Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects最新文献

{"title":"The impact of pH on the size of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities","authors":"Khadija Elouardy ,&nbsp;Mustapha Mouzaki ,&nbsp;Hassan Ahmoum ,&nbsp;Asmaa Akhrouf ,&nbsp;Abdessamad Faik ,&nbsp;Youssef Mir","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the microalga <em>Scenedesmus sp.</em> and their characterization via UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). AgNPs were synthesized at pH values of 4, 7, and 10 and analyzed for size and stability using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Mean particle sizes were 223 nm (pH 4), 122 nm (pH 7), and 60 nm (pH 10), with spherical morphologies observed via SEM. Zeta potential measurements indicated increased colloidal stability at higher pH. AgNPs synthesized at alkaline pH (60 nm) demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity against <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> ATCC196306, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC35218, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC29213, and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> ATCC27853, compared to larger nanoparticles. Similarly, antioxidant assays revealed higher activity for these smaller nanoparticles. These results suggest that pH-controlled green synthesis can produce AgNPs with optimized antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, highlighting their potential applications in biomedical fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101545"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene oxide-based smart sensors: Synthesis, functionalization strategies, and biosensing applications","authors":"Suleman Stephen Mshelia ,&nbsp;Preeti Jain ,&nbsp;Manju Gaur","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphene oxide and its nanocomposites exhibit extensive surface coverage, exceptional conductivity, and excellent functionalization properties, making them a revolutionary platform for electrochemical biosensing. This review highlights the advancements made in the preparation and functionalization of GO-based nanocomposites and their hybridization with polymers, metal oxides, and noble metals, as well as biomolecules for developing sensitive sensing platforms. We describe covalent and non-covalent methods of functionalization, as well as hybrid systems and doping, which contribute to the selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of sensing techniques. Emphasis is placed on electrochemical graphene oxide-based sensors for biomolecules, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and disease biomarkers, with applications in medical, environmental, and food analysis. The aspects of characterization methods, material stability, and reproducibility, as well as real-world integration issues, along with emerging trends such as wearable and flexible sensors, and environment-friendly syntheses, aim to provide researchers working on the future of nano-carbon sensors with a basis for the fabrication of scalable, innovative materials for translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101532"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid-state synergy: Sulfur cathodes, engineered interfaces, and doping innovations for next-gen batteries","authors":"Caryn Niangnunnuam ,&nbsp;Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review examined Sulfur-based Batteries that possess all-solid-state (ASS) as cutting-edge conservation of energy technologies that offer remarkable theoretical capacity (1675 mAh g⁻¹), enhanced safety, and cost-effectiveness. By employing solid electrolytes based on sulfide, as Li₆PS₅Cl and Li₇P₃S₁₁, ASSBs overcome challenges faced by traditional Li–S batteries, including polysulfide shuttling and flammability. However, interfacial instability, dendrite growth, and mechanical degradation remain key limitations. To address these, researchers have introduced doping strategies (e.g., N, Se, Te, Co, W, Cl, Ta) and engineered sulfur cathodes with carbon frameworks. Notable performances include N-doped carbon–sulfur cathodes with 1145.9 mAh g⁻¹ initial capacity contrast to 88.14 % of storage capacity 100 cycles later, and Se-doped cathodes with 473.8 mAh g⁻¹ and 99.4 % retention. Electrolyte enhancements exhibit conductivities of up to 6.4 mS/cm. Mechano-electrochemical stability is enhanced by utilising flexible polymers and cross-linked structures, thereby reducing stress and maintaining conductive pathways. These advances have enabled ASSBs to accomplish energy intensity up to 2600 Wh kg⁻¹ , rapid charging, and reliable operation at −40 °C, making them ideal for electric vehicles, aerospace, and grid storage. Ongoing efforts in interfacial design, AI-assisted material discovery, and scalable fabrication are essential for commercial realisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101544"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An insight into operative conditions to control key properties","authors":"Bruno Botelli ,&nbsp;Miroslava Nedyalkova ,&nbsp;Marco Lattuada ,&nbsp;Verónica Lassalle","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advance of nanotechnology in last decades demands more efficient, improved and eco-friendly synthetic pathways. In this regard nanomaterial’s synthesis mediated by ultrasound appears as a very attractive option. Between the nanomaterials finding more diverse and wide application nowadays, the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are undoubtedly one of the most demanded due to its insertion in the market. This contribution deals with the study of the role of different experimental variables associated with US synthesis in the properties of interest of ZnO NPs. Factors such as US power density, time, temperature, reaction volume, tip diameter and the presence of surfactants have been rigorously evaluated and some of them optimized using a Design of Experiments (DOE) basis. The study primarily focused on crucial characteristics such as crystallite size, energy band gap and connection of the overall morphology pattern. The achieved data suggested that power density and tip diameter were the critical factors affecting ZnO NPs as band gap which ranged between 2.30 and 3.25 eV; and crystallite size between 34.6 and 63.3 nm, showing the adaptability of this methodology by changing these input factors. Diverse morphologies, from spherical to laminar ones, where reached by changing US conditions. The presence of surfactants, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), as functionalizing agents may result in alternatives to modifying US experimental conditions due to similar effects on morphology, band gap and crystallite size may be reached. The findings from this work will be instrumental in selecting the conditions ensuring suitable properties of ZnO NPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101538"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanostructured delivery systems for antioxidants: Comparative release of purified ellagic acid and extracted polyphenols","authors":"Daniela Fernanda Terrazas García ,&nbsp;Laura A. de la Rosa ,&nbsp;Alma Angélica Vázquez Flores ,&nbsp;Oscar Adrián Muñoz Bernal ,&nbsp;Jazmín Cristina Stevens Barrón ,&nbsp;Christian Chapa González","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite their proven antioxidant and anticancer effectiveness, polyphenolic compounds have limited bioavailability, which drives the need to employ polymeric materials for their encapsulation to achieve precise and sustained release. In this study, ellagic acid (EA) and a phenolic-rich pecan nut extract (PRE) were encapsulated within poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microparticles in a double emulsion system using poly(vinyl alcohol) as stabilizer. After solvent evaporation, the resulting particles were characterized by DLS, SEM, and FTIR, and <em>in vitro</em> release in PBS (pH 7.4) was quantified as the fraction released (F). Release data were fitted to zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer–Peppas, and Hixson–Crowell models. For EA at 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL, <span><math><mrow><mi>ln</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> versus time exhibited the highest correlation (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mspace></mspace><mo>≈</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0.93</mn></mrow></math></span>), indicating first-order release, whereas at 10 mg/mL, the cube-root transformation (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mi>vs</mi><mo>.</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow></math></span>) achieved superior fit, consistent with surface-erosion kinetics. Although both EA and PRE follow similar overall mechanistic regimes, PRE exhibits significantly slower, concentration‑dependent release, particularly at higher loadings, indicating that its complex phenolic matrix modulates diffusion and erosion pathways differently than pure EA. These findings underscore the tunability of PCL/PVA matrices for hydrophilic phenolics and highlight the importance of bioactive compound concentration in dictating diffusion versus erosion-controlled release, offering a nanomedicine platform for sustained delivery of bioactive compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101530"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV-assisted catalytic degradation of doxycycline using bimetallic oxide biomass-based nanocrystalline photocatalyst","authors":"Bayor Adebola Ajayi ,&nbsp;Abayomi Bamisaye ,&nbsp;Nelson Oshogwue Etafo ,&nbsp;Kayode Adesina Adegoke ,&nbsp;Yakubu Adekunle Alli ,&nbsp;Adeyemi-Ekeolu Bukola ,&nbsp;Mopelola Abidemi Idowu","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photocatalytic degradation is an effective method for eliminating pharmaceutical residues due to its simplicity, eco-friendliness, high performance, and strong stability. In this study, aluminium chloride (AlCl₃), ferric chloride (FeCl₃) and biomass-derived calcium oxide (CaO) were used as precursors for the synthesis of heterostructured Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃-CaO via wet impregnation method, followed by calcination at 800 ◦C. The catalysts were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDS. This catalyst was used for UV-assisted degradation of doxycycline (DOXY). UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed a strong absorption peak at 335 nm, corresponding to an optical bandgap energy of 3.04 eV, determined by Tauc’s plot. XRD analysis showed a face-centred cubic crystal structure material with an average lattice parameter value of 6.75554 Å, and crystallite size of 28.06 ± 5.19 nm. FTIR spectroscopy shows a wavenumber value of 617 cm⁻¹ which is attributed to metal-oxide vibrational stretch. SEM micrographs showed rectangular/cubic-shaped aggregates, while EDX recorded 55.2 wt% (C) 39.9 % (O), 4.6 % (Fe), and 0.3 % (Al). Degradation of 10 ppm DOXY using 0.2 g and 0.3 g of the Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃-CaO at 20-minute intervals recorded optimum degradation efficiencies of 65.0 % and 85.1 %, respectively within 120 min. With 0.3 g, recording a higher reaction rate (K) value of 0.013 min⁻¹. This study presents the potential of biomass-based Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃-CaO as a probable photocatalyst for ameliorating the menace of pharmaceutical pollution in the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101536"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on the effect of zinc salt precursors for synthesis, characterization, and applications of ZnO nanoparticles","authors":"Mosisa Dugasa Fite,&nbsp;Asnake Lealem Berhanu","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their large surface area and exceptional properties, including low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, wide availability, high stability, excellent ultraviolet absorption, and strong antimicrobial activity. This paper provides a brief review of the influence of zinc salt precursors on the synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO NPs synthesized using various precursors. The impact of the nature of salt precursors on the morphology and particle size of ZnO NPs is compared. It is noted that a variety of salt precursors, such as zinc nitrate hexahydrate, zinc acetate dihydrate, zinc chloride, and zinc sulphate heptahydrate, are potential candidates for ZnO NPs synthesis. This review aims to provide a concise understanding of the zinc salt precursors that can be used to generate specific morphologies and size, thereby enhancing photodegradation, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, and sensor applications of ZnO NPs. This review highlights that the same zinc salt precursor and synthesis process (whether physical, chemical, or biosynthesis) can lead to the formation of various morphologies of ZnO nanoparticles. Furthermore, it is observed that even when the same precursor and synthesis method are used, different morphologies can emerged due to variations in reaction conditions, such as pH, synthesis temperature, solvent choice, and other influencing factors. As advancements continue, ZnO nanoparticles will remain a focal point, fostering the creation of new and innovative applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101529"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of TiO2-bentonite composite used as photocatalysts for methylene orange degradation","authors":"Ikram Daou ,&nbsp;Afaf Aadnan ,&nbsp;Omar Zegaoui ,&nbsp;Abdelillah Shaim ,&nbsp;Abdelghani Hsini ,&nbsp;Hamou Moussout","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the preparation, characterization and application of TiO₂-bentonite (Ti-BNP), with the aim of promoting natural bentonite, designed for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV light (365 nm). The natural bentonite has been purified (BNP) and doped with various TiO₂ mass ratios. The structural, mineralogical and morphological composition of *x*%Ti-BNP (*x* = mass % of TiO₂ in bentonite) have been investigated using various techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM-EDS). The obtained results revealed that *x*%Ti-BNP undergo structural modifications, with spectral intensity scaling proportionally to TiO₂ content. While pure TiO₂ demonstrated superior activity, the composites’ photocatalytic performance improved with higher TiO₂ loading. Degradation kinetics adhered to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, underscoring the critical role of surface adsorption. Optimal conditions were identified as acidic pH (enhancing interactions with anionic MO) and a catalyst mass of 25 mg (beyond which turbidity reduced efficiency). These findings suggest the promise of clay-TiO₂ hybrids for pollution mitigation, though further optimization of TiO₂ dispersion and surface properties is required to rival pure TiO₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101535"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Darcy-Forchheimer dynamics of Cu-TiO2/H2O hybrid nanofluid flow over a nonlinearly stretching sheet with shape effect","authors":"K. Sreelakshmi ,&nbsp;R. Vijaya Lakshmi ,&nbsp;G. Sarojamma ,&nbsp;Ali J. Chamkha","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study presents the physical perspectives on 3D hydromagnetic Darcy-Forchheimer stream of composite (<span><math><mrow><mi>Ti</mi><msub><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mi>Cu</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span>) and mono (<span><math><mrow><mi>Cu</mi><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span>) nanofluids over a nonlinear-elastic inclined sheet with the effects of the shape factor of nano materials and the convective heating. Previous research has looked at the effects of mixed nanofluid dynamics and porous media on their own, but not much has been done on how shape factor, Lorentz force, nonlinear stretching, and inclined geometry all work together in a Darcy–Forchheimer structure.The resulting ODEs are solved using the shooting mechanism in combination with the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg methodology. The influence of various emerging parameters on the velocity and temperature fields, frictional drag, and heat transfer rate is examined and illustrated graphically. The results reveal that the two-phase hybrid nanofluid exhibits higher velocity compared to that in the single-phase flow. The <span><math><mi>x</mi></math></span> and <span><math><mi>y</mi></math></span> components of the drag force on the surface in both phases decrease with the Grashof number, while an opposite trend occurs with the magnetic parameter. Moreover, the hybrid nanofluid demonstrates enhanced heat transfer rates and elevated temperature fields relative to the mono nanofluid. Among the nanoparticle shapes considered, blade-shaped nanomaterials produce higher temperatures and greater heat transfer rates in both fluids. When particles are blade-shaped, the Nusselt number increase is 7.6 % higher than when particles are spherical. These implications have practical relevance towards thermal design in the fields of biomedical thermal control devices, electronic cooling systems and industrial heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101528"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-of-the-art advances in hydrothermally synthesized carbon quantum dots: An extensive review","authors":"H.M. Solayman ,&nbsp;Kah Hon Leong ,&nbsp;Md. Kamal Hossain ,&nbsp;Kang Kang ,&nbsp;Md. Badiuzzaman Khan ,&nbsp;Jheng-Jie Jiang ,&nbsp;Azrina Abd Aziz","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are one of the most recently developed groups of innovative carbon nanomaterials. CQDs possess several unique properties, including low cytotoxicity, excellent photostability, and outstanding biocompatibility that potentially contribute to a wide range of applications. Although numerous synthesis processes have been discovered and reported for CQDs, real-time practical applications and precise controlling of the synthesis process remain difficult. In this regard, the hydrothermal synthesis method is considered to be straightforward and effective due to the high reactivity of the reactants, simplicity of solution control, low environmental impact, and low energy consumption. The synthesis and application of CQDs are covered in several publications; however, there are limited reviews that concentrate on hydrothermal synthesis, their underlying mechanisms, and recent technological developments. Therefore, studying the hydrothermal technique for CQDs using various precursors, characterizations, synthesis affecting factors, and potential applications is provided here. More specifically, this study emphasized the novel contributions, such as systematically summarizing organic molecules, green, animal, human, and industrial waste or byproducts precursors induced CQDs via hydrothermal methods. In addition, this article discusses the underlying reaction mechanisms in depth and provides critical insights into the emerging applications in agricultural, biomedical, environmental, sensing, and energy sectors. This review is expected to provide a strong direction to avoid theoretical doubts and attract more studies into this exciting topic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}