Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects最新文献

{"title":"Nano-engineered solutions for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB): A novel nanomedicine","authors":"Dilpreet Singh ,&nbsp;Vrinda Krishna ,&nbsp;Nitya Kumari ,&nbsp;Anoushka Banerjee ,&nbsp;Prithviraj Kapoor","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nano-engineered solutions are revolutionizing the fight against Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB), a major public health challenge resistant to conventional TB drugs. Utilizing the unique properties of nanoparticles, this new nanomedicine paradigm enhances drug delivery, combats bacterial resistance and reduces side effects, offering a promising advance in TB therapy. Nanoparticles can penetrate mycobacterial cells more effectively than traditional drugs due to their size, enabling precise drug delivery directly to infected cells. This targeted delivery increases drug efficacy and limits exposure to non-infected cells, reducing potential side effects. Additionally, nanoparticles can be modified with ligands that specifically bind to mycobacterial cells, ensuring precise drug delivery. Nano-engineering also allows for the co-delivery of multiple drugs within a single nanoparticle, crucial for the multi-drug regimen needed for XDR-TB. Encapsulating drugs within nanoparticles allows for controlled release at the infection site, maintaining effective drug levels over time and improving treatment efficacy. Furthermore, incorporating diagnostic agents into these nanoparticles supports a theranostic approach, allowing real-time monitoring of treatment and disease progression. This integrated strategy ensures timely treatment adjustments and personalizes therapy, making nano-engineered solutions a novel and effective approach to tackle XDR-TB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101390"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142530791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing exemestane delivery: Solid lipid nanoparticles formulation and pharmacokinetic evaluation","authors":"Bhupendra G. Prajapati ,&nbsp;Payal Patel ,&nbsp;Himanshu Paliwal ,&nbsp;Dignesh Khunt","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates the development of exemestane (EXM) solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the purpose of improving drug delivery. To prepare EXM SLNs, glycerol monostearate was used as the lipid and Tween 80 as the surfactant and solvent injection followed by high-pressure homogenization as a method of preparation. The formulation parameters were optimized, leading to the development of a promising formula. The formula has a particle size of 188.72 ± 5.62 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.215 ± 0.023, and an %EE of 65.39 ± 2.54 %. The formulation's robustness was indicated by minimal changes in particle size and %EE over 30 days, as revealed by stability studies. The bioavailability of EXM SLNs was found to be significantly improved in Wistar rats compared to conventional EXM suspension, as shown by pharmacokinetic studies. The formula that was optimized showed a higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 168.92 ± 2.40 ng/mL, a delayed time to reach Cmax (Tmax) of 4 hours, and significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) values. These results highlight the effectiveness of the optimized formula in improving drug absorption and bioavailability. The findings indicate that EXM SLNs show potential for enhancing the delivery and effectiveness of EXM, specifically in the treatment of breast cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101388"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel Acryloyloxy tamarind kernel powder biocompoites and enhanced antibacterial activity","authors":"Sakshi Saini,&nbsp;Jagram Meena","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to develop eco-friendly biocomposites using acryloyl chloride as a graft monomer with tamarind kernel powder (TKP) as the polymer backbone and evaluate their antibacterial activity. The process involved the esterification of TKP with pre-synthesized acryloyl chloride as the grafting agent, resulting in a novel TKP derivative that enhances material properties. The biocomposites were subjected to comprehensive characterization, including morphological, structural, thermal, and antibacterial analyses. Through the modification with acrylic functionality, the biocomposite exhibited a crystallinity of approximately 51.77 %, a significant increase compared to the 33.56 % crystallinity observed in neat TKP. Moreover, the biocomposites showed enhanced antibacterial activity with an increase of 88 % against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and 74 % against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> holding potential for neat TKP. Given these improved characteristics the biocomposites hold potential applications in biomedical.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101383"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Significance of Fe3O4-Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer over a rotating geometry embedded with particle shape and thermal radiation","authors":"Aaqib Majeed ,&nbsp;Muhammad Umar Farooq ,&nbsp;Parvez Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study aims to explore the three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy-Forchheimer flow of radiative hybrid nanofluid over a rotating stretching sheet. The investigation also considers the impact of thermal radiation and the spherical shape of the particles. Present examinations copper (Cu) and iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles are dispersed in water (H₂O) to form the hybrid nanofluid used for analysis. The influence of inertial force and thermal radiation also incorporated in the energy equation. The mathematical model which comprised of partial differential equations (PDEs). Transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via similarity transformations. The numerical and graphical solutions of these ODEs are obtained with the help of bvp4c and MATLAB algorithm. The outcomes signify that the effect on the velocity profile of x-component is decline when large input values of magnetic parameter, porosity parameter, rotation parameter and inertial coefficient and opposite behaviors show in y-component of velocity profile. Based on the data, the results reveal a 39.1 % enhancement in heat transfer when transitioning from a nanofluid to a hybrid nanofluid at <span><math><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0.3</mn></mrow></math></span>. Additionally, a 36 % reduction is observed as the magnetic field strength increases from 0.5 to 2.0. Also, observe that temperature profile boost up against rotation parameter and radiation parameter. Present results are compared with the previous ones shows good agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101386"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic degradation of ampicillin antibiotics in aqueous solution utilizing ZnFe2O4/MWCNTs/TiO2 ternary nanocomposite under solar light irradiation","authors":"Davis Varghese ,&nbsp;M. Joe Raja Ruban ,&nbsp;P. Joselene Suzan Jennifer ,&nbsp;D. AnnieCanisius ,&nbsp;S. Muthupandi ,&nbsp;M. Gladys Joysi ,&nbsp;Jijo Francis ,&nbsp;J. Madhavan ,&nbsp;M. Victor Antony Raj ,&nbsp;Saravanan Muthupandian","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel photocatalyst composed of zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was successfully synthesized via the hydrothermal method, and evaluated for the degradation of ampicillin (AMP) in aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques, including XRD, HR-SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, UV-Vis, FT-IR, BET, and XPS analysis. Crystallite sizes of 24.18 nm for ZnFe₂O₄ and 17.8 nm for TiO₂ were determined. The composite exhibited a band gap of 1.4 eV, indicating its enhanced photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic performance was assessed under varying conditions, including different nanocomposite dosages (0.3–1 g/L), AMP concentrations (10–50 mg/L), and pH values (2–12). The optimal AMP degradation efficiency of 99.2 % was achieved using 0.7 g/L of the photocatalyst, 10 mg/L of AMP, and a pH of 12 under 90 min of solar irradiation. These optimal parameters were then applied to evaluate AMP degradation using ZnFe₂O₄, TiO₂, and ZnFe₂O₄/MWCNTs individually, with the degradation rate analyzed using a pseudo-first-order model. The superior photocatalytic efficiency can be primarily attributed to improved charge transfer dynamics and effective electron-hole separation, enabled by the doping of MWCNTs. Hydroxyl radicals (OH^•) were identified as the primary reactive species responsible for AMP degradation. Furthermore, the catalyst retained 91 % of its photocatalytic efficiency after eight consecutive cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and reusability. These results underscore the potential of the ZnFe₂O₄/MWCNTs/TiO₂ composite as a highly effective and sustainable photocatalyst for removing pharmaceutical pollutants from aquatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101389"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical vapor deposition growth of large-area molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) dendrites","authors":"Mahima Tyagi ,&nbsp;Aman Abhishek Tiwari ,&nbsp;Srijata Dey ,&nbsp;Deshdeep Sahdev","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) has emerged as a popular transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) in the recent decade because of its potential applications in electronic devices, optoelectronics, and fuel cells. Specifically, dendritic MoS₂ has been shown to efficiently catalyse various hydrogen evolution reactions. We report the growth of dendritic MoS₂ flakes on SiO₂/Si wafers using a sophisticated atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) system. High-resolution optical microscopy reveals a morphology comprising different star-shaped dendrites, in addition to large MoS₂ domains, which merge to form a continuous film. Our observations reveal that the dendrites originate from the nucleation centre of a monolayer MoS₂ island, and their branches develop preferentially along the grain boundaries of this island. Raman spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were carried out to characterize the as-grown MoS₂ dendrites and further confirm these observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101380"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on the applicability of nanostructured flame retardants for preventing fire in livestock and crop fields","authors":"Pallvi Verma ,&nbsp;Diksha Thakur ,&nbsp;Shailesh Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Manish Bakshi ,&nbsp;Anis Ahmad Mirza ,&nbsp;Sanjay Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flame retardants are used for fire prevention in different sectors, including industries, houses, or materials sensitive to combustion. Fire is considered the cause of natural and anthropogenic activities, and responsible for severe loss of life and economy. It also results in environmental pollution by producing a huge amount of smoke, suspended particulate matter, and other pollutants. However, many flame retardants, <em>viz.</em> halogenated flame retardants, organophosphate, oxides, hydroxides, melamine derivates, etc., can be conventionally used in controlling fire in agriculture and livestock. Though these retardants have good efficacy in controlling fire the impact on the environment and the loading value of these flame retardants is a major challenge. The nanostructured flame retardants (NFR) have greater potential to act in a multidimensional approach including radical scavenging, char formation, cooling effect, dilution effect, synergism, etc. NFRs have a high specific area, high electrical and thermal conductivity, the ability to develop insulating layers through nanomaterials-polymer interaction, and conjugate crystalline-amorphous nature. These attributes ensure the potential application of nanostructured flame retardants in controlling fire in crop fields and livestock. Some promising NFRs are nanoclays, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (POSS), graphene-like 2D nanomaterials, and polymer-clay nanocomposites. These NFRs can be used in conjugation with conventional flame retardants to ensure the effectiveness of flame retardancy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of a versatile PMMA/PEO-CuO-In2O3 nanocomposite with its characterization, cold plasma treatment, and applications for flexible emission filter devices and smart moisture","authors":"Shamil R. Sahib,&nbsp;Bahaa H. Rabee","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we synthesized versatile, flexible films with interesting optical and moisture properties. We blended poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) and incorporated copper oxide (CuO) and indium oxide (In₂O₃) nanoparticles within the blend. We have investigated the optical properties. As the amount of CuO+In₂O₃ nanoparticles increases, the extinction coefficient and Urbach energy rise while the indirect band gap falls. The luminescence spectroscopy showed very narrow and interesting peaks, indicating that it is suitable for emission filters. We analyzed the surface morphology using FE-SEM and a photomicrograph. We also investigate the frequency dependence of AC electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss. At a frequency of less than 3 MHz, AC conductivity is very low, then increases to reach 7.6E-8, 1.3E-7, 1.6E-7, 1.7E-7, and 2.5E-7 for the pure blend, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 nanoparticle concentrations, respectively. We used a DC plasma sputtering device with an aluminium target to treat the nanocomposites with argon plasma (for 7 minutes). We characterized the optical and surface properties of the samples both before and after the plasma treatment. Despite the short treatment time, the plasma effect was evident only on the nanocomposites containing nanoparticles. It lowered the energy gap for the indirect transition by 0.35, 0.04, and 0.46 eV in films with 3, 4.5, and 6 wt% of CuO+In₂O₃ nanoparticles, respectively. The nanocomposites wrap around themselves when exposed to moisture, suggesting their potential applications as moisture sensors or indicators, self-wrapping materials, self-deploying or controlled release structures, or smart polymer coverings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101382"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel natural reducing agent for the preparation of cerium oxide nanoparticles based on the saffron by-product: Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity for nutritional applications","authors":"Zineb khadfy ,&nbsp;Rachid Mamouni ,&nbsp;Si Mohamed Jadouali ,&nbsp;Hajar Atifi ,&nbsp;Nabil Saffaj ,&nbsp;Agnes Chartier ,&nbsp;Reine Nehme ,&nbsp;Kaoutar Boussif ,&nbsp;Fouad Achemchem","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study concerns the valorization of Moroccan saffron by-products in the synthesis of metallic oxide nanoparticles. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) were synthesized in an environmentally friendly process using an aqueous extract of saffron by-products. The characterization of the CeO₂ NPs and the investigation of their scavenging activity of free radicals using 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, as well as their antibacterial activity with regard to their application in food products have been studied. The Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the active compounds of saffron pruned flowers extracts were involved in the reduction and stabilization of CeO₂ NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the homogeneous distribution and the crystalline form of CeO₂ NPs, respectively. Moreover, the green CeO₂ NPs showed high inhibition percentages (72 %) and strong growth inhibition of the majority of pathogenic bacteria tested, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 2 to 5 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101381"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave-assisted synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using an Andrographis paniculata leaf extract: Characterization and multifunctional biological activities","authors":"Mahalakshmi Devaraji,&nbsp;Punniyakoti V Thanikachalam,&nbsp;Rajalakshmi AS,&nbsp;Rohan S,&nbsp;Bhagyalakshmi J","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research delves into the environmentally friendly production of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using <em>Andrographis paniculata</em> leaf extract (Ap-CuNPs) and their thorough assessment for possible biological purposes. CuNPs were synthesised through a microwave-assisted method using <em>Andrographis paniculata</em> leaf extract. Characterization techniques included ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV<img>Vis), FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, XRD, particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurement. Biological activities were assessed through antioxidant (DPPH and H₂O₂ assays), anti-inflammatory (BSA and egg albumin denaturation assays), antimicrobial, cytotoxic (brine shrimp lethality and MTT assays), and wound healing (scratch assay) tests. Characterization confirmed the formation of Ap-CuNPs with a plasmon resonance peak at 550 nm, the presence of phytochemical capping agents, and high crystallinity. The average particle size was 69.1 nm, with a zeta potential of −12.1 mV. Ap-CuNPs exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with 88.62 % inhibition in the DPPH assay, in the H₂O₂ assay, which assesses the capacity to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, the Ap-CuNPs achieved 86.3 % inhibition at the same concentration. and anti-inflammatory activity, with 80 % inhibition in the BSA assay. Antimicrobial tests revealed strong activity against gram-negative bacteria in the 22 mm inhibition zone for <em>Pseudomonas sp</em>., for <em>S. aureus</em>, the inhibition zones were 9 mm. Cytotoxicity assessments revealed minimal effects at low concentrations, with 200 μg/ml identified as the optimal dose for wound healing. In vitro wound scratch assays demonstrated enhanced fibroblast migration and wound closure at this concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 101376"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}