Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation最新文献

{"title":"Reducing car traffic? Welfare costs and environmental benefits of different economic and technological scenarios by 2060","authors":"Richard Grimal","doi":"10.46298/cst.12171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12171","url":null,"abstract":"Along with the growing car traffic, pollutant and GHG emissions have constantly been increasing. Facing this evidence, the French government and local authorities have implemented willful policies during the last two decades in order to reduce car use in French cities. However, such policies could be nearly reaching their limits, in particular as they fail in dealing with the issue of car dependency in low-density areas. So, in a context of increa­sing fuel prices on the long-run, more attention has to be paid to social costs and equity issues related to sustainable travel policies, in addition to a more environmentally-focused approach. In order to do so, several scenarios were considered with various assumptions regarding the evolution of fuel prices, incomes and vehicle fuel efficiency up to 2060, of which consequences on GHG emissions, average car mileage per adult, and fuel budget coefficients were analyzed. A sequential model of traffic generation was used, accoun­ting for the number of driving license holders and main users of a vehicle. Forecasting results suggest that technical progress could simultaneously reduce GHG emissions and household budget coefficients, thus providing a satisfactory answer to both sustainability and equity issues. On the other hand, rising fuel prices have limited efficiency in reducing GHG emissions because of car dependency, while strongly lifting up budget coefficients. We finally suggest more in-depth insights into this issue, including a sensitivity analysis to different values of mileage cost elasticities, a comprehensive research about the long-term relationship between fuel prices and fuel efficiency gains, the existence of possibly paradoxical effects of fuel price increases that would reduce their environmental efficiency, and an assessment of scenario probabilities.\u0000 Avec l’augmentation du trafic automobile, les externalités négatives de l’usage de la voiture n’ont cessé de progresser, en particulier les émissions de polluants et de gaz à effet de serre. Face à ce constat, les pouvoirs publics ont mis en œuvre des politiques volontaristes pour réduire l’usage de la voiture, qui semblent toutefois atteindre leurs limites, échouant notamment à traiter le problème de la dépendance automobile dans les espaces peu denses. Aussi, dans un contexte de renchérissement de l’énergie à long terme, apparaît-il de plus en plus nécessaire de compléter l’analyse des politiques de mobilité non seulement au regard des enjeux environnementaux mais également en termes d’équité. Pour cela, plusieurs scénarios sont considérés, correspondant à des hypothèses différenciées en matière d’évolution des prix des carburants, des revenus et de la consommation des véhicules, dont les répercussions sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, l’usage moyen de la voiture et l’effort budgétaire des ménages, analysées à l’horizon 2060. Afin de projeter ces indicateurs, un modèle séquentiel de génération de trafic est utilisé, tenant comp","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125911941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The bicycle as a tool for empowerment. The impacts of cycle training for adults on socio-spatial practices","authors":"M. Mundler, Patrick Rérat","doi":"10.46298/cst.12175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12175","url":null,"abstract":"Cycling lessons for adults exist in many cities across the world and women with a migration background often constitute an important part of the participants. This paper explores the socio-spatial impacts of such lessons in five Swiss cities through the prism of an original theoretical framework. The latter is based on the concept of empowerment and in particular on its spatial dimensions. It is operationalized around three thrusts: (1) the individual and his/her capacities, (2) the individual in his/her close environment, (3) the individual in society. The analysis shows that learning bicycle can increase the capacity to be mobile, improve self-confidence, and enable a (re)appropriation of one’s body and space. It can enhance autonomy and give better access to various opportunities and activities.\u0000 Les cours de vélo pour adultes existent dans de nombreuses villes à travers le monde et leur public est souvent composé en majorité de femmes issues de l’immigration. Cet article explore les impacts socio-spatiaux de tels cours dans cinq villes suisses au prisme d’un cadre théorique original. Ce dernier est basé sur le concept d’empowerment et plus particulièrement sur ses dimensions spatiales. Il est opérationnalisé autour de trois axes : (1) l’individu et ses capacités, (2) l’individu dans son environnement proche et (3) l’individu dans la société. L’analyse proposée montre que l’apprentissage du vélo est susceptible d’accroître la capacité à être mobile, la confiance en soi, de permettre la (ré)appropriation de son corps et de l’espace et de favoriser l’autonomie et l’accès à diverses opportunités et activités.","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132818347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily Mobility in Brazzaville: adaptation of artisanal transport to a specific urban morphology","authors":"L.J.W. Wester, Frédéric Audard","doi":"10.46298/cst.12167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12167","url":null,"abstract":"In a context where fluidity is imperative, mobility is an important issue for African urban spaces. Weak motorization rates, spread out urban forms and lack of efficient and public collective transports systems make daily mobility a challenge. Alternative solutions have appeared to answer to mobility needs. They are based on individual initiatives. These transports are called “informals” or “artisanals”. They allow the daily mobility of several million people in the world. From the case study of Brazzaville, we are wondering about the place taken by the artisanal transports in Sub-Saharan cities. How does the artisanal transport offer structure itself and what dynamics allows it to answer to fast evolutions? Finally, to what extend artisanal transport tends to fluidify urban space? Our analysis of the intra-urban transport system in Brazzaville replaces specifically artisanal transports in a global urban environment, before simulating its structures and dynamics, with specific data. The simulation approach presented here is an agent based methodology.\u0000 Dans un contexte où l’impératif de fluidité se généralise, la mobilité est un enjeu important pour les espaces urbains africains. Les taux de motorisations faibles, les formes urbaines étalées et l’absence de systèmes de transports collectifs institutionnels efficaces rendent les déplacements quotidiens difficiles. Des solutions de déplacement alternatives se développent pour répondre aux besoins de mobilité. Ces transports dits « informels » ou « artisanaux » sont issus d’initiatives de particuliers et permettent aujourd’hui la mobilité quotidienne de plusieurs millions de citadins à travers le monde. A partir du cas de Brazzaville, nous nous interrogeons sur la place que prennent les transports artisanaux dans l’espace urbain des villes au sud du Sahara. Comment se structure l’offre de transport artisanal et quelle dynami¬que lui permet de répondre à des évolutions rapides ? Et dans quelle mesure le transport artisanal tend-il à fluidifier l’espace urbain ? Notre analyse du système de transport intra-urbain de Brazzaville replace spécifiquement les transports artisanaux dans le système urbain global, avant de simuler leur structure et leur dynamique spatiales, à partir de données d’enquêtes propres à cette étude. La démarche de simulation présentée ici est basée sur une approche méthodologique multi-agents.","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124824605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Speed, railway stations and urban projects in Rabat (Morocco). Semantic and strategical use of railway fluidity","authors":"Nacima Baron","doi":"10.46298/cst.12166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12166","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the concept of fluidity applied to transport and spatial planning in Morocco by contextualizing high speed network development and high speed station urban integration in Rabat. Mobilizing urban geography as well as planning and public policy analysis, the author put together the results of two data sets and two methodologies, namely public discourse interpretation and operational documentation study. Capitalizing from a first theoretical reflexion concerning the use of \"fluidity\" in transportation studies, the article differenciates three main political arguments justificating the high speed project in Morocco. Thereafter, Agdal's railway station project study in Rabat reveals how fluidity operates simultaneously on a spatial and on a strategical level, putting in the same time flexibility to passengers movement as well as to capitalistic urban processes. L'article interroge la notion de fluidité pour qualifier les interactions entre transport et aménagement de l'espace au Maroc. Il aborde en particulier le sujet de la construction de lignes à grande vitesse au Maroc, et propose une lecture de l'insertion urbaine d'un projet de rénovation de gare à Rabat. Pour ce faire, l'auteur se positionne au croisement des champs de la géographie urbaine, de l'aménagement et des politiques publiques et mobilise deux méthodes de recherche, l'analyse des discours publics et l'étude des docu¬ments de planification. L'article débute par une réflexion théorique sur la fluidité réticulaire, en vue de dégager une typologie des différents registres de justification politique de la grande vitesse dans ce pays. Par la suite, l'étude de la future gare Agdal à Rabat révèle comment la fluidité opère à la fois sur le plan spatial, avec la valorisation de la mobilité urbaine, et sur le plan des stratégies urbaines, en flexibilisant en même temps le mouvement des passagers et le processus capitalistique de production urbaine.","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125396136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Walking in African Metropolises: the case of Yaoundé","authors":"Valérie Ongolo Zogo, Boniface Ngah EPO, Clément Nodem Meli","doi":"10.46298/cst.12168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12168","url":null,"abstract":"African cities facing urban disorder have to deal with the exclusion of the poor from motorised movements, conflicts between all the kind of road users and an increased feeling of insecurity explained by pedestrians. This observation, in a context where there is a progressive inclusion of sustainable urban mobility planning, justifies the question of facilitating walking in the city of Yaoundé, the political capital of Cameroon. This paper aims to analyse factors which can lead to adopt walking, by using qualitative data obtained from a stratified random survey of 100 pedestrians, in the districts surrounding the city centre. Through a binary Logit model, we evaluate the quality level of those factors. The main results indicate that pedestrians are inclined to choose walking because of the travel time, the proximity of their destination, the level of security linked to their route, the presence of recreation areas along it and street lighting. On the contrary, higher is the frequency of trips, lower is the use of walking.\u0000 Les métropoles africaines font face au désordre urbain avec pour corollaires l’exclusion des pauvres des déplacements motorisés, la conflictualité entre les usagers de la route et le sentiment d’insécurité des piétons. Ce constat, associé à la prise en compte progressive du paradigme de mobilité durable, met en exergue la question de la facilité de la marche à pied dans la ville de Yaoundé, capitale du Cameroun. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les facteurs qui sont associés à la marche à pied, à partir des données d’une enquête auprès d’un échantillon aléatoire stratifié de 100 individus dans les communes de la première ceinture du centre-ville. A l’aide d’un modèle Logit binaire qui affecte un niveau de qualité aux variables, nous arrivons à montrer que le temps de trajet, la proximité de la destination, le niveau de sécurité attribué à l’itinéraire emprunté, la présence d’espaces de détente et l’éclairage public favorisent la marche à pied. A contrario, la fréquence des déplacements influence négativement le choix de la marche à pied.","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121617101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airline Service Qualité in developing Countries: the Case of Congo Airways","authors":"Jacques Riziki Mulumba, F. Dobruszkes, Hugo Mwanza Wa Mwanza","doi":"10.46298/cst.12165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12165","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing competition in air transport has forced airlines to differ through fares and/or service quality. In both cases, existing publications mostly neglect developing countries. This paper aims to fill this gap thanks to an assessment of Congo Airways’ service quality. Both expectations and perception of service quality have been analysed trough a survey among its passengers carried out at Goma Airport, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Results show a favourable perception of quality, but for most criteria perception is nevertheless slightly lower than expectations. This suggests some dissatisfaction. Results also demonstrate the range of profiles in terms of both expectations and perceptions. From a management point of view, Congo Airways should thus try to improve all the criteria here considered. On the scientific side, our research should be repeated in the framework of developing countries before drawing general conclusions.\u0000 La concurrence croissante dans le transport aérien induit la nécessité pour les compagnies de se distinguer par le prix et/ou par la qualité de leurs services. Dans les deux cas, la littérature existante néglige largement les pays en voie de développement. Le présent article vise à compenser cette lacune en étudiant la qualité de service de la compagnie Congo Airways. Tant les attentes que la satisfaction de ses passagers ont été analysées par le biais d’une enquête conduite à l’aéroport international de Goma (République Démocratique du Congo). Les résultats montrent une bonne perception du service, mais cependant presque systématiquement légèrement inférieure aux attentes, ce qui suppose une insatisfaction. Les résultats montent aussi clairement la diversité de la clientèle tant en termes d’attente que de perception. Sur le plan managérial, il en découle que Congo Airways pourrait utilement chercher à améliorer l’ensemble des critères considérés. Sur le plan scientifique, notre étude gagnerait à être répétée dans le cadre de pays en voie de développement avant de pouvoir tirer des conclusions plus générales.","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"482 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133419011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Africa and Global Logistics as seen through the Networks of Container Shipping Companies","authors":"Marielle Metge, C. Ducruet","doi":"10.46298/cst.12163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12163","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on global shipping network show mainly the very relative weight of Africa in the world and the growing impact of Asia in Africa’s connectivity, at the expense of Europe. However, this global view overlooks the role of the international transportation stakeholders, especially the one of ship-owners, in the insertion of Africa in global flows. The combination of recent and original data about containerships moves with quantitative methods through network analysis and a more qualitative work on stakeholders’ strategies, allows identifying differentiated logics for the ship-owners and the uniqueness of the situation of Africa and its regions in the global shipping network.\u0000 Les travaux sur le réseau maritime mondial montrent essentiellement le poids secondaire de l’Afrique et l’influence grandissante de l’Asie dans sa connectivité, au détriment de l’Europe. Cependant, cette approche englobante tend à négliger le rôle des acteurs économiques du transport international, et notamment celui des armateurs, dans l’insertion de l’Afrique dans les flux mondiaux. La combinaison de données récentes inédites de mouvements de porte-conteneurs, de méthodes quantitatives d’analyse de réseau, et d’une analyse plus qualitative des stratégies d’acteurs, permet d’identifier des logiques armateuriales différenciées et inédites, ce qui montre la spécificité de l’Afrique et de ses régions dans le réseau maritime mondial.","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132642944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Speed Enforcement Program in France: Some Feedbacks from a 15-Year Experience","authors":"L. Carnis","doi":"10.46298/cst.12169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12169","url":null,"abstract":"After 15 years of operation, it becomes possible to benefit from sound feedbacks related to the automated speed enforcement program in France. That program would be operated through roughly 5,000 radar devices by 2017. It has showed a rapid evolution since the first installed equipment. That contribution analyzes the different changes occurred since the implementation of the program. More accurately, it proposes a look upon the “shifting of evolution”, the inflexions the program has faced since its beginning, its adaptations to the environment. Then it deals more especially with the functional dimensions of the program and its outcomes. It is also shown that some changes raise new issues for the future.\u0000 Après 15 années de fonctionnement, il est possible d’avoir un retour d’expérience solide sur le fonctionnement du programme de contrôle automatisé de la vitesse en France. Ce programme s’appuiera sur environ 5 000 équipements de terrain au cours de l’année 2017. Il a connu une évolution rapide depuis 2003. Cette contribution revient sur les changements opérés depuis sa mise en œuvre. Plus précisément, il s’agit de revenir sur les « changements du changement », les inflexions qu’a connues le programme depuis sa mise en œuvre, ses adaptations à son environnement. Il s’agit plus particulièrement de s’intéresser aux dimensions fonctionnelles du programme et ses conséquences. On verra ainsi qu’il existe des inflexions notables, dont certaines soulèvent de nouvelles interrogations pour le futur.","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123823791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysfunctions and Barriers to Traffic in West Africa : the Case of Abidjan-Cotonou Corridor","authors":"Messan Lihoussou","doi":"10.46298/cst.12164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12164","url":null,"abstract":"West Africa has set up institutions, mechanisms and laws in order to promote Community area. One of the main goals remains facilitating trade and mobility. Indeed, transport infrastructures, due to their role in territorial structuring, are identified and enshrined by regional institutions as tools of regional integration and territorial development. But these institutional speeches are so far from field actors’ practices, with many dysfunctions on the corridors, which are the decisive links in regional integration and the fluidity sought mostly by the global operators. However, the populations expectations about these mechanisms are shared development and sustainability, not reconcilable with globalisation needs right now. Thus, we formulate hypothesis that good regional integration is essential to fluidity and beyond the fertility of the territories. Abidjan-Cotonou coastal corridor offers us an interesting field of experimentation with Dangote cements transport and distribution as evidence of good regional integration but with high social and environmental nuisance.\u0000 L’Afrique de l’Ouest s’est dotée d’institutions, de mécanismes et de textes juridiques pour promouvoir un espace communautaire intégré. L’un des principaux objectifs est de faciliter les échanges commerciaux et les flux humains. Les infrastructures de transport sont identifiées comme les instruments indispensables de ces processus de développement territorial. Mais les discours institutionnels sont très éloignés des pratiques des acteurs de terrain. De très nombreux dysfonctionnements entravent la fluidité des circu¬lations sur les corridors, maillons déterminants de l’intégration régionale. Les opérateurs économiques en pâtissent et les populations expriment leur frustration, d’autant qu’il est difficile de concilier les exigences des acteurs de la mondialisation et les impératifs d’un développement pour tous. Une intégration régionale réussie suppose que, par-delà la fluidité améliorée des circulations, soit rendue possible leur capacité à féconder les territoires traversés au profit des économies et des sociétés dont elles impactent la vie quotidienne. Le corridor littoral Abidjan-Cotonou offre un intéressant champ d’expérimentation. Ce texte s’appuie sur une étude du transport par voie routière des flux de ciment opérés par la société Dangote, exemplaire des questions posées par l’intégration régionale en termes d’efficacité mais aussi en termes de dégradation sociale et environnementale.","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127721010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid Africa. An Introduction","authors":"Benjamin Steck","doi":"10.46298/cst.12162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46298/cst.12162","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":391034,"journal":{"name":"Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122343960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}