Iranian Journal of Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Revisiting the Prognostic Significance of CD155 in Invasive Breast Carcinoma.","authors":"Burcu Sanal Yılmaz","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087963.3664","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087963.3664","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"642-643"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148760813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicopathological Implications of IDH1 Mutation and Ki-67 Expression Across WHO Grades of Gliomas: Insights from a Prospective Observational Study.","authors":"Khushboo Sinha, Sudha Iyengar, Reema Bhushan, Avinash Sharma","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2072578.3624","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2072578.3624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Gliomas are heterogeneous central nervous system tumors with variable outcomes. Accurate classification using histopathological and molecular markers, such as IDH1 R132H mutation and Ki-67 index, is essential. This study evaluated their distribution across glioma grades and correlation with clinicopathological parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective observational study included 90 histologically confirmed glioma cases. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections were graded according to WHO 2021 criteria. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess IDH1 R132H mutation status and Ki-67 labeling index. Associations between variables were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Astrocytomas (55/90, 61.1%) and glioblastomas (24/90, 26.7%) were the most common tumor types. IDH1 R132H mutation was detected in 65/90 cases (72.2%). Grade-wise, mutation positivity was highest in grade II (28/28, 100%), followed by grade I (8/9, 88.9%) and grade III (20/26, 76.9%), whereas grade IV glioblastomas showed significantly lower positivity (9/27, 33.3%). Ki-67 expression increased with tumor grade, with >20% expression in 26/27 grade IV tumors (96.3%). A significant inverse correlation was observed between IDH1 mutation status and Ki-67 level (P < 0.0001). Logistic regression showed that younger age was significantly associated with IDH1 mutation (P = 0.001), while IDH1 wild-type status correlated with older age (P = 0.024).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IDH1 R132H mutation and Ki-67 index correlate with glioma grade and age, supporting their routine use in classification. In the absence of survival data, the present results reflect clinicopathological associations rather than validated prognostic predictions; prospective studies incorporating survival outcomes are needed to confirm the prognostic utility of these markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"595-607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegeneration: Mechanistic Links Between Dysbiosis and Neuropathology.","authors":"Maryam Azimzadeh, Shima Ababzadeh, Ali Ganji Kahaki, Seyyed Mohammad Hoseine Babaei, Reihaneh Seyedebrahimi, Mohsen Eslami Farsani","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2081887.3613","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2081887.3613","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background & objective: &lt;/strong&gt;The gut-brain axis is essentially a two-way communication system that physically connects the brain and the intestinal tract. The connection is mediated through a series of pathways, including neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. Gut dysbiosis, which is explained as an imbalance in the microbial community, has been linked to the causation of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. However, the pathological mechanisms in the brain are only partially known. The present review outlines the process of gut dysbiosis and neurodegeneration, detailing the roles of protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, barrier disruption, and neuroglial dysfunction. Then, extending the comparison to a range of neurodegenerative diseases, we discuss the possibility of common pathway therapeutics and actual microbiome-based treatment options planning from the standpoint of microbiome-directed interventions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Content/findings: &lt;/strong&gt;Gut dysbiosis triggers a definable cascade, starting with the disruption of the intestinal barrier and increased permeability (leaky gut), which allows bacterial products (lipopolysaccharides, bacterial amyloids) and pro-inflammatory cytokines to enter systemic circulation. Such peripheral changes weaken the blood-brain barrier and thus allow these factors to access the CNS, where they lead to neuroglial dysfunction (microglial priming, astrocytic reactivity, and oligodendrocyte injury) by disruption of glial homeostasis. CNS glial cell malfunction leads to the development of proteinopathies characteristic of each disease: amyloid and tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease through BACE1 upregulation and kinase activation; synuclein in Parkinson's disease via molecular mimicry, oxidative stress, and impaired clearance; and demyelination in multiple sclerosis through oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Oral bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis aggravate this inflammatory loop through the direct invasion of the CNS and proteolytic cleavage of amyloid and tau. The vagus nerve is yet another pathway through which gut-derived inflammatory signals and pathological synuclein can be transmitted to the brain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The gut microbiome is more than just a correlate of neurodegeneration; it actively promotes neurodegenerative diseases through pathways that can be mechanistically defined. Microbiome-targeted interventions such as dietary changes, precision probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and anti-inflammatory agents offer a measure of hope for changing these pathological processes. Future studies need to be directed at determining the time sequence of cause and effect, finding dependable microbiota-based biomarkers, and formulating tailored strategies that can account for individual microbial composition variability, genetic susceptibility, and environmental exposures. A deeper un","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"507-522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13473262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metachronous Double Primary Malignancies of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast and Primary Ovarian Angiosarcoma.","authors":"Noviana Nugrohowati, Lely Amedia Ratri, Tania Kusuma, Irianiwati Widodo","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2077093.3577","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2077093.3577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Primary ovarian angiosarcoma (POA) is an exceptionally rare and aggressive endothelial malignancy, accounting for less than 1% of all ovarian cancers. Its diagnosis is often challenging due to nonspecific clinical features and histologic overlap with other ovarian tumors.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 47-year-old woman presented with progressive abdominal distension, intermittent vaginal bleeding, and constipation, four months after completing chemoradiotherapy for invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Imaging revealed a 14.6 cm solid-cystic pelvic mass, and histopathological examination demonstrated CD31 and ERG positivity, confirming a rare diagnosis of primary ovarian angiosarcoma. BRCA2 immunohistochemistry was negative.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The metachronous occurrence of triple-negative invasive ductal carcinoma and primary ovarian angiosarcoma represents an extremely rare clinical scenario. Although angiosarcomas have occasionally been reported in individuals with BRCA mutations, the relationship between BRCA alterations and ovarian angiosarcoma remains unclear. In the present case, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated negative BRCA2 expression. Further molecular characterization of ovarian angiosarcomas is needed to better understand their biology and potential relationship with hereditary cancer syndromes.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"608-615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Correlation of Stromal CD10 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma: A Prospective Observational Study.","authors":"Carlin Kirthika P, Jawahar Ramasamy, Vigneswara Moorthi, Prabhu, Siva Kaliyamoorthy, Varadharajaperumal Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087169.3640","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087169.3640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Breast cancer is a major global health concern, with tumor heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment (TME) dynamics limiting the predictive value of conventional prognostic markers such as age, tumor size, grade, nodal status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and ER/PR/HER2 status. Stromal CD10, a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase expressed by fibroblasts and myoepithelial cells, promotes tumor invasion through extracellular matrix remodeling and is associated with aggressive tumor features. This study evaluates stromal CD10 expression in invasive breast carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathological and immunohistochemical parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective study of 73 modified radical mastectomy specimens of invasive ductal carcinoma was conducted between April 2024 and December 2025. Histopathological diagnosis and grading were confirmed using H&E staining. Immunohistochemistry assessed ER, PR, HER2, stromal CD10 expression, and molecular subtypes. Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) was calculated for risk stratification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most patients were female, with predominance of T2 tumors (61.6%), IDC-NST (86.3%), and grade 2 tumors (79.5%). ER, PR, and HER2 positivity were observed in 52.1%, 37%, and 30.1% of cases. Basal-like and luminal B subtypes were most common (30.1% each). Stromal CD10 showed strong positivity in 49.3%, weak positivity in 30.1%, and negativity in 20.5%. CD10 expression showed a higher frequency among cases with T2 tumors, grade 2 histology, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement, ER/PR negativity, HER2 positivity, and basal-like/HER2-enriched subtypes; however, these associations did not reach statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In low-resource settings, Stromal CD10 may have potential as an adjunct marker of tumor aggressiveness; however, in the present study, its associations with adverse clinicopathological parameters were not statistically significant. Larger multicentric studies with survival data are required for validation. Validation requires larger multicentric investigations with survival data.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"543-551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148764334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of β-catenin Expression by Immunohistochemistry in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma and its Correlation with Pathological Prognostic Factors.","authors":"Amrutha Shankar B, Clement Wilfred D, Soujanya H S","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2075093.3622","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2075093.3622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a significant contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Identifying molecular markers for predicting CRC outcomes is crucial. β-Catenin plays a key role in the Wnt signaling pathway and acts as an essential membrane protein linked with E-cadherin, vital for cell-cell adhesion and sustaining cell polarity. This study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of β-catenin in colorectal adenoma and CRC, and its relationship with pathological prognostic indicators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed 55 adenoma and 45 CRC cases. Tumor morphology was examined using light microscopy. Chromogenic immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique was used to evaluate β-catenin expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 55 adenoma and 45 CRC cases, a significant link was found between β-catenin expression and tumor categorization. Malignant tumors exhibited higher nuclear β-catenin levels. Reduced membrane β-catenin expression was associated with deeper tumor invasion. A notable association was observed between nuclear β-catenin patterns and lymph node involvement, with higher nuclear levels indicating an increased likelihood of lymph node metastasis. Additionally, the study highlighted the relationship between β-catenin expression and TNM staging: early-stage disease showed higher membrane-bound β-catenin, while advanced stages had increased nuclear β-catenin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated a shift in β-catenin expression from the membrane in normal tissues to the nucleus in adenomas and CRCs. This progression underscores β-catenin's role in evaluating colorectal cancer malignancy risk, supporting early intervention. The gradational increase in nuclear β-catenin showed an association with advancing cancer stages, establishing it as a potential prognostic marker.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"587-594"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Morphologic Obscurity to Diagnostic Clarity in Bone Marrow Necrosis: A Clinicopathological Approach to Diagnosis and Etiological Assessment.","authors":"Seetu Palo","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087239.3644","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087239.3644","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"638-641"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13480075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148798952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Cervical Pap Smear Epithelial Abnormalities in Iraqi Women and Its Correlation with Histopathology.","authors":"Mais Mohammed Salim, Iftikhar Kudair Abbas, Ebtihal Chiad Abbas, Kaswer Musa Jaafar, Rana Talib Fakher","doi":"10.30699/ijp.2025.2064544.3490","DOIUrl":"10.30699/ijp.2025.2064544.3490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Cervical carcinoma is the fourth most common malignancy among women worldwide, with a disproportionately high incidence and mortality in developing countries, including Iraq, where 320 new cases and 62 deaths were reported in 2023. Although the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear remains the cornerstone of screening, findings across Arab populations have been inconsistent, underscoring the need for region-specific data. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of cervical epithelial cell abnormalities and assess the diagnostic accuracy of Pap smears in Najaf, Iraq.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted over ten years (December 2014-December 2024) and included 3522 cervical Pap smears from women aged 16 to 80 years (mean, 36.97 ± 10.62 years) obtained at a private medical laboratory. Samples were classified according to the 2014 Bethesda System.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 3522 samples, epithelial cell abnormalities were identified in 192 (5.45%). Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) were the most frequent abnormality (3.78%). The highest prevalence was observed among women aged 40 to 60 years. A strong cytohistopathologic correlation was noted. The Pap test demonstrated a sensitivity of 76.19%, specificity of 80.30%, and overall diagnostic accuracy of 79.31%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 5.45% prevalence of epithelial abnormalities, predominantly ASC-US, highlights the ongoing need for active cervical cancer screening programs. The significant concordance between cytologic and histopathologic findings confirms the diagnostic reliability of the Pap smear. Further studies are warranted to characterize local cytologic patterns and identify prevalent HPV genotypes to inform HPV vaccination and targeted prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 1","pages":"98-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12860235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endogenous Biomarkers Analysis and False-Negative Results for SARSCov2 Using two Commercial RT-PCR Diagnostic Kits.","authors":"Mahdieh Khoshakhlagh, Toktam Dehghani, Alaleh Alizadeh, Mojtaba Meshkat, Samaneh Abolbashari, Aida Gholoobi, Fatemeh Ghaemi, Zahra Meshkat","doi":"10.30699/ijp.2025.2053609.3417","DOIUrl":"10.30699/ijp.2025.2053609.3417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Real-time PCR is widely used to detect SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, but false-negative results can occur even with internal controls. This study aimed to investigate the impact of using alternative internal control materials on the accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 detection kits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between December 2021 and January 2022, 162 respiratory tract samples were collected from patients with suspected COVID-19 at Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, IR Iran. Samples were initially tested with the Pishtaz Teb kit, which uses DNA internal control, and then negative samples were retested with the Geneova kit, which uses a RNA internal control. Positive and negative controls were consistently used to validate the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After retesting with the Geneova kit, only one patient out of 162 negative samples was positive for SARS-CoV-2. The Pishtaz Teb and Geneova controls consistently produced the expected results, but the Geneova internal control matched the Pishtaz Teb control in only 44% of cases. The higher threshold cycle value for Geneova internal control suggested RNA degradation during the experimental period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Proper quality control measures are crucial for accurate SARS-CoV-2 detection. The study highlights the importance of selecting reliable diagnostic kits with high sensitivity and specificity to reduce false-negative results, particularly in cases with a low viral load or early stages of the disease. The internal RNA control can detect RNA degradation and help identify false-negative diagnoses, leading to better disease control and management. Further research is needed to improve the accuracy of COVID-19 diagnostic tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 1","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12860242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Association of Cytological Features with Tumor Invasiveness in 43 Cases.","authors":"Sepideh Hadimaleki, Hanieh Norooziseyedhosseini, Roya Imani, Aida Bakhshi, Arman Jami, Shirin Hataminia, Niloofar Shirazi, Sourena Mohammad Hashem, Elahe Ahsan, Behrooz Shokouhi Gogani","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2073314.3550","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2073314.3550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>The aim of the study was to evaluate fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples for tumor invasion in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and correlate the findings with aggressive behavior in thyroid surgical specimens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive analysis of 43 PTC cases with available thyroid surgery and preoperative FNA samples was done. Cytological features were compared between thyroid capsule and lymphovascular invasion groups. FNA samples were examined for correlation of cytological patterns with aggressive behavior, such as thyroid capsule invasion and lymphovascular or lymph node invasion in thyroid surgery specimens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were significant differences for the occurrence of isolated cells, pseudoinclusions, syncytial cell clusters, and large pleomorphic nuclei, which were more frequent in the invasion-positive group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>\u0000 <b>These cytological attributes can be indicators of aggressive tumor behavior and are important markers in assessing the invasive potential of PTC.</b>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 2","pages":"303-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13200577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148036258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}