Nanomedicine and drug delivery: A comprehensive review of applications and challenges

IF 5.45 Q1 Physics and Astronomy

Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI:10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101403

Kalpana Singh , Shiwani Singhal , Shilpa Pahwa , Vandana Arora Sethi , Shashank Sharma , Preeti Singh , R.D. Kale , S. Wazed Ali , Suresh Sagadevan

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Nanotechnology is instrumental across various fields of life, offering transformative approaches to solving complex problems. At the core of this innovation is nanomedicine, a new field that leverages the unique properties of nanoparticles to revolutionize pharmaceutical delivery and clinical practices. Nanomedicine focuses on using nanoparticles as nanodrugs to create highly effective drug delivery systems, marking a significant advancement in treating various diseases. Several nanomaterials, already commercially accessible as pharmaceutical delivery agents, have shown substantial efficacy in clinical studies. Recent developments in nanomedicine have led to significant innovations, including nanomedicines based on natural products, carbon dots (CDs), nanorobots, dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and metal-based nanoparticles. Each of these advancements brings unique properties that enhance drug delivery, targeting, and overall therapeutic efficacy. Biomedical applications of nanomedicine are diverse, addressing several critical areas, such as cancer treatment through passive and active targeting mechanisms, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, ophthalmological conditions, and combating antibiotic resistance. Specifically, nanotherapeutics have shown promising results in treating Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases by offering targeted and site-specific drug delivery systems, thus reducing side effects and improving patient outcomes. In cancer treatment, nanomedicines such as Marqibo® (2012) (vincristine) and Myocet® (2000) (doxorubicin) have successfully transitioned from clinical trials to commercial availability, providing new options for oncogenic therapies that were otherwise hazardous and challenging to deliver. Moreover, natural polymers, particularly those derived from plants, are gaining popularity in nanodrug administration due to their affordability, non-toxicity, and efficacy. This trend reflects a broader movement towards safer and more effective nanodrug formulations. Nanotechnology’s potential to treat chronic illnesses through targeted drug delivery is undeniable, yet there remain significant challenges and limitations that must be addressed to fully realize its benefits. The review discusses the recent breakthroughs in nanomaterial-based nanodrug delivery and explores the current challenges and outlook for future advancements in nanomedicine. Despite the progress, there is a need for continued innovation to overcome existing hurdles, such as optimizing drug formulations for oral delivery and addressing resistance mechanisms. The future of nanomedicine promises to bring new technologies and treatments, continually expanding the possibilities for curing human diseases.

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纳米医学与药物输送：应用与挑战综述

纳米技术在生活的各个领域都发挥着重要作用，为解决复杂问题提供了变革性的方法。纳米医学是这一创新的核心，它是一个利用纳米粒子的独特特性彻底改变药物输送和临床实践的新领域。纳米医学的重点是利用纳米粒子作为纳米药物来创建高效的给药系统，这标志着在治疗各种疾病方面取得了重大进展。有几种纳米材料已经可以作为给药剂投入商业使用，并在临床研究中显示出巨大的疗效。纳米医学的最新发展带来了重大创新，包括基于天然产品、碳点（CD）、纳米机器人、树枝状聚合物、脂质体、胶束和金属基纳米颗粒的纳米药物。每种先进技术都具有独特的特性，可增强药物的输送、靶向性和整体疗效。纳米医学的生物医学应用多种多样，涉及多个关键领域，如通过被动和主动靶向机制治疗癌症、帕金森病、老年痴呆症、眼科疾病和抗生素耐药性。具体而言，纳米疗法在治疗帕金森氏症和阿尔茨海默氏症方面取得了可喜的成果，它提供了靶向和特定部位给药系统，从而减少了副作用，改善了患者的预后。在癌症治疗方面，Marqibo®（2012 年）（长春新碱）和 Myocet® （2000 年）（多柔比星）等纳米药物已成功地从临床试验过渡到商业供应，为肿瘤治疗提供了新的选择，否则这些药物的输送将是危险和具有挑战性的。此外，天然聚合物，特别是那些从植物中提取的聚合物，因其价格低廉、无毒、疗效显著，在纳米药物应用中越来越受欢迎。这一趋势反映出纳米药物制剂正朝着更安全、更有效的方向发展。纳米技术通过靶向给药治疗慢性疾病的潜力是毋庸置疑的，但要充分实现其优势，还必须应对巨大的挑战和限制。本综述讨论了基于纳米材料的纳米给药技术最近取得的突破，并探讨了纳米医学目前面临的挑战和未来发展前景。尽管取得了进展，但仍需继续创新以克服现有障碍，如优化口服给药的药物配方和解决抗药性机制。纳米医学的未来有望带来新技术和新疗法，不断扩大治疗人类疾病的可能性。

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来源期刊

Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects Physics and Astronomy-Condensed Matter Physics

CiteScore

9.20

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

22 days

期刊介绍： Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects is a new journal devoted to all aspects of the synthesis and the properties of this new flourishing domain. The journal is devoted to novel architectures at the nano-level with an emphasis on new synthesis and characterization methods. The journal is focused on the objects rather than on their applications. However, the research for new applications of original nano-structures & nano-objects in various fields such as nano-electronics, energy conversion, catalysis, drug delivery and nano-medicine is also welcome. The scope of Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects involves: -Metal and alloy nanoparticles with complex nanostructures such as shape control, core-shell and dumbells -Oxide nanoparticles and nanostructures, with complex oxide/metal, oxide/surface and oxide /organic interfaces -Inorganic semi-conducting nanoparticles (quantum dots) with an emphasis on new phases, structures, shapes and complexity -Nanostructures involving molecular inorganic species such as nanoparticles of coordination compounds, molecular magnets, spin transition nanoparticles etc. or organic nano-objects, in particular for molecular electronics -Nanostructured materials such as nano-MOFs and nano-zeolites -Hetero-junctions between molecules and nano-objects, between different nano-objects & nanostructures or between nano-objects & nanostructures and surfaces -Methods of characterization specific of the nano size or adapted for the nano size such as X-ray and neutron scattering, light scattering, NMR, Raman, Plasmonics, near field microscopies, various TEM and SEM techniques, magnetic studies, etc .