Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects最新文献

{"title":"Functional impacts of carbon-based nanomaterials in the performance of heterostructure photocatalysts for the remediation of pharmaceutical pollutants in wastewater- A review","authors":"Joshua A. Oyetade ,&nbsp;Opeyemi A. Iresemowo ,&nbsp;Mariam I. Adeoba ,&nbsp;Omolola E. Fayemi ,&nbsp;Sunday F. Abimbade ,&nbsp;Adeyemi O. Adeeyo","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The toxicity, persistence, and recalcitrance of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in wastewater to conventional treatment methods are attributable to their chemical stability, low biodegradability, and structural complexity. However, studies have identified photocatalytic treatment in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as a panacea for these targeted pollutants. The review evaluates the unique dimensions of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNMs) coupled with metals, metal oxides and metal-organic frameworks to form heterostructure photocatalysts. It assessed their functional role in the hybrid photocatalysts. The findings revealed that CBNMs act as electron sinks to capture photogenerated excitons (e^--h⁺). This is due to their π−conjugation and lower bandgap properties, which significantly improve the redox processes during photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in wastewater. Also, the study revealed that various structural dimensions of CBNMs coupled with semiconductors act as electron mediators, inducing accelerated charge transfer and a unique shift of absorption edge to higher wavelength for rapid visible photon absorption. The study specifically presents 2D reduced graphene oxide and 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with bandgap narrowing potentials, structural stability and superior electron delocalization among other CBNMs applied in heterostructure development. Also, the use of a heteroatom doping strategy refines the electronic structure of CBNMs, which creates the premise for prolonged photoinduced carrier lifetime. In addition, a desired charge carrier mechanism of Z-Scheme and the recent S-scheme was accomplished with the formed heterostructure, with photodegradation performance of over 95%. This presents a suitable pathway for advanced treatment techniques for the recalcitrant pharmaceutical pollutants in wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101675"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative technologies for solar energy conversion: A review of emerging materials and their efficiency trends","authors":"Fawad Ahmad ,&nbsp;Esha Malik ,&nbsp;Syeda Sadaf Batool ,&nbsp;Shajia Rehman ,&nbsp;Nishat Fatima ,&nbsp;Muhammad Imran Khan ,&nbsp;Suchandra Bhattacharjee ,&nbsp;Mudassar Maraj","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research into new solar energy conversion technologies has increased due to the growing requirement for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy sources. The past few years have seen new photovoltaic materials which include perovskite solar cells (efficiency 26–27%), tandem solar cells (&gt;33%), multi-junction solar cells, organic photovoltaics (19%), dye-sensitized solar cells (14%), quantum dot solar cells (18%), and innovative solar windows which have achieved substantial advances in their ability to transform solar energy into electricity. Next-generation solar cell technologies offer multiple benefits through their flexible design, which enables easy transportation because they can be used in building-integrated solar panels and handheld electronic devices. The review presents a comprehensive assessment of current developments in new solar power technologies, which investigate efficiency improvements and stability issues, and environmental impacts, together with their potential for commercial viability… In addition, lifecycle assessment, circular economy strategies, and machine learning approaches for material optimization are also discussed. Finally, key challenges, future research directions, and a potential roadmap for large-scale development of emerging photovoltaic technologies are highlighted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101663"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrafast microwave synthesis of highly luminescent carbon quantum dots: Photoluminescence properties and fluorescence sensing of tetracycline","authors":"Rojin Shahriari,&nbsp;Hossein Amani,&nbsp;Arsalan Gholipour","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, carbon quantum dots (CDs) with a quantum yield (QY) of 31% were obtained by citric acid and urea via a one-step microwave irradiation process without the need for any supplementary agents. The as-synthesized samples were nano-sized (≈ 4 nm) and had excellent solubility in water, various functional groups, great resilience to environmental factors, and superb optical characteristics. Moreover, various properties of as-prepared CDs, such as morphology, chemical compositions, and graphitic nature, were explained by different analyses, including High transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. In addition, the as-prepared CDs emitted strong blue fluorescence (FL) at 425 nm when excited by ultraviolet light irradiation (UV) at 360 nm. The findings demonstrated that as-synthesized CDs may be utilized as a sensitive and specific FL indicator for the optical identification of Tetracycline (TC) across a broad spectrum of concentrations ranging from 0 to 400 µM. Impressively, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 1.5 µM based on the quenching of the native FL of CDs. Also, the newly synthesized CDs would serve as a great optical indicator for the identification of TC in various real systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101667"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of aggregate radii, fractal index and extreme packing fraction of the clustered nanoparticle in nanofluid flow: Taguchi and Hermite wavelet-based collocation approach","authors":"K. Karthik ,&nbsp;Vishwanatha R. Banakar ,&nbsp;P. Siva Kota Reddy ,&nbsp;R.J. Punith Gowda","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluids have received considerable attention to enhance heat transfer in rotating and stretching flow systems, and existing literature has investigated the impact of several factors on flow and thermal characteristics. However, most of the current research assumes evenly dispersed nanoparticles and neglects realistic aggregation effects, despite empirical evidence showing that aggregation significantly affects thermophysical properties. Additionally, the role of aggregation properties in nanofluid flow over a revolving cylinder with torsional motion has not been thoroughly examined. Motivated by this research gap, the present investigation examines nanofluid flow with nanoparticle aggregation over a stretching-rotating cylinder subjected to torsional motion in the presence of chemical reactions and thermal radiation. Additionally, the research incorporates aggregation-dependent thermophysical models into the governing equations and compares aggregated and non-aggregated nanofluid behaviour in a unified framework. The resulting nonlinear equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and solved using the Hermite Wavelet-based collocation method (HWBCM), and the result is validated against the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth order (RKF-45) method. A Taguchi optimization analysis is then applied to identify the key parameters impacting heat transfer performance. The results reveal that nanoparticle aggregation enhances heat transfer by modifying velocity, temperature, and concentration boundary layers. Elevating the Reynolds number diminishes the velocity and temperature fields, while thermal radiation enhances the temperature distribution, and higher chemical reactions reduce nanoparticle concentrations. These findings offer helpful insight into developing efficient thermal systems with rotational cylindrical components, such as heat exchangers, rotating cooling devices, and chemical processing machinery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101680"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147850281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV-excited pink emissive carbon dots for fluorescent detection of ascorbic acid with additional anti-counterfeiting applications","authors":"Reshmi Madhukumar Nair ,&nbsp;Moisés Armides Franco Molina ,&nbsp;Dariush Ebrahimibagha ,&nbsp;Nayeli Pineda Aguilar ,&nbsp;Jesús Alberto Gómez Treviño ,&nbsp;Soorya Pushpan ,&nbsp;J.A. Hernández-Magallane ,&nbsp;Gloria Lourdes Dimas Rivera ,&nbsp;K.C. Sanal","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal-free carbon dots that exhibit a unique pink fluorescence under UV-excitation were synthesized from biomass source through a green one-pot hydrothermal method using ethanol-oleic acid medium for the first time. The resulting carbon dots were spherical in shape with an average particle size of 2.7 ± 0.43 nm and exhibited excitation dependent fluorescence with a quantum yield of 7.5%. The spectroscopic analysis revealed the existence of two emission bands, a dominant emission band around near UV/blue region and a secondary emission band around red/NIR region. The coexistence of these emissive states produces a combined spectral output perceived as a pink fluorescence under UV illumination, which is a unique optical behaviour for biomass-derived carbon dots. Notably, this NIR emission is achieved without any post-synthetic modification or metal atom doping and indicates the intrinsic surface states generated during carbonization of the precursor. By utilizing these optical properties, the Cdots were used as a fluorescent sensor for the detection of vitamin C with limit of detection (LOD) of 6.2 µM and successfully validated the practical applicability using lemon juice. Furthermore, these unique UV-responsive pink fluorescence enabled the formulation of an invisible ink capable of generating concealed patterns for optical encryption applications such as anticounterfeiting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101710"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled hydrothermal decoration of α-MnO2 on TiO2 nanotubes for enhanced visible-light degradation of diazinon","authors":"Tanti Haryati ,&nbsp;Herlina Nur Hanifah ,&nbsp;Muhammad Reza ,&nbsp;Agus Wedi Pratama ,&nbsp;Holilah ,&nbsp;Novita Andarini ,&nbsp;Suwardiyanto","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the controlled hydrothermal decoration of α-MnO₂ onto TiO₂ nanotubes (TNTs) and evaluates the resulting nanocomposites for visible-light photodegradation of diazinon. Nanocomposites containing 0–25 wt% MnO₂ were successfully synthesized as a well-defined two-phase system comprising anatase TiO₂ and tetragonal α-MnO₂, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. SEM/TEM analyses verified that the TiO₂ retains its tubular morphology, while α-MnO₂ (∼48 nm) is uniformly anchored on the nanotube surfaces (outer diameter ∼8 nm). The incorporation of MnO₂ significantly modified the electronic structure of TNTs, narrowing the band gap from 3.20 eV to 1.56–2.16 eV and enhancing visible-light absorption. A strong structure–property relationship was established, with the 10 wt% MnO₂/TNTs sample exhibiting the highest specific surface area (176.68 m²/g) and the most efficient photocatalytic activity, achieving 78.61% diazinon removal, significantly outperforming pristine TNTs and physical mixture controls under identical conditions. The performance enhancement is associated with improved charge separation and reinforced redox capability arising from interfacial interactions between α-MnO₂ and the TNT framework. Based on band-edge alignment and photodegradation behavior, a proposed direct Z-scheme charge-transfer pathway is suggested to account for the enhanced visible-light activity of the optimized nanocomposite. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of α-MnO₂–modified TiO₂ nanotubes for the visible-light-driven degradation of diazinon at low concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101673"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ag-modified sodium-containing anatase-bronze TiO2: Structural and interfacial electronic characteristics","authors":"Saim A. Khatri ,&nbsp;Sunil H. Chaki ,&nbsp;Sagnik Mukherjee ,&nbsp;Abhijit Ray ,&nbsp;Anjali B. Thakkar ,&nbsp;Parth Thakor ,&nbsp;Sandip V. Bhatt","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixed-phase anatase-bronze TiO₂ nanostructures containing sodium (Na) are synthesized via alkaline co-precipitation, followed by surface modification with silver (Ag) nanoparticles through chemical reduction. X-ray diffraction confirmed the coexistence of tetragonal anatase and monoclinic TiO₂(Bronze) phases without detectable secondary impurities. Phase composition analysis indicated approximately 59% anatase and 41% bronze content. Raman spectroscopy further supported the biphasic structure and revealed vibrational features consistent with monoclinic lattice distortion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Na species in the material and indicated electronic interaction between Ag species and the TiO₂ surface through binding energy shifts in the Ti 2p and Ag 3d regions. Williamson–Hall analysis revealed compressive lattice strain associated with phase coexistence. Nitrogen adsorption measurements showed low specific surface areas (27–33 m² g⁻¹) and Type III isotherm behavior, suggesting weak adsorbate-surface interaction. Ag surface modification resulted in a measurable redshift in the optical absorption edge, with apparent band gap values decreasing from 2.97 eV to 2.76 eV. The observed optical modulation is attributed to interfacial interaction and plasmonic absorption from dispersed Ag nanoparticles. A photodegradation study on methylene blue using visible-light is used as an indicator reaction, while the pseudo first-order rate constant is raised from 0.1136 h⁻¹ to 0.2456 h⁻¹ through Ag surface modification. Adsorbed CO₂ analysis indicates a higher amount of adsorption of CO₂ on MP–TiO₂ than on Ag–MP–TiO₂ for the same surface area and pore volume values, confirming partial blockage of Ti-O adsorption sites by Ag. A preliminary evaluation of cytotoxicity on A549 cells has found that IC₅₀ is lower in the case of Ag–MP–TiO₂ (39.48 ± 0.35 µg mL⁻¹) than in the case of MP–TiO₂ (48.71 ± 0.42 µg mL⁻¹).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101660"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the gap in nanomedicine: Translational challenges and innovations in stimuli-responsive nanocarriers","authors":"Sandip Bhoi ,&nbsp;Gautam Ramraje ,&nbsp;Nitin Ahire ,&nbsp;Vikas Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers are innovative platforms for targeted drug delivery. This comprehensive review synthesizes the recent advances from 2020 to 2025. Endogenous triggers, including acidic tumor pH, elevated intracellular glutathione levels, overexpressed enzymes, and hypoxia, facilitate the precise release of drugs into the disease microenvironment. In contrast, exogenous stimuli, such as near-infrared (NIR) light, magnetic fields, ultrasound, and mild hyperthermia, provide non-invasive external control. Published in vivo studies (2020–2025) have reported that multi-stimuli-responsive systems achieve enhanced tumor accumulation, deep tissue penetration, and synergistic effects when combined with immunotherapy or photothermal ablation. Despite substantial preclinical evidence, clinical translation remains limited, with only a few candidates (<em>ThermoDox®, Doxil®, Onivyde®, NanoTherm®</em>) in trials or approved, primarily due to the \"valley of death,\" a convergence of challenges including the protein corona and immunogenicity at the bio-nano interface, scalability constraints, manufacturing reproducibility, and complex regulatory pathways for combination products. Emerging strategies to overcome these barriers include biomimetic coatings, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven material design, and patient-stratified diagnostics for the selection of responsive systems. A pragmatic translational roadmap requires standardized characterization protocols, large-animal efficacy studies, stability-release balance optimization, and early regulatory engagement to harmonize quality standards. Future nanomedicines are projected to integrate feedback-controlled release, personalized biomarker-guided selection, and closed-loop systems, positioning stimuli-responsive nanocarriers as cornerstone technologies for precision medicine and improved therapeutic outcomes across oncology, inflammatory diseases, and infection management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101652"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147798540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspergillus flavus mediated green synthesis of niobium (V) oxide nanoparticles: Structural and surface characterization","authors":"Angélica Ribeiro Soares ,&nbsp;Gabriel de Oliveira Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Giovani Pavoski ,&nbsp;Luciana Gimenes Jandelli ,&nbsp;Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa ,&nbsp;Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório ,&nbsp;Marcela dos Passos Galluzzi Baltazar","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The green synthesis method for producing nanoparticles has gained increasing global interest because of its environmentally friendly approach, which avoids the use of harmful chemicals. Fungi are especially useful in this process because they produce metabolic compounds and proteins that act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. While niobium nanoparticles are mainly created through chemical synthesis for various high-tech uses, recent studies have shifted focus toward biogenic methods. This research aimed to produce niobium oxide nanoparticles using the fungus <em>Aspergillus flavus</em>. The nanoparticles were extensively analyzed using techniques such as ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and nitrogen physisorption with BET methods. The study also examined the effects of calcination on the nanoparticle samples, followed by further analysis with XRD. Results revealed organic compounds on the nanoparticle surfaces, suggesting their role as possible capping agents. This was further confirmed by SEM-EDX analysis. To the best of current knowledge, this is the first report documenting the biosynthesis of niobium nanoparticles using fungal organisms. This biologically driven method offers a low-impact way to produce nanomaterials, with potential applications in catalysis, biomedical technologies, and supporting sustainable engineering solutions and resource-efficient processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101682"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting dysregulated signaling cascades in breast cancer: Advances in nanocarrier-based formulation strategies for precision therapy","authors":"Suchita Waghmare ,&nbsp;Rohini Palekar ,&nbsp;Pratiksha Bramhe ,&nbsp;Nilesh Rarokar ,&nbsp;Pramod Khedekar","doi":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nanoso.2026.101711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite advances in therapy, breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of death among women, generally caused by dysregulation of critical signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin. Targeted therapies have improved outcomes but suffer from their limited efficacy due to drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and poor pharmacokinetics. Nanocarrier technologies, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, lipid-based systems, and bioinspired hybrids, enable the combination of molecular pathway targeting with controlled and targeted drug delivery. This review underscores how nanocarrier-based drugs control oncogenic cascades in breast cancer and how they can surpass therapeutic resistance and enhance precision therapy. There is evidence that nanocarriers increase pathway inhibitor solubility and stability and accumulate them in the tumor, leading to prolonged inhibition of proliferative signaling while minimizing toxicity. Dual or multidrug systems co-targeting PI3K/mTOR–NF-κB or STAT3–β-catenin exhibit synergistic antitumor activity, while stimuli-responsive, ligand-addressed, and AI-optimized nanocarriers enable targeted release and adaptive functionality. Bioinspired platforms add further biocompatibility and immune evasion. Translational improvements are substantiated by preclinical pharmacodynamics experiments and early clinical trials, but large-scale manufacture and regulatory standardization are challenges. Pathway-directed nanomedicine is a step towards precision oncology, integrating molecular pharmacology with intelligent formulation design to provide stable, patient-customized regulation of cancer signaling networks and improved clinical efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":397,"journal":{"name":"Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 101711"},"PeriodicalIF":5.45,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}