Nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy for targeted treatment of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the predominant malignancy afflicting women globally, profoundly influencing their physical and psychological well-being. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a viable non-invasive treatment modality. Photodynamic therapy utilizes photosensitizers activated by laser light in an oxygen-rich environment to selectively destroy cancer cells. This process produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that efficiently eradicate tumor tissues. In the comparison of free photosensitizers and nanoparticles in PDT, nanoparticles offer significant benefits, such as increased solubility, enhanced biodistribution, and superior intercellular penetration, resulting in more effective targeting of cancer cells. Current research concentrates on the development of nanocarrier photosensitizers by non-covalent methods (including self-aggregation and interfacial polymerization) and covalent techniques (such as chemical immobilization). These nanoparticles may accumulate in tumors by passive and/or active targeting, guaranteeing both chemical and physical stability of the photosensitizer payload. Their advantageous traits namely remarkable stability, variable dimensions, and facile surface functionalization render nanoparticles especially suitable for biological applications. This article elucidates the processes of breast cancer treatment utilizing nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy, emphasizing recent progress in nanocarrier technologies and synergistic treatments. It seeks to deliver a thorough summary of existing knowledge, establishing a basis for novel research concepts and systematic assessments of potential results. The review also addresses the use of PDT with traditional medicines in breast cancer treatment, highlighting its potential to improve therapeutic efficacy.