Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects最新文献

{"title":"Sustainable synthesis and application of green deep eutectic solvent in chalcopyrite leaching: A combined experimental and molecular dynamic simulation approach","authors":"S. Karimi ,&nbsp;P. Mohammadpour ,&nbsp;M. Esmailzadeh ,&nbsp;M. Izadi","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the chemical dissolution of chalcopyrite in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) solvent with a combination of choline chloride (ChCl) and maleic acid (MA) was investigated. Using the Taguchi experimental design, three parameters were optimized: leaching time (2–24 h), leaching temperature (100–200 °C), and the mol ratio of ChCl to MA (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). The results of the Taguchi design showed that increasing temperature and time enhances copper recovery. Under optimal conditions for dissolving chalcopyrite at a ChCl:MA ratio of 1:1, with a leaching temperature of 150 °C and a leaching time of 24 h, copper recovery was approximately calculated as about 49.2 %, which is relatively consistent with experiment results showing 52.6 %. Under optimal conditions, XRD and SEM-EDS analyses of leaching residues show no sulfur film formation on chalcopyrite surfaces. Instead, they indicate elevated levels of SiO₂, FeS₂, and CuS, suggesting these phases have limited solubility in DES. Combining ChCl and MA forms a DES with altered infrared spectra due to hydrogen bonding, allowing for stable reuse after metal separation via precipitation or electrolysis methods. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results show that chalcopyrite dissolution in DES is a chemical process, occurring without oxidation reactions. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations explored interactions in an MA and ChCl DES. Radial distribution function (RDF) analysis revealed strong interactions between MA's hydroxyl hydrogens as well as ChCl's chloride, and intramolecular hydrogen bonds within MA. Simulations also showed Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions interact strongly with chloride ions of ChCl and oxygen atoms of MA, with low diffusion coefficients suggesting a 3D hydrogen bond network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101481"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the photocatalytic activity of metal oxide nanoparticles and their derived composites","authors":"S.Yu. Sokovnin ,&nbsp;A.S. Gerasimov ,&nbsp;M.E. Balezin ,&nbsp;V.G. Ilves","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we conducted an analysis of the photocatalytic activity of nanopowders (NPs) produced by pulsed electron beam evaporation method. Specifically, we investigated TiO₂, CeO₂ NPs annealed at different temperatures, as well as Bi₂O₃, ZnO-Zn, ZrO₂, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃ NPs, including those coated and doped with nanosilver by the radiation-chemical method (Ag-ZrO₂, Ag-ZnO-Zn, Ag-Bi₂O₃, Ag-SiO₂, Ag-Fe₂O₃). Our work examined the degradation process of the organic dye methyl violet (orange) under UV irradiation in NPs suspensions, with a thorough examination of the factors influencing photocatalytic activity. It has been shown that doping and coating with nanosilver has a positive effect on the rate of photodecomposition. Furthermore, we identified optimal annealing temperatures for bismuth, silicon, and zinc oxide NPs, corresponding to increased photocatalytic activity. Notably, a correlation was established between sample activity and the ratio of band gap to the spectrum of the applied irradiation source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101483"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prospective contribution of kesterites to next-generation technologies","authors":"Mohammad Istiaque Hossain ,&nbsp;Puvaneswaran Chelvanathan ,&nbsp;Abdelmajid Salhi ,&nbsp;Brahim Aissa","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kesterite-based Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe) thin films have emerged as versatile and sustainable materials for a wide spectrum of next-generation technologies, including solar photovoltaics, photodetectors, sensors, thermoelectric devices, photoelectrochemical water splitting, energy storage systems (such as lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors), and even antibacterial treatments. In the realm of photovoltaics, CZTSSe thin-film solar cells have achieved a notable power conversion efficiency of 12.6 %. This review delves into both encapsulated and non-encapsulated device structures, examining their structural stability and degradation mechanisms over time. The key advantages of CZTSSe include their earth-abundant, non-toxic composition, tunable optoelectronic properties, and compatibility with low-cost, scalable fabrication techniques. Such material has favorable empirical properties at both the nano- and micro-level, such as a tunable direct bandgap (∼1.0–1.5 eV), high absorption coefficient (&gt;10⁴ cm⁻¹), earth-abundant and non-toxic elemental composition, and potential for low thermal conductivity—traits that are especially beneficial for photovoltaic and thermoelectric applications. These features strongly align with global sustainability goals and the principles of a circular economy, particularly through reduced environmental impact and the potential for recycling. The review also addresses critical challenges related to stability, reproducibility, and ageing effects, providing insights into defect passive action, interface engineering, and compositional tuning to enhance long-term performance. Additionally, the potential of CZTSSe for material and energy storage is thoroughly explored, reinforcing the material’s promise beyond traditional photovoltaics. By presenting recent advancements, fabrication strategies, and emerging multifunctional applications, this review underscores the transformative potential of CZTSSe in shaping a sustainable technological future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of TiO2-SiC nanomaterials on morphology and sorption behavior of PVA-PEG-based nanocomposites for UV-applications and antibacterial efficacy","authors":"Nawras T. Sheehab ,&nbsp;Fouad Sh. Hashim ,&nbsp;Ehssan Al-Bermany ,&nbsp;Ahmed Najm Obaid ,&nbsp;Karar Abdali ,&nbsp;Adel H. Omran Alkhayatt","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work exhibits the incorporation of TiO₂-SiC nanoparticles (NPs) for the first time via a green and cost-effective route. It examines their loading into a polymeric matrix (PM) composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) at several weight percentages (wt%) via a casting way. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the chemical properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed that the surface morphology of PM is rough and homogenous. Furthermore, the insertion of lower filler loadings of TiO₂-SiC NPs was uniformly and well dispersed through the PM, reducing aggregations. It is rough and homogenous. The compositional elements were achieved using EDXs. The optical absorbance values were boosted by 85 % at a wavelength of 260 nm, decreasing the indirect bandgaps by 47.5 %, from 4.58 eV to 2.40 eV (Tauc model) and from 4.83 eV to 2.60 eV (ASF model) upon SiC ratio reaching 2.5 wt%. The AC conductivity values were improved upon loading from 3.30 × 10⁻⁹ S.cm⁻¹ to 3.52 × 10⁻⁹ S.cm⁻¹ at 100 Hz, and the dielectric constant was higher than PM finding with maintained low dielectric loss. The strongest activity and the greatest inhibitory zone of about 24 mm <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (gram-positive) appeared at a ratio of 2.5 wt% SiC. From the results obtained, these films are promising for use in UV-blocking, energy storage, and optoelectronic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101479"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photochemical and electrochemical synthesis of [rGO–AuNps] hybrids dispersions for detection of rhodamine 6G by SERS","authors":"Juan Martín Chierici ,&nbsp;Federico Fioravanti ,&nbsp;Luis A. Pérez ,&nbsp;Gabriela I. Lacconi","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many hybrid nanomaterials with different types of metallic nanostructures have been studied for diverse applications. Herein, we present four simple experimental strategies, combining photochemical and electrochemical reduction steps to obtain aqueous dispersions of hybrid nanomaterials of reduced graphene oxide flakes (rGO) supporting gold nanoparticles (AuNps). We found clear differences in the optical, structural, and morphological characteristics of the <strong>[rGO–AuNps]</strong> hybrids due to the size, shape, and distribution of AuNps, according to the synthesis strategy employed. These characteristics are associated with the degree of reduction (C/O ratio composition) and structural defects (Raman intensity ratio between D and G bands) of the rGO formed, both features provide sites available for nucleation and growth of the nanostructures, obtained in each synthesis. The efficiency of different dispersions with plasmonic activity in the detection of rhodamine 6 G (Rh6G) from dilute aqueous solutions was spectroscopically evaluated. SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy) experiments were performed directly on cellulose fibers (filter paper), previously modified with the assembly of the hybrid nanomaterials, and the Rh6G molecules. In this way, a practical and simple configuration with nanomaterials has been established, as a platform designed for the sensitive detection of adsorbed molecules, potentially useful during the filtration of contaminated water. The SERS spectra of adsorbed Rh6G on the paper membranes with the hybrids <strong>[rGO]</strong>^{<strong>hυ</strong>} <strong>–[AuNps]</strong>^{<strong>hυ</strong>} and <strong>[rGO]</strong>^{<strong>hυ</strong>}<strong>–[AuNps]</strong>^{<strong>ec</strong>} for 48 h immersion, showed a 23 ± 5 and 21 ± 5 enhancement factor (EF), respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101478"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green fabrication of novel LaCeO₃ decorated with CuO using Kigelia africana (lamb) benth leaf extract for photocatalytic degradation of malachite green","authors":"Rahma Demy Fitria Irbati ,&nbsp;Dewangga Oky Bagus Apriandanu ,&nbsp;Mike Rahayu ,&nbsp;Vatra Reksa Ananda ,&nbsp;Muh. Risky Yusuf ,&nbsp;Sheela Chandren ,&nbsp;Yoki Yulizar","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study successfully synthesized a novel LaCeO₃/CuO nanocomposite using a green synthesis method mediated by <em>Kigelia africana</em> leaf extract (KALE). LaCeO₃ is a perovskite with a significantly high band gap value between 3 and 3.19 eV. The combination with CuO, a cost-effective material that has a lower band gap of 1.2–2 eV, aims to reduce the overall band gap. This material modification will result in a heterojunction structure that boosts its photocatalytic performance. Characterization techniques such as FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS, XRD, HR-TEM, FESEM-EDX, and XPS validated the effective creation of the nanocomposite, which exhibited a unique morphology and a type S heterojunction structure. The LaCeO₃/CuO nanocomposite exhibited a bandgap energy of 2.88 eV, placing it within the visible light spectrum. Experiments assessing its photocatalytic performance demonstrated that the LaCeO₃/CuO nanocomposite effectively decomposed malachite green (MG) under visible light, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 92.88 % within 120 minutes. Kinetic investigations indicated that the reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, exhibiting a rate constant of 6.19 × 10⁻² min⁻¹ . The ideal mass of the photocatalyst for the degradation of MG was found to be 30 mg. The study also investigated the influence of various factors, such as pH, the presence of anions, and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), affected photocatalytic activity. Results indicated that the LaCeO₃/CuO nanocomposite exhibited optimal performance in neutral to mildly alkaline conditions. The presence of anions, particularly Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻, negatively impacted photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the LaCeO₃/CuO nanocomposite demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining high degradation efficiency over three consecutive cycles. These results emphasize the possible of the green-synthesized LaCeO₃/CuO nanocomposite as a promising and sustainable photocatalyst for the effective removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101474"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143790892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reaction between Fe³⁺ and aniline in the synthesis of PANI-γFe₂O₃ and PANI-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites: Mechanistic studies and evaluation of parameters","authors":"A.F.N. Martins ,&nbsp;F.B. Diniz ,&nbsp;A.R. Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents the results of experiments with PANI-γFe₂O₃ nanocomposites, synthesized in an acidic medium at 40°C under UV irradiation (λ = 365 nm), using maghemite (γFe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). X-ray diffraction revealed the evolution of the transformations of the iron oxides throughout the synthesis. At the same time, oxidation/reduction reactions of iron interacting with aniline were observed in an electrochemical cell. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed changes in particle morphology during aniline polymerization, including growth and a tendency to agglomeration after 120 minutes of reaction. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed variations in the elemental composition, reflecting the partial conversion between maghemite and magnetite and demonstrating the influence of polymerization on the final composition of the material. The results reinforce the proposed model, according to which synthesis occurs in an oscillatory manner: Fe³ ⁺ ions from maghemite are reduced to Fe²⁺ from magnetite (Fe₃O₄), which oxidizes polyaniline in the polymerization process. Subsequently, part of the Fe²⁺ ions is re-oxidized under UV irradiation, reconverting magnetite into maghemite. This study clarifies the redox mechanism responsible for the phase transformations, making it possible to optimize the structural control of these materials for applications in energy storage devices, electrochemical sensors and environmental remediation systems. The results lay a solid foundation for expanding the use of functional nanomaterials in various technological and environmental areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101477"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent development in wearable sensors for healthcare applications","authors":"Fatemeh Saeedi,&nbsp;Reza Ansari,&nbsp;Mojtaba Haghgoo","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wearable sensors aid in diagnosing various diseases by using chemical, physical, and biological sensing technologies. They also make it possible to continuously and instantly monitor a patient's physiological state. Recently, the demand for sensors that track people's surroundings, fitness and health has increased. In the meantime, the production of flexible and wearable polymer sensors based on biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmentally friendly features and cost-effectiveness has created a significant evolution in the wearable sensor industry. In this review, the most recent researches conducted in the direction of the construction of wearable sensors in different fields including physical, optical, chemical, biochemical and the working mechanism of these sensors have been reviewed. Assisting researchers in selecting the most appropriate selective and sensitive sensor is a key objective of this review. In addition, the applications of these sensors were classified into different categories and discussed in fields such as health care and remote welfare. In general, improving personal health care and monitoring their performance using wearable electrochemical and biosensor technologies have a significant impact on people's daily lives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101473"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete carbohydrate-based synthetic strategy for an efficient plasmonic metal and alloy nanostructured SERS substrate","authors":"Sumitha Chandran ,&nbsp;Bijal K. Bahuleyan ,&nbsp;Shibin Thomas","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has grown to be one of the most effective spectroscopic methods with a wide range of applications since the discovery of enhanced spectrum of pyridine on a silver electrode. However, the challenges in fabricating an affordable, simple, and long-lasting substrate restricts its application in devices. In this study, we report for the first time on a novel, inexpensive polymer-based SERS substrate made by thermally evaporating colloidal solutions of metal and alloy nanoparticles over humid sheets of cellulose acetate (CA). Green synthetic strategies were adopted for preparing nanoparticles using glucose as the reducing agent and starch as the capping agent. Au, Ag and their alloys decorated CA sheets were prepared, and the nanoparticle formation is confirmed by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the nanoparticle decorated CA sheets. 1,4-benzenedithiol (1,4-BDT) is used as the Raman active molecule for SERS studies. A noticeably greater Raman enhancement was observed using these sheets, demonstrating the potential of these substrates for use in SERS-based devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101476"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision engineering of vinblastine-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles through statistical experimental design","authors":"Zenli Cheng ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Janakiraman ,&nbsp;Ramkanth Sundarapandian ,&nbsp;Sinouvassane Djearamane ,&nbsp;Hanish Singh Jayasingh Chellammal ,&nbsp;Haja Nazeer Ahamed ,&nbsp;Saminathan Kayarohanam","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of multifunctional zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for the delivery of vinblastine (VB) represents a novel approach in nanomedicine. However, the synthesis of this combination, its characteristics and potential in biomedical applications have yet to be explored. Given its promising therapeutic prospects, a holistic experimental approach is essential to achieve a robust formulation of VB-ZnONPs with therapeutic values. Hence, this study aimed to employ statistical experimental design to optimize the synthesis of vinblastine (VB)-loaded ZnONPs and assess their potential in targeted drug delivery and antimicrobial applications. The effect of the critical process parameters such as stirring temperature, stirring speed and drying temperature on the mean particle size, zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency (EE) were evaluated and the optimal synthesis conditions were determined with Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Under the optimal synthesis conditions, VB-ZnONPs achieved mean particle size, ZP and EE of 159 ± 0.78 nm, −16.5 ± 0.61 mV and 92.8 ± 0.02 %, respectively, consistent with the predicted values from the software. UV–visible spectroscopy revealed an absorbance peak at 270 nm for VB and 344 nm for ZnONPs, confirming the formation of VB-ZnONPs. Further, the synthesis of VB-ZnONPs was affirmed through the detection of VB and ZnO functional groups in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed irregular and quasi-spherical shaped particles, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) displayed the elemental distribution of zinc, oxygen and carbon. The stability of VB-ZnONPs was verified through thermogravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that VB-ZnONPs possessed a crystallite size of 22.9 nm and a hexagonal wurtzite structure. VB-ZnONPs demonstrated pH-sensitive release of VB, indicating potential for targeted delivery to tumor microenvironment. Moreover, they prevented the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (<em>Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis)</em> in a dose-dependent manner. These research findings underscore the significance of employing a statistical approach in optimizing the formulation of VB-ZnONPs and the potential of VB-ZnONPs in biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 101472"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}