superior electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The design and working principles of nanocomposite biosensors rely on the synergistic interactions between the nanomaterials and biological recognition elements, such as antibodies, DNA probes, or aptamers, enabling highly specific detection of cancer biomarkers at low concentrations. In cancer diagnosis and prognosis, nanocomposite biosensors have demonstrated considerable potential by facilitating early and accurate detection of tumor-associated markers, which is crucial for improving patient outcomes. These biosensors are applied in various formats including electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric platforms, each offering distinct advantages for monitoring cancer progression and response to treatment. The incorporation of nanocomposites enhances signal transduction and stability, thereby improving the reliability and reproducibility of measurements. Recent studies have highlighted their use in detecting biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA, proteins, and microRNAs, which are pivotal in understanding cancer aggressiveness and patient prognosis. Looking forward, the development of nanocomposite biosensors is expected to advance further through integration with microfluidic systems and wearable devices, enabling real-time, point-of-care cancer monitoring. Challenges such as large-scale production, biocompatibility, and long-term stability remain, but ongoing research aims to address these barriers. This review uniquely provides a comparative evaluation of nanocomposite biosensors based on sensing mechanisms, analytical performance, and clinical applicability, offering a new classification framework for next-generation cancer biomarker detection technologies. Overall, nanocomposite biosensors represent a transformative approach in oncology, offering precise, non-invasive, and cost-effective solutions for cancer detection and prognosis, ultimately contributing to personalized medicine and improved clinical outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101657"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bandgap engineering and defect suppression in Cd–Al co-doped ZnO thin films composed of QDs","authors":"Md. Tanweer Ashraf ,&nbsp;Sameen Ahmad Khan ,&nbsp;Azhar Mazid Siddiqui ,&nbsp;Md. Naiyar Perwez ,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Co-doped ZnO thin films with composition Cd_xAl_6-x(ZnO)₉₄; X = 0, 2, 4, &amp; 6 were synthesized via the sol-gel dip-coating method to modulate optoelectronic properties through cationic substitutions. X-ray diffraction analysis suggested a predominant wurtzite ZnO lattice. At higher Cd concentrations, additional CdO peaks appear, which reveal limited solubility and lattice perturbation due to ionic radii mismatch. The average particle size was found to decrease from 13.5 nm to 11.05 nm with increasing Cd concentration, accompanied by a significant broadening of the diffraction peaks. This is due to strain effects within the crystal lattice, which indicates a microstructural refinement in the as-synthesized samples. Electron microscopy analysis revealed strong progress from densely packed grains to a porous interconnected quantum-dot network with increasing X-values. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the stoichiometrically controlled addition of Cd-Al within the ZnO matrix. Optical absorption analysis exhibited a systematic blue shift of the band edges along with bandgap widening from 3.365 to 3.435 eV. This effect is governed by the Burstein–Moss effect and Fermi-level upshift due to increased carrier density. The simultaneous reduction in Urbach energy validated the suppression of localized defect states and enhanced optical behavior. These results determine that Cd-Al co-doping effectively modulates the electronic band structure and defect chemistry of ZnO, placing the as-deposited thin films as promising candidates for transparent electrodes and next-generation optoelectronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101668"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A DFT study of dibenzothiophene adsorption on Fe-S-, Mo-S-, and Nb-S-doped fullerene surfaces for extractive desulfurization","authors":"Eban L. Kechi ,&nbsp;Lubem Aondoakaa ,&nbsp;Okpanachi N. Oyibo ,&nbsp;Opeyemi M. Oyebanji ,&nbsp;Ekpenyong Uduak Ime ,&nbsp;Dorcas A. Oke ,&nbsp;Abdulmuiz A. Owolabi","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the extractive desulfurization potential of transition metal-sulfur-doped C₇₈ fullerenes (Fe-S@C₇₈, Mo-S@C₇₈, and Nb-S@C₇₈) toward dibenzothiophene (DBT) using density functional theory. Structural analysis confirms that DBT adsorption does not significantly distort the fullerene framework, indicating good stability of all systems. The calculated HOMO-LUMO energy gaps for the pristine adsorbents range from 1.078 to 1.245 eV, with Mo-S@C₇₈ exhibiting the lowest gap. Upon adsorption, the gaps decrease to 0.931–1.142 eV, with DBT-Fe-S@C₇₈ showing the smallest value, suggesting enhanced reactivity and charge transfer. Adsorption energies reveal strong chemisorption across all systems, with values of −1.605 eV (Fe), −1.387 eV (Mo), and −2.911 eV (Nb). Maximum stabilization energies of 973.88 kcal/mol for Fe, 233.98 kcal/mol for Mo, and 1131.42 kcal/mol for Nb are found in natural bond orbital analysis results, suggesting greater charge delocalization in the Nb system. Density of states (DOS) analysis highlights significant orbital hybridization and electron redistribution upon adsorption. Noncovalent interaction analysis reveals strong attractive interactions near the metal centers, complemented by weak dispersive forces that enhance adsorption stability. Therefore, Nb-S@C₇₈ shows the better combination of adsorption strength, electronic properties, and interaction stability, making it a promising candidate for efficient removal of refractory sulfur compounds in extractive desulfurization processes. These findings provide insights for designing advanced nanostructured adsorbents with improved selectivity and efficiency for petroleum purification applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101664"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, optimization, and characterization of an ivermectin-loaded nanoemulsion using a quality by design approach","authors":"Ashutosh Jamloki ,&nbsp;Monika Dua ,&nbsp;Ujashkumar Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ivermectin is a BCS Class II drug with aqueous solubility below 0.005 mg/mL and log P of 5.83. Its topical delivery from conventional cream-based systems remains limited due to poor dermal bioavailability. The present study was carried out to develop and optimize an ivermectin-loaded topical nanoemulsion using a Quality by Design approach. QTPP definition, FMEA-based risk assessment, and 3² full factorial design were the key steps followed. From solubility screening, oleic acid, Tween 80, and propylene glycol were found to be the most suitable excipients. Among five Smix ratios evaluated through pseudoternary phase diagrams, Smix 4:1 showed the widest nanoemulsion existence zone and was hence selected. FMEA identified oil concentration (RPN = 448) and Smix concentration (RPN = 392) as critical process parameters. These were investigated across nine factorial batches and significant linear models were confirmed for all three responses. Checkpoint validation identified F10 as the optimized formulation at oil 5.83% and Smix 53.83%. It showed droplet size of 57.18 ± 2.36 nm, PDI of 0.251, transmittance of 99.8%, viscosity of 135.4 cps, and 1.43-fold higher drug release at 1 h in comparison to plain drug solution. Thermodynamic stability testing confirmed the physical robustness of the developed nanoemulsion under all stress conditions evaluated. The systematic QbD-driven optimization successfully established a robust design space for the formulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated the potential of the optimized nanoemulsion as a promising platform for enhancing topical dermal delivery of ivermectin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101690"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147991675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tunable transport in carbyne-alkyne molecular wires: Length dependence, parity effects and resonant tunneling","authors":"Iurbson Sales Costa ,&nbsp;Sara Carvalho da Luz ,&nbsp;Antonio Maia de Jesus Chaves Neto ,&nbsp;Jonas Marinho Duarte ,&nbsp;Jordan Del Nero","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated coherent electronic transport in all-carbon two-terminal junctions formed by semi-infinite carbyne electrodes bridged by phenyl-terminated alkyne oligomers (n = 1–10 repeat units). Using self-consistent DFT (GGA-PBE) and NEGF as implemented in SIESTA/TranSIESTA (DZP-like localized basis, real-space mesh ≈200–300 Ry and dense k-sampling along the transport axis), we computed zero-bias transmission, I–V and G–V curves, projected DOS and full T(E,V) landscapes up to 1.0. V. At low bias all devices lie in an off-resonant tunneling regime: zero-bias conductance decreases strongly with bridge length, from conductances on the order of ∼20 μS for the ^{shortest bridges to below ∼0.3 μS for the longest, corresponding to transmission at E}F ^{that falls from ∼0.26 G}0 ^{to ∼4×10−3 G}0 ^{(with G}0^{= 2e2/h). At 1.0 V the current similarly} spans microampere to sub-microampere ranges (≈22 μA → ≲0.3 μA) across the series. Superposed on this dominant exponential attenuation we find reproducible odd-even (parity) modulations of conductance (tens-of-percent scale) that reflect orbital- symmetry changes when a single repeat unit is added. Finite-bias behavior is governed by discrete resonant channels: T(E,V) maps show HOMO/LUMO-derived bands entering the bias window and producing pronounced nonlinearity and conductance peaks; resonance widths decrease and spacing narrows with increasing chain length, consistent with reduced level broadening and smaller HOMO-LUMO gaps. Taken together, these results demonstrate clear design knobs, bridge length, parity, and contact matching, that tune transport from deep tunneling to resonance-dominated regimes, suggesting applications in nanoscale interconnects, bias-triggered switches and chemically sensitive molecular sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101712"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148184104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of morphology on the properties of thin films based on colloidal AgInS2 nanocrystals","authors":"Ivan A. Shuklov,&nbsp;Vladimir V. Lim,&nbsp;Margarita A. Troyanova,&nbsp;Alexander Yu. Shalagin,&nbsp;Marina I. Aleshina,&nbsp;Viktor O. Yakovlev,&nbsp;Victor S. Popov,&nbsp;Victor V. Ivanov","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tadpole-shaped colloidal AgInS₂ NCs were prepared for the first time prepared and thoughtfully characterized. Influence of the reaction conditions and starting reagents on the size and morphology was investigated in detail. The tadpole shaped NCs are compared with spherical species in ligand exchange reaction in solution and in thin films with several ligand. FT-IR investigation on the HATR plate revealed the rate and conversions of AgInS₂ NCs in ligand exchange with SCN and 2-mercaptoethanol. Biphasic ligand exchange with formation of ink suitable for direct preparation of thin films was demonstrated. Phostoresistor was prepared by layer-by-layer deposition on gold interdigitated electrodes and it sensitivity to 405 nm laser was studied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101694"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148184106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rutin-biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles mitigate 5-fluorouracil induced neurotoxicity via modulation of the ROS/Nrf2/NF-κB mitochondrial apoptosis axis","authors":"Salah S. Elyan ,&nbsp;Moaz Elsayed ,&nbsp;Nesreen ashraf ,&nbsp;Nada Sayed ,&nbsp;Mohamed Saleh ,&nbsp;Madonna Osama ,&nbsp;Sama Ahmed ,&nbsp;Mohamed H.A. Gadelmawla ,&nbsp;Khaled M. Alam-ElDein","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent, but its use is often limited by neurotoxic side effects. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of rutin (RUT), sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃), and rutin-stabilized selenium nanoparticles (RUT-SeNPs) against 5-FU-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The animals were divided into five groups: control, 5-FU, 5-FU&amp;Na₂SeO₃, 5-FU&amp;RUT, and 5-FU&amp;RUT-SeNPs. 5-FU administration caused significant neurotoxicity, including increased oxidative stress (MDA: 178.3%, NO: 146.29%), inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α: 196.14%, IL-6: 300.67%), and apoptotic markers (Bax: 119.43%, Caspase-3: 191.25%), and decreased neurotrophic factors and activation of astrocyte (BDNF: −51.29%, GFAP: 224.52%). Treatment with RUT-SeNPs showed the strongest neuroprotective effect, significantly reducing oxidative stress (MDA: −64.44%, NO: −50.71%), inflammatory markers (TNF-α: −60.27%, IL-6: −75.56%), and apoptotic indicators (Bax: −48.30%, Caspase-3: −56.74%). RUT-SeNPs treatment also significantly improved neurotrophic factor levels and astrocyte suppression (BDNF: 121.01%, GFAP: −60.63%) and restored Nrf2 expression (104.34%) and NF-kB levels (53.40%) to near-normal levels, as evidenced by histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. These results suggest that RUT-SeNPs offer superior neuroprotection compared to free rutin and sodium selenite and may serve as a promising adjunct to mitigate 5-FU-induced neurotoxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101697"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148184313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationally designed antimicrobial peptide power meets nanotechnology: A next generation strategy against combating AMR","authors":"Suraj Pratap Singh ,&nbsp;Jatinder Kaur ,&nbsp;Pavitra Ranawat ,&nbsp;Gurpal Singh ,&nbsp;Ravi Pratap Barnwal","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid escalation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a severe threat to global public health, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent promising candidates due to their broad-spectrum activity and reduced susceptibility to classical resistance mechanisms; however, their clinical translation is hindered by poor stability, short half-life, and potential cytotoxicity. In this review, we report the rational design, synthesis, and nanoformulation of two AMP mimics, Stig-I and Stig-II, derived from the scorpion venom peptide Stigmurin. Both analogues exhibited markedly enhanced antimicrobial activity against <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 3.5 µM, compared to the weak activity of the parent peptide. Stig-II demonstrated superior bactericidal efficacy, while both peptides maintained minimal haemolysis at bacteriologically relevant concentrations. To overcome peptide-associated limitations, the mimics were encapsulated within biocompatible PLA-PEG (Polylactic acid-poly(ethylene glycol)) polymeric nanoparticles, achieving high entrapment efficiencies (&gt;95%), low polydispersity, and stable physicochemical profiles. Nanoparticle encapsulation offers protection from degradation and the potential for controlled release and improved bioavailability. Integrating peptide engineering with nanotechnology boosts AMP efficacy and safety. It offers a strong strategy for next-generation antimicrobial therapies against AMR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101691"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147951069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic and spectral characteristics of pyrrole adsorption on Al₁₂N₁₂ and Al₁₂P₁₂ nanocages: A DFT-based sensing assessment","authors":"Jamelah S. Al-Otaibi ,&nbsp;Y.Sheena Mary ,&nbsp;Unnati Jethawa ,&nbsp;Brahmananda Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Maria Cristina Gamberini","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a comprehensive Density Functional Theory (DFT) investigation of the adsorption behavior of two pyrrole derivatives (PYI and PYII) on Al₁₂N₁₂ and Al₁₂P₁₂ fullerene-like nanocages, aiming to evaluate their suitability for sensing and drug-delivery applications. Geometry optimization, adsorption energy calculations, electronic structure analysis, molecular descriptors, and solvent effects were examined using the wB97XD/SDD level of theory. Both PYI and PYII exhibit spontaneous, exothermic, and chemisorptive binding onto the nanocages, with the presence of a strong adsorption observed for PYII and for Al₁₂P₁₂, particularly in aqueous media. Adsorption induces pronounced charge distribution, reduction of HOMO-LUMO gaps, increase in dipole moment and polarizability, and significant modulation of frontier orbital distribution, all indicating enhanced electronic reactivity and stronger surface interactions. UV-Vis and Raman analyses further reveal marked red shifts, reduced absorption intensities, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active vibrational enhancements, confirming strong coupling between the pyrroles and the nanocages. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) and Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analyses highlight dominant hyperconjugative interactions and mixed attractive/van der Waals contributions stabilizing the adsorbed complexes. Molecular docking with acetylcholinesterase (1EVE) demonstrates substantially improved binding affinities for the adsorbed systems compared to the isolated pyrroles, suggesting potential for targeted therapeutic delivery. Collectively, these findings, identify Al-based nanocages as promising candidates for pyrrole sensing, photocatalytic enhancement, and drug-carrier applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101676"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147951068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functionalization and surface engineering of hydroxyapatite. 1. surface modification tools and resulting coatings","authors":"Oxana V. Kharissova,&nbsp;Boris I. Kharisov,&nbsp;Yolanda Peña Méndez","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂, is chemically similar to the minerals in natural body construction parts (teeth and bone) and bioactive, having excellent biocompatibility. At the same time, pristine HA possesses a certain surface reactivity and mechanical properties, insufficient for modern medical applications. This problem is being resolved by several strategies of engineering and surface functionalization to tailor properties of HA and other CaP materials. Herein, in this review we discuss most important classic and recent techniques and approaches of HA surface modification, including doping and substitution with metal and non-metal ions, coating methods, biomolecule immobilization, polymer grafting, silanization, plasma treatment, among other approaches. Several process mechanisms, chemical and structural changes in resulting compounds, leading to enhanced antibacterial activity, osteointegration, cell adhesion, drug and impurities loading and remediation, and corresponding biomedical and other applications are discussed. Key HA properties are integration with metallic or polymeric matrices, drug loading capacity, antibacterial activity (preventing colonization of bacteria), osteoconductivity, and biocompatibility of implants. Resulting surface-engineering HA-based hybrid and composite materials possess more applications in regenerative medicine, controlled drug delivery, implant technologies, and bone tissue regeneration, as well as in the non-medical areas. Several challenges remain yet non-resolved, related to the scalability of surface functionalization processes and stability of modified (functionalized) HA phases in the conditions of human body under physiological conditions, needing further investigations and strong efforts. Functionalization and surface engineering of HA are routes toward novel biomaterials for the development of implants, bone regeneration, and drug delivery. This article is a part of a multi-part review on HA functionalization and surface engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101653"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}